Sources & verification

African Union Commission

• Status list of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, 22 May 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Ghana: signature 21 March 2018, ratification 7 May 2018, deposit 10 May 2018. The Agreement entered into force on 30 May 2019.
  https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36437-sl-AGREEMENT_ESTABLISHING_THE_AFRICAN_CONTINENTAL_FREE_TRADE_AREA_1.pdf

Agricultural Development Bank PLC (ADB)

• 2025 Annual Report and Financial Statements, audited (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Five-year highlights (GH¢ thousand): total assets 2021 6,454,119, 2022 7,412,720, 2023 9,312,647, 2024 14,604,777, 2025 17,887,521, net loans and advances 2,282,312, 3,242,189, 2,937,636, 2,574,527, 2,011,731, profit after tax 81,602, (371,280), (828,820), 35,061, 367,291. Shareholders at end-2025: Government of Ghana 83.52%, Financial Investment Trust 13.45%. Note 5.4.15: gross loans to agriculture GH¢1,132,121 thousand, 29.1% of gross loans of GH¢3,894,061 thousand (2025), against 26.7% in 2024.
  https://agricbank.com/storage/2025-ADB-Annual-Report_Audited.pdf

Bank of Ghana (BoG)

• Exchange Rate, Monthly Exchange Rates Indicators, inter-bank GH¢/US$ end period and month average (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table data loaded through the page's own data call. Inter-bank rate, end period (GH¢/US$): Dec 2025 10.45, Jan 2026 10.95, Feb 10.69, Mar 11.00, Apr 11.19, May 11.73, Jun 11.35, Jul 11.69, Aug 11.25, Sep 11.71. Month averages 2026: 10.79, 10.92, 10.87, 11.07, 11.45, 11.41, 11.54, 11.33, 11.50. December end period: 2019 5.53, 2020 5.76, 2021 6.01, 2022 8.58, 2023 11.88, 2024 14.70, 2025 10.45. The Summary of Economic and Financial Data of September 2026 gives the same end-month values (end-August 11.2500, end-June 11.3500). This profile uses end-August 2026 (11.25) for 2026 amounts because the IMF series ends in January 2026. A daily rate for 31 August 2026 itself was not opened.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/economic-data/exchange-rate/
• 2025 Annual Report and Financial Statements (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.6, sectoral distribution of banks' outstanding credit (GH¢ million, end-December), agriculture, forestry and fishing 2,884.60 (2023), 4,495.79 (2024), 4,805.21 (2025), private-sector credit 106,189.69, public-sector 4,783.02, total outstanding credit 110,972.72 (2025). Agriculture's share of total credit 4.33% in 2025 (own calculation). Table 4.4 industry NPL ratio (%) 2020–2025: 14.82, 15.23, 16.59, 20.58, 21.79, 18.92. Industry structure at end-2025: 23 universal banks, 26 savings and loans companies, 14 finance houses, 147 rural and community banks with assets of GH¢24,546.78 million, 172 microfinance institutions. Bank profit after tax GH¢14.98 billion, CAR 17.51%. Mobile money in 2025: 80.5 million registered and 26.6 million active accounts, transactions of about GH¢4.5 trillion.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/BoG-2025-Annual-Report-and-Financial-Statements.pdf
• 2024 Annual Report and Financial Statements (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.4: agriculture, forestry and fishing credit 2,664.02 (2022), 2,884.60 (2023), 4,495.79 (2024) GH¢ million, total outstanding credit 95,540.33 (2024).
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2024-Annual-Report-and-Financial-Statements-1.pdf
• 2023 Annual Report and Financial Statements (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.4: agriculture 1,656.64 (2021), 2,664.02 (2022), 2,884.60 (2023) GH¢ million, total 77,009.67 (2023).
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Bank-of-Ghana-2023-Annual-Report-and-Financial-Statements.pdf
• Annual Report 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.4: agriculture 1,538.39 (2020), 1,656.64 (2021), 2,664.02 (2022), totals 47,769.04, 53,767.32, 70,000.22. Box 3.1: domestic debt exchange announced on 5 December 2022, all 23 banks signed on by the settlement date of 21 February 2023. Reliefs for participating banks: capital conservation buffer cut from 3% to zero (minimum CAR from 13% to 10%), derecognition losses spread over four years, up to four years to restore minimum paid-up capital, new bonds risk-weighted at 0%. The Bank of Ghana booked an impairment of GH¢48.40 billion in 2022 and a negative equity of GH¢55.12 billion.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Annual-Report-2022.pdf
• Annual Report 2020 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.4: agriculture 1,421.77 (2018, revised), 2,224.67 (2019), 1,538.39 (2020) GH¢ million, totals 36,496.87, 45,170.02, 47,769.04. Mobile money 2020: 38,473,734 registered and 17,142,677 active accounts, transactions GH¢564.16 billion.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Annual-Report-2020_Electronic-Print-Version_BOG_NOV-2021.pdf
• Annual Report 2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · In 2019 the Bank revoked the licences of 347 microfinance institutions, 39 microcredit companies, 16 savings and loans companies, 7 finance houses, a leasing company and a money remittance company. 144 rural and community banks with assets of GH¢4.69 billion. Mobile money 2019: 32,470,793 registered and 14,459,352 active accounts.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Annual-Report-2019.pdf
• Annual Report 2018 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.4: agriculture 1,130.6 (2016), 1,343.7 (2017), 1,428.2 (2018, as first published) GH¢ million, totals 35,409.0, 37,829.5, 42,724.4. The number of universal banks fell from 34 to 23 after licence revocations and the creation of Consolidated Bank Ghana. Table 4.3 industry NPL ratio 2014–2018: 10.98, 14.67, 17.30, 21.59, 18.19.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AnnRep-2018.pdf
• Annual Report 2016 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.4: agriculture 890.1 (2014), 1,020.7 (2015), 1,130.6 (2016) GH¢ million, totals 24,101.9, 30,099.1, 35,409.0. Table 3.1: average lending rate end-2012 25.7%, 2013 25.6%, 2014 29.0%. Table 4.14 mobile money registered accounts 2012–2016: 3,778,374, 4,393,721, 7,167,542, 13,120,367, 19,735,098, active 345,434, 991,780, 2,526,588, 4,868,569, 8,313,283.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AnnRep-2016.pdf
• Annual Report 2014 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3.4, sectoral distribution of DMBs' credit: agriculture, forestry and fishing 542.0 (2012), 535.9 (2013), 890.1 (2014) GH¢ million, total outstanding credit 13,025.5 (2012) and 16,963.0 (2013).
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AnnRep-2014.pdf
• Monetary Policy Report, September 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Figure 6.1: agriculture, forestry and fishing held 3.1% of total bank credit at end-August 2026, against 4.3% a year earlier. Its NPL ratio 'increased significantly to 60.9 percent in August 2026 from 54.2 percent a year earlier', the only sector with a rise. Gross loans and advances GH¢128.3 billion at end-August 2026 (+34.6% year on year).
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Monetary-Policy-Report-September-2026.pdf
• Monetary Policy Report, January 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Section 6.2.3: agriculture NPL ratio 38.0% in December 2024 and 46.3% in December 2025, industry 21.8% and 18.9%.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Monetary-Policy-Report-January-2026-4.pdf
• Monetary Policy Report, March 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Agriculture recorded 'the highest NPL ratio of 67.0 percent in February 2024', against 23.7% in February 2023, and received 3.2% of credit. Industry NPL ratio 24.6% in February 2024.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Monetary-Policy-Report-March-2024.pdf
• Monetary Policy Report, January 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Banks' profit after tax was GH¢8.3 billion in 2023, 'from a loss of GH¢6.6 billion in December 2022'. Industry NPL ratio 20.7% in December 2023.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Monetary-Policy-Report-January-2024.pdf
• Monetary Policy Report, January 2023 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Sector chart: agriculture NPL ratio 24.3% (December 2022) and 29.0% (December 2021).
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Monetary-Policy-Report-January-2023-1.pdf
• Monetary Policy Report, January 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Agriculture NPL ratio 19.8% (December 2020) and 29.0% (December 2021), text 'increased by … 9.2 percentage points to … 29.0 percent'.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Monetary-Policy-Report-January-2022.pdf
• Policy Rate, Historical Policy Rate Decisions (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Monetary Policy Rate (%) by decision: 16.0 (January 2019), 14.5 (18 March 2020), 13.5 (31 May 2021), 14.5 (22 November 2021), 17.0 (21 March 2022), 19.0 (23 May 2022), 22.0 (17 August 2022, emergency meeting), 24.5 (6 October 2022), 27.0 (28 November 2022), 28.0 (30 January 2023), 29.5 (27 March 2023), 30.0 (24 July 2023), 29.0 (29 January 2024), 27.0 (27 September 2024), 28.0 (28 March 2025), 25.0 (30 July 2025), 21.5 (17 September 2025), 18.0 (November 2025 meeting, the page prints the effective date as 18 September 2025), 15.5 (28 January 2026), 14.0 (18 March 2026), held at 14.0 on 20 May, 22 July and 24 September 2026. End-year rate 2012–2025: 15.0, 16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 25.5, 20.0, 17.0, 16.0, 14.5, 14.5, 27.0, 30.0, 27.0, 18.0.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/monetary-policy/policy-rate/
• Monetary Policy Committee Decision Statement, September 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 132nd meeting, 23–24 September 2026, the Committee 'unanimously voted to keep the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) unchanged at 14.0 percent'. Headline inflation 5.0% in August 2026.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/MPC-Decision-Statement-September-2026.pdf
• Summary of Economic and Financial Data, September 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 3a, monthly rates August 2025 to August 2026: MPR 25.00 (August 2025), 21.50 (September and October 2025), 18.00 (November and December 2025), 15.50 (January and February 2026) and 14.00 (March to August 2026), average lending rate 24.15, 22.71, 22.22, 21.71, 20.45, 20.58, 19.17, 17.74, 16.33, 15.83, 15.64, 15.80, 15.94, 91-day bill 10.26, 10.45, 10.63, 10.98, 11.08, 11.17, 8.96, 4.89, 4.90, 4.91, 5.27, 5.85, 5.38. Average lending rate end-2025 20.45%. Banking indicators (GH¢ billion): total assets 446.9 (December 2025) and 500.2 (August 2026), advances 111.0 and 129.2, NPL ratio 18.9% and 15.7%. Private-sector credit GH¢123.3 billion in August 2026, nominal growth 35.5% and real growth 29.0%. Table 4, end-month GH¢/US$ mid-rates: December 2025 10.4500, June 2026 11.3500, August 2026 11.2500.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Summary-of-Economic-and-Financial-Data-September-2026.pdf
• Statistical Bulletin, Monthly, March 2026 (XLSX, published June 2026)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Table 10a average lending rate (end-December, %) 2015–2024: 27.50, 28.09, 26.22, 23.96, 23.59, 21.10, 20.04, 35.58, 33.75, 30.25. Table 11a 91-day Treasury bill rate: 23.12, 16.81, 13.33, 14.56, 14.69, 14.08, 12.49, 35.48, 29.39, 27.73. Table 8, rural and community banks, total assets (GH¢ million, December) 2015–2025: 2,551.48, 3,054.26, 3,643.96, 4,144.18, 4,688.32, 6,170.88, 6,758.81, 8,548.10, 10,874.17, 18,573.78, 24,881.92, loans and advances 2025 6,484.83, deposits 21,412.50. Table 6 (sectoral credit including public entities) has duplicated December 2025 and August 2025 columns and is not used for those months.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Statistical-Bulletin-Monthly_MAR_2026_APPROVED.xlsx
• FinTech Statistics, e-money monthly indicators (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · End-December: registered e-money customers 2021 48,308,975, 2022 55,288,500, 2023 65,579,075, 2024 72,981,689, 2025 80,492,591, August 2026 85,798,694. Active customers: 17,948,480, 20,380,716, 22,793,296, 23,486,648, 26,657,242, 26,437,352. Registered agents 2025 959,833, active agents 491,057. Annual transaction value (own sums of monthly values, GH¢ billion): 2021 978.3, 2022 1,072.2, 2023 1,919.9, 2024 3,010.4, 2025 4,538.8.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/fintech-innovation/fintech-statistics/
• Ghana Sustainable Banking Principles and Sector Guidance Notes, November 2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Developed by the Bank of Ghana, the Ghana Association of Bankers and the Environmental Protection Agency. Seven principles (environmental and social risk management, internal ESG, corporate governance and ethics, gender equality, financial inclusion, resource efficiency and sustainable production, reporting) and five sector guidance notes, including agriculture and forestry, which covers 'primary activity of crop and livestock farming, fisheries, aquaculture and forestry'.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ghana-Sustainable-Banking-Principles-and-Guidelines-Book-1.pdf
• Governor's speech at the formal launch of the Ghana Sustainable Banking Principles, 27 November 2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Launch at the Accra International Conference Centre on 27 November 2019.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Governors-Speech-Formal-Launch-of-Sustainable-Banking-Principles.pdf
• Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive, November 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Issued under section 92(1) of Act 930, section 84(1) of Act 1032 and section 44(1) of Act 774. Applies to banks, specialised deposit-taking institutions, financial holding companies, mortgage finance and leasing companies and development finance institutions. Effective implementation date 1 January 2026 for banks and 1 January 2027 for specialised deposit-taking and non-bank institutions. The text was read from an identical copy of the same file posted by the Sustainable Banking and Finance Network, and the official link was confirmed on the BoG directive page.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/BOG-Climate-Related-Financial-Risks-Directive.pdf
• Bank of Ghana Act, 2002 (Act 612) (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 24 January 2002. Section 3(1): 'The primary objective of the Bank is to maintain stability in the general level of prices.'
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/bank-of-ghana-act-2002-act-612.pdf
• Bank of Ghana (Amendment) Act, 2016 (Act 918) (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent and Gazette notification 19 August 2016. Section 2 adds support for government economic policy, growth and financial stability to the Bank's objectives.
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Bank-of-Ghana-Amendment-2016-ACT-918.pdf
• Banks and Specialised Deposit-Taking Institutions Act, 2016 (Act 930) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 14 September 2016 (Gazette date not printed in this copy). Applies to banks, specialised deposit-taking institutions and financial holding companies. Section 157 repeals the Banking Act, 2004 (Act 673).
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/BANKS-AND-SPECIALISED-DEPOSIT-ACT-2016.pdf
• Governor's remarks at the launch of Development Bank Ghana, 14 June 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · The Development Finance Institutions Act, 2020 (Act 1032) contains prudential provisions on capital, liquidity, governance and lending. 'The share of bank credit to the agriculture and manufacturing sectors hover around 4 percent and 8 percent, respectively.'
  https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GOVERNORS-REMARKS-LAUNCH-OF-DEVELOPMENT-BANK-GHANA-DBG-14-06-2022.pdf

Bank of Ghana, Collateral Registry

• Borrowers and Lenders Act, 2020 (Act 1052), Gazette print (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 29 December 2020 (p.5), Gazette notification 29 December 2020 (p.51). Regulates borrower–lender transactions, section 18 establishes the Collateral Registry, sections 22–24 registration of security interests.
  https://www.collateralregistry.gov.gh/crghomefinal/docs/Gazette%20Borrowers%20and%20Lenders%20ACT%202020%20-%20%5BACT%201052%5D.pdf

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

• About CSIR (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Institutes include the Crops Research Institute and the Savanna Agricultural Research Institute.
  https://www.csir.org.gh/about-csir

Environmental Protection Agency and Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, submission to the UNFCCC

• Ghana: Updated Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement (2020–2030), 2021 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 19 policy actions in 10 priority areas and 47 programmes of action, 13 adaptation (7 unconditional, 6 conditional) and 34 mitigation (9 unconditional, 25 conditional). Mitigation targets: 8.5 MtCO2e unconditional and 16.7 MtCO2e conditional by 2025, 24.6 and 39.4 MtCO2e by 2030, 64 MtCO2e in total by 2030. Base year 2019 with 58.8 MtCO2e. The reductions cover energy, industrial processes, LULUCF and waste, and agriculture emissions are excluded from the targets. Investment need US$9.3–15.5 billion for 2020–2030, of which US$3.9 billion for the 16 unconditional and US$5.4 billion for the 31 conditional programmes. Annexe 2: building resilience of youth and women in agriculture landscapes and food systems, US$1,855 million, 4.3 million beneficiaries.
  https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ghana%27s%20Updated%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20to%20the%20UNFCCC_2021.pdf

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), Ghana

• Brief history (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · The Environmental Protection Agency became the Environmental Protection Authority under the Environmental Protection Act, 2025 (Act 1124).
  https://www.epa.gov.gh/new/brief-history/
• Environmental Protection Act, 2025 (Act 1124) (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 6 January 2025 (p.9), Gazette notification 6 January 2025 (p.181). Establishes the Environmental Protection Authority, provides for pesticide registration (sections 51–63) and dealer licensing (sections 64–74), and in Part Five for climate change, including the Ghana Carbon Registry (section 150), a Carbon Market Committee (sections 151–152) and a Mitigation Fund (sections 153–158). Section 171(1) repeals the Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994 (Act 490) and the Hazardous and Electronic Waste Control and Management Act, 2016 (Act 917). Act 528 is not listed in section 171.
  https://epa.gov.gh/new/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Environmental-Protection-Act-2025-Act-1124-2.pdf
• Press statement, Ghana issues Paris-aligned carbon credits under the Ghana–Switzerland bilateral cooperation agreement, 11 July 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · The Carbon Market Office issued and transferred 11,733 tCO2e of ITMOs through the Ghana Carbon Registry to the KliK Foundation. 14 projects in the pipeline, four authorised (clean cookstoves, e-mobility, waste-to-compost and sustainable rice production).
  https://www.epa.gov.gh/new/press-statement-ghana-issues-the-worlds-largest-paris-aligned-carbon-credit-under-the-ghanaswitzerland-bilateral-cooperation-agreement/

Environmental Protection Authority, Ghana, submission to the UNFCCC

• Ghana National Adaptation Plan 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Five priority sectors: agriculture, human health, infrastructure, biodiversity and ecosystems, cities and disaster risk reduction. Cost of adaptation 'USD 22.6 billion for the period 2025 to 2030', Table 47 (US$ million): cities 12,080, agriculture 4,126 (crops 2,660, livestock 1,298), health 3,306, biodiversity and ecosystems 2,067, water 1,059.3, total 22,638.3. Climate finance flows in 2019–2020, quoting CPI, about US$830 million a year, of which adaptation US$403 million. Droughts and dry spells have their strongest impacts in the northern and interior agricultural zones.
  https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAP_Ghana_2025.pdf

European Commission

• Access2Markets, EU–Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana Economic Partnership Agreements (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 'The EU-Ghana EPA was signed on 28 July 2016 and entered into provisional application on 15 December 2016.' Except arms and ammunition, the EU grants duty-free and quota-free access to imports from Ghana.
  https://trade.ec.europa.eu/access-to-markets/en/content/west-africa-eu-cote-divoire-and-ghana-economic-partnership-agreements-epas
• Regulation on deforestation-free products (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Covers cocoa among other commodities. After the amendment of December 2025, it applies from 30 December 2026 to large and medium operators and from 30 June 2027 to micro and small operators.
  https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestation-free-products_en

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

• FAOSTAT Production: Crops and livestock products, bulk download for Africa (CSV, file of 31 December 2025)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Ghana rows. Flags: A official, E estimated, I imputed, X from international organisations. Maize production (t) 2010–2024: 1,871,695, 1,683,984, 1,949,897, 1,764,477, 1,762,000, 1,691,644, 1,721,910, 2,011,179, 2,306,384, 2,911,000, 3,071,000, 3,203,000 (A), 3,255,718, 3,579,000, 3,794,000 (X for 2022–2024). Maize area 2024 1,368,623 ha (I). Rice paddy 2024 1,721,200 t (A). Cassava 2024 27,917,781 t (I). Yams 2024 10,113,014 t (I). Cocoa beans 2021 1,047,385 t (A), 2022 683,300, 2023 653,700, 2024 530,000 t (X). Cattle 2024 2,362,472 head (I), sheep 6,176,664 (I), goats 9,581,913 (I), chickens 94.3 million (I); cattle 2021 2,174,000, sheep 5,695,000, goats 8,411,000 (A). Cashew nuts in shell 2024 218,576 t (I).
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip
• FAOSTAT Production: Crops and livestock products, bulk download all countries (CSV, file of 31 December 2025)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Own ranking of Ghana among countries reporting production above zero (aggregates and China code 351 excluded), 2024: yams 2nd of 59 (10,113,014 t, 10.9% of world, after Nigeria, flag I imputed), cocoa beans 3rd of 57 (530,000 t, 10.1%, after Côte d'Ivoire and Indonesia, flag X from international organisations), cassava 4th of 97 (27,917,781 t, 8.2%, flag I), plantains and cooking bananas 4th of 51 (4,423,947 t, flag E estimated), cowpeas 4th of 41 (324,088 t, flag I), cashew nuts in shell 5th of 34 (218,576 t, flag I), taro (cocoyam) 5th of 52 (1,765,533 t, flag I), oil palm fruit 9th of 43 (3,210,394 t, flag I). None of these 2024 values carries the official flag A.
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data.zip
• Emissions totals (GT domain), Africa bulk file, Ghana rows, 1961–2023 (CSV in ZIP)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Source FAO TIER 1, element Emissions (CO2eq) (AR5), kt, 2023: enteric fermentation 4,319, manure left on pasture 2,485, savanna fires 2,319, rice cultivation 696, synthetic fertilizers 435, manure management 381, crop residues 335, manure applied to soils 164, burning crop residues 142. IPCC agriculture 2010 8,389, 2015 9,879, 2020 11,806, 2022 12,058, 2023 11,278. Emissions from livestock 2023 7,348, from crops 1,609. All sectors without LULUCF 2023 46,516.
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Emissions_Totals_E_Africa.zip

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOLEX (reproduction of the Government Printer copy)

• Plants and Fertilizer Act, 2010 (Act 803) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 6 September 2010, Gazette notification 7 September 2010. Parts on plant protection, seeds, fertiliser control and a Plants and Fertilizer Fund. Section 125(1) repeals the Prevention and Control of Pests and Diseases of Plants Act, 1965 (Act 307) and the Seeds (Certification and Standards) Act, 1972 (NRCD 100).
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gha168842.pdf

Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), Ghana

• Public Health Act, 2012 (Act 851) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 9 October 2012, Gazette notification 16 October 2012. Part Seven (Food and Drugs), section 80 establishes the Food and Drugs Authority.
  https://fdaghana.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Public-Health-Act-851-2.pdf

Foundation for Climate Protection and Carbon Offset KliK

• First ITMO transfer Switzerland–Ghana, 7 July 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 11,733 internationally transferred mitigation outcomes from the Transformative Cookstove Activity in Rural Ghana were transferred on 7 July 2025 to the KliK account in the Swiss Emissions Trading Registry.
  https://klik.ch/news/news-article/first-itmo-transfer-switzerland-ghana

Ghana Audit Service (reproduction of the Constitution)

• The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Article 36(3): 'The State shall take appropriate measures to promote the development of agriculture and industry.' Article 106(11): without prejudice to the power of Parliament to postpone the operation of a law, a bill 'shall not come into force unless it has been published in the Gazette'. Article 257 public lands. Article 266: no freehold interest for non-citizens, leases to non-citizens of not more than fifty years. Article 267: stool lands vest in the stool, the Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands, and article 267(6) splits stool land revenue after 10% for the Office as 25% to the stool, 20% to the traditional authority and 55% to the District Assembly.
  https://audit.gov.gh/files/publications/The_1992_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Ghana635603143.pdf

Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD)

• 52nd Annual Report and Consolidated Financial Statements, year ended 30 September 2021 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Latest annual report posted on cocobod.gh. COCOBOD is established by the Ghana Cocoa Board Act, 1984 (PNDCL 81) as amended and wholly owned by the Government. Subsidiaries: Cocoa Marketing Company (Ghana) Ltd, Quality Control Company Ltd, Cocoa Processing Company Ltd (57.73%), associate Tema Chemicals Ltd (49%). Production 2020/21 1,047,385 t against a target of 830,000 t. 65 licensed buying companies, 48 active, market shares Olam 19%, PBC 10%, AgroEcom 10%, Nyonkopa 9%. Producer price GH¢10,560 per tonne. Achieved FOB including the Living Income Differential US$2,538 per tonne. 'For the 2021/2022 season, an amount of US$1.5 billion has been secured … at a margin of LIBOR plus 110 basis points'. Group net loss for the year GH¢2,428,807,000 (2020: GH¢426,315,000), current liabilities exceeding current assets by GH¢6,003,189,000 (going-concern note). The report prints two other loss figures elsewhere. Domestic processing 322,989 t. AfDB/Credit Suisse facility drawdowns US$200 million (2019/20) and US$150 million (2021).
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/52nd-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2020-2021.pdf
• 51st Annual Report and Financial Statements 2019/2020 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Declared purchases 770,694 t (production 775,488 t in the highlights). 55 licensed buying companies, 38 active. Producer price GH¢8,240 per tonne. Syndicated loan of US$1.30 billion at the start of the season.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/51st-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2019-2020.pdf
• 50th Annual Report and Financial Statements 2018/2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Declared purchases 811,747 t (production 811,250 t). 48 licensed buying companies, 40 active. The report states a producer price of GH¢8,240 from 5 October 2018, while the 2019/20 report gives GH¢7,600 for 2018/19.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/50th-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2018-2019.pdf
• 49th Annual Report and Financial Statements 2017/2018 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Purchases 904,740 t. 51 licensed buying companies, 43 active. Producer price GH¢7,600 per tonne retained. 'At the start of the season, COCOBOD secured a syndicated loan of US$1.3 billion', and a further US$1,300,000,000 was signed in September 2018 for the 2018/19 crop year.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/49th-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2017-2018.pdf
• 48th Annual Report and Financial Statements 2016/2017 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Purchases 969,540 t against 778,043 t in 2015/16. 49 licensed buying companies, 44 active. Producer price GH¢7,600 against GH¢6,800 per tonne.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/48th-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2016-2017.pdf
• 47th Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015/2016 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Purchases 778,043 t. 46 licensed buying companies, 40 active. Producer price GH¢6,800 per tonne. Note b(ii): a syndicated loan of US$1,800,000,000 signed on 21 September 2016, first tranche on 4 October 2016, 'to finance the purchase of cocoa beans for the 2015/16 crop year' as printed (the signing date points to the 2016/17 season).
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/47-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2015-2016.pdf
• 46th Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014/2015 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Purchases 740,254 t against 896,883 t in 2013/14. 42 licensed buying companies, 32 active. Producer price GH¢5,600 per tonne from 3 October 2014.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/46th-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2014-2015.pdf
• 44th Annual Report and Financial Statements 2012/2013 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 29 of 38 registered licensed buying companies active. Purchases 835,466 t (2011/12 879,348 t). Producer price GH¢3,392 per tonne from GH¢3,280, season opened on 12 October 2012. The 2012/13 season marked 20 years of private licensed buying companies.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/44-annual-report-and-financial-statements-2012-2013.pdf
• Review of the producer price of cocoa for the 2026/27 cocoa season, 25 September 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Producer price raised from GH¢41,392 to GH¢42,400 per tonne (GH¢2,650 per 64-kg bag), which 'represents 71.18% of the realized Gross FOB value'. The season follows 'the newly enacted Ghana Cocoa Board Act, 2026 (Act 1182)', which guarantees farmers 'a minimum of 70% of the realized Gross Free-on-Board (FOB) price' and prohibits COCOBOD from quasi-fiscal activities. COCOBOD 'has fully deployed the Ghana Cocoa Traceability System (GCTS) across all cocoa-growing areas'. The EU Deforestation Regulation is 'expected to take effect from 30th December, 2026'.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/review-of-the-producer-price-of-cocoa-for-the-202627-cocoa-season
• GHS 16.3 billion domestic cocoa notes programme to boost cocoa financing, 25 September 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Cocoa Capital PLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of COCOBOD, is raising up to GHS 16.3 billion through the Domestic Cocoa Notes Programme, GHS 14 billion of commercial paper for 2026/27 cocoa purchases and GHS 2.3 billion of mid- to long-term bonds to restructure legacy debt. Approved by the SEC, repayment supported by receivables from assigned forward sales contracts.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/ghs-163-billion-domestic-cocoa-notes-programme-to-boost-cocoa-financing
• Cocoa Capital PLC undertakes a bond and note programme on the Ghana Stock Exchange, 14 October 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Launch ceremony on 14 October 2026. The inaugural issuance 'has already attracted approximately GH¢3.59 billion in investor bids at an interest of 11% per annum'.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocoa-capital-plc-undertakes-a-bond-and-note-programme-on-gse
• Press release on cocoa sector reforms for financial viability and long-term sustainability (Cabinet), 12 February 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2023/24: 786,672 t contracted against projected output of 800,000 t, actual production 432,145 t, rollover contracts 333,767 t at an average of US$2,661 per tonne. 2024/25 used a buyer pre-financing model after the syndicated loan failed. Producer price for the remainder of 2025/26 set at GH¢41,392 per tonne (GH¢2,587 per bag), '90% of the achieved gross FOB of US$4,200.00'. Legacy debts of about GH¢5 billion to the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Ghana to be converted to equity, cocoa roads liability rationalised to GH¢4.35 billion. From 2026/27 at least 50% of beans to be processed locally. The Produce Buying Company to be revived.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/press-release-on-cocoa-sector-reforms-for-financial-viability-and-long-term-sustainability
• Government maintains producer price of cocoa for the 2025/26 light crop season, 12 June 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢41,392 per tonne, GH¢2,587 per bag, from 18 June 2026.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/government-maintains-producer-price-of-cocoa-for-the-202526-light-crop-season-amidst-global-price-decline
• COCOBOD releases GH¢2.6 billion to LBCs to pay cocoa farmers, 2 July 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Since the start of the 2025/26 season COCOBOD had paid GH¢34,523,447,255.64 to licensed buying companies, and about GH¢1.4 billion of the release was earmarked to clear balances owed to farmers for cocoa taken on credit.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocobod-releases-gh26-billion-to-lbcs-to-pay-cocoa-farmers
• COCOBOD releases GH¢3.62 billion to LBCs, 3 March 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Part payment of outstanding arrears owed to cocoa farmers.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocobod-releases-gh362-billion-to-lbcs
• COCOBOD signals new funding model for 2026/27 cocoa season at the 2026 ACFIF conference, 8 May 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · For over three decades crop purchases were financed with syndicated loans backed by forward sales, which 'required between 70% and 92% of the cocoa crop to be collateralised to offshore financiers'.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocobod-signals-new-funding-model-for-202627-cocoa-season-at-2026-acfif-conference
• Review of producer price for the 2025/26 cocoa season (statement of the Minister for Finance), 2 October 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢58,000 per tonne, GH¢3,625 per bag, from 3 October 2025.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/review-of-producer-price-for-the-202526-cocoa-season
• Government announces producer price of cocoa for the 2025/2026 cocoa season (statement of the Minister for Finance), 4 August 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · US$5,040 per tonne, 70% of a gross FOB of US$7,200, GH¢51,660 per tonne at GH¢10.25 per US$, GH¢3,228.75 per bag, from 7 August 2025. The Minister for Finance chairs the Producer Price Review Committee. Free fertiliser, insecticides, fungicides and spraying machines reintroduced. Ghana Cocoa Traceability System to be rolled out from 2025/26. Cocoa roads transferred to the Ministry of Roads and Highways. The 2024/25 price of US$3,100 per tonne was 63.9% of an FOB of US$4,850.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/government-announces-producer-price-of-cocoa-for-the-20252026-cocoa-season
• Increase in producer price of cocoa, 10 November 2024 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢48,000 raised to GH¢49,600 per tonne (GH¢3,100 per bag) from 8 November 2024.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/increase-in-producer-price-of-cocoa
• Review of the producer price of cocoa for the 2024/2025 cocoa season, 11 September 2024 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢48,000 per tonne (GH¢3,000 per bag). The 2023/24 season opened at GH¢20,928 per tonne (GH¢1,308 per bag).
  https://cocobod.gh/news/review-of-the-producer-price-of-cocoa-for-the-20242025-cocoa-season-wednesday-11th-september-2024
• Review of the producer price of cocoa for the 2023/24 cocoa season, 5 April 2024 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢20,928 raised to GH¢33,120 per tonne (GH¢2,070 per bag), an increase of 58.26%. Buyers' margin GH¢2,980 per tonne.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/review-of-the-producer-price-of-cocoa-for-the-202324-cocoa-season
• Cocoa producer price goes up 21% to GH¢800 per bag, 6 October 2022 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢10,560 raised to GH¢12,800 per tonne from 7 October 2022.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocoa-producer-price-goes-up-21-to-gh800-per-bag
• Government maintains cocoa producer price for the 2021/2022 crop year, 1 October 2021 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢10,560 per tonne (GH¢660 per bag), 87.15% of the FOB value, from 8 October 2021. Living Income Differential of US$400 per tonne. Electronic scales certified by the Ghana Standards Authority introduced for cocoa buying in 2021/22.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/government-maintains-cocoa-producer-price-for-the-20212022-crop-year
• Cocoa producer price goes up 28% from GH¢515 to GH¢660 per bag, 24 September 2020 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢8,240 raised to GH¢10,560 per tonne from 1 October 2020. Living Income Differential of US$400 per tonne agreed with Côte d'Ivoire, applied from the 2020/21 crop year.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocoa-producer-price-goes-up-28-from-gh515-to-gh660-per-bag
• Factsheet: COCOBOD price stabilisation support, 15 July 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Nominal price US$3,100 per tonne plus stabilisation support, giving GH¢49,600 per tonne at GH¢10.40 per US$.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/factsheet-cocobod-price-stabilisation-support-15th-july-2025
• COCOBOD News, October–December 2024 (newsletter, PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Syndicated loans had financed crop purchases since 1992/93. COCOBOD introduced a self-financing model at the start of the 2024/25 season, built on forward sales, spot sales and pre-financing by licensed buying companies. The Chief Executive stated that 'the industry will finance about 60% of its cocoa purchases for the season and the remaining 40%, through syndication loans'.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/cocobod-news-october-december-2024.pdf
• COCOBOD News, May–September 2024 (newsletter, PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Chief Executive: the '2023/2024 syndication was signed in January 2024'. The amount is not stated.
  https://cocobod.gh/resource_files/cocobod-news-may-september-2024.pdf
• President launches National Cocoa Rehabilitation Programme, 26 September 2020 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Launched at Sefwi Wiawso on 24 September 2020. Over US$200 million of a US$600 million AfDB-arranged facility allocated, compensation of GH¢1,000 per hectare to affected farmers.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/president-akufo-addo-launches-national-cocoa-rehabilitation-programme
• COCOBOD to hand over rehabilitated cocoa farms to farmers, 14 April 2022 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · A 2017 national survey found that 315,886 ha of a total of 1.9 million ha of cocoa farms had been lost to cocoa swollen shoot virus disease.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocobod-to-hand-over-rehabilitated-cocoa-farms-to-farmers
• COCOBOD on course to achieve goals of Ghana Cocoa Traceability System, 30 June 2023 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · By 30 June 2023 COCOBOD had measured 1,239,169 farms belonging to 761,753 farmers in the Cocoa Management System.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocobod-on-course-to-achieve-goals-of-ghana-cocoa-traceability-system-gcts
• Board of Trustees for Cocoa Farmers Pension Scheme inaugurated, 21 October 2021 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Farmers contribute a minimum of 5% of the value of beans sold and COCOBOD adds 1%. Pilot registration of about 2,800 farmers in New Edubiase district. The scheme was launched in Kumasi on 1 December 2020.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/board-of-trustees-for-cocoa-farmers-pension-scheme-inaugurated
• Cocoa farmers pension deductions kick off in three districts, 12 August 2024 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Pilot deductions of the 5% contribution started on 6 August 2024 in three districts through the cocoa purchase app.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocoa-farmers-pension-deductions-kicks-off-in-three-districts
• Cocoa Sector Marketing Committee inaugurated, 17 October 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 13-member committee to review the performance of licensed buying companies and recommend licences.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocoa-sector-marketing-committee-inaugurated
• CODAPEC/Hi-TEC launches mass cocoa spraying and fertiliser rollout for the 2025/26 season, 10 April 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 13,000 pneumatic sprayers and 14,000 motorised mist-blowers procured for 2025/26.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/codapechi-tec-launches-mass-cocoa-spraying-and-fertiliser-rollout-for-202526-season
• Cocoa Health and Extension Division (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Responsible for control of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease, rehabilitation of old farms and extension.
  https://cocobod.gh/subsidiaries-and-divisions/cocoa-health-and-extension-division
• Quality Control Company (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Inspection, grading and sealing of cocoa, coffee and sheanut, staff in 73 operational districts in six cocoa regions.
  https://cocobod.gh/subsidiaries-and-divisions/quality-control-company
• Cocoa Marketing Company (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · External marketing of Ghana cocoa.
  https://cocobod.gh/subsidiaries-and-divisions/cocoa-marketing-company
• Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Research division at New Tafo-Akim.
  https://cocobod.gh/subsidiaries-and-divisions/cocoa-research-institute-of-ghana
• COCOBOD holds first post-bill passage farmers rally at Konongo, 15 August 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Dated 15 August 2026. 'Barely a week after the passage of the Ghana Cocoa Board Bill, 2026', COCOBOD officials met cocoa farmers at Konongo on the new legislation.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocobod-holds-first-post-bill-passage-farmers-rally-at-konongo
• COCOBOD engages key stakeholders on the new Ghana Cocoa Board Bill, 2026, 7 August 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · The Bill had been passed by Parliament and engagements were held 'ahead of a Presidential Assent'. 'The Bill replaces the 1984 law.' Reforms named: a sustainable funding model, a producer price of at least 70% of the FOB price, traceability, farm protection, farmer welfare and a Cocoa Forum.
  https://cocobod.gh/news/cocobod-engages-key-stakeholders-on-the-new-ghana-cocoa-board-bill-2026

Ghana Commodity Exchange (GCX)

• Ghana Commodity Exchange, home page (read from the site's own code)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Undated website figures read on 19 October 2026: warehouse network of 9 certified storage sites, 6 active commodities (white and yellow maize, soya bean, sorghum, rice, sesame), T+1 settlement, operations through an electronic warehouse receipt system backed by collateral management.
  https://www.gcx.com.gh/

Ghana Export-Import Bank (GEXIM)

• About GEXIM (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Established under the Ghana Export-Import Bank Act, 2016 (Act 911).
  https://eximbankghana.com/about-gexim/

Ghana Incentive-Based Risk-Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (GIRSAL)

• Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Up to 70% guarantee of loan principal (not interest), valid for 12 months and renewable, fee of 1% of the guaranteed value for new applications. The guarantee is cash-backed with a zero risk weight from the Bank of Ghana.
  https://www.girsal.com/agricultural-credit-guarantee-scheme/
• About GIRSAL (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · A limited liability company wholly owned by the Government of Ghana through the Ministry of Finance, capitalised with seed funding from the Bank of Ghana and the African Development Bank.
  https://www.girsal.com/about/
• GIRSAL holds 2026 Annual General Meeting, 23 July 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · AGM of 15 July 2026: 'over the past six years, GIRSAL has guaranteed loans valued at GHS 1.85 billion', with more than GHS 604.54 million of guaranteed loans repaid, through 40 partner financial institutions to 6,695 agribusinesses in 88 districts of 16 regions. The figure is the value of loans covered, not guarantee exposure. The 2025 financial statements are not published online.
  https://www.girsal.com/2026/07/23/girsal-holds-2026-annual-general-meeting-agm/

Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA)

• About us (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Established by the Irrigation Development Authority Decree, 1977 (SMCD 85).
  https://gida.gov.gh/about-us/

Ghana Legal Information Institute (GhaLII)

• Legislation index, pages 1–10 (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Title, citation and the date of the latest consolidated expression only. Document pages sit behind a Cloudflare bot check and were not opened. Entries used: Ghana Cocoa Board Law, 1984 (PNDCL 81), expression 1984-06-08; Ghana Deposit Protection Act, 2016 (Act 931), 2018-05-04; Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 921), 2016-08-26; Development Finance Institutions Act, 2020 (Act 1032), 2020-10-27; Plant Variety Protection Act, 2020 (Act 1050), 2020-12-29; Insurance Act, 2021 (Act 1061), 2021-01-05; Ghana Standards Authority Act, 2022 (Act 1078), 2022-06-30; Ghana Export-Import Bank Act, 2016 (Act 911), 2016-03-30; Plants and Fertilizer (Aflatoxin Control in Maize Grains) (Technical) Regulations, 2020 (L.I. 2428), 2020-10-09; Export and Import (Restrictions on Exportation of Grains) Regulations, 2022 (L.I. 2467), 2022-11-14; Credit Reporting Regulations, 2020 (L.I. 2394).
  https://ghalii.org/legislation/?page=1

Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMet)

• About us (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Weather and climate services.
  https://www.meteo.gov.gh/organisation/about-us/

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS)

• Rebased annual GDP 2013–2025, production approach, March 2026 edition (XLSX)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Base year 2013, constant 2013 prices, 2024 revised, 2025 provisional. Agriculture value added at current prices (GH¢ million): 2013 25,355.89, 2015 36,673.29, 2020 73,895.65, 2021 90,757.56, 2022 119,879.35, 2023 185,921.70, 2024 243,363.38, 2025 305,120.29, of which in 2025 crops 276,820.50 (cocoa 17,845.11), livestock 11,610.12, forestry and logging 7,860.88, fishing 8,828.79. GDP at basic prices 2025 1,339,497.13 and at purchasers' value 1,434,114.75. Agriculture's share of GDP at basic prices (%) 2013–2025: 21.43, 21.55, 21.81, 22.55, 21.03, 19.50, 18.51, 20.07, 21.05, 20.81, 22.39, 22.02, 22.78. Real growth (%) of agriculture 2014–2025: 0.90, 2.06, 2.73, 6.21, 4.88, 4.66, 7.28, 8.46, 4.16, 5.87, 2.73, 6.78, of GDP: 2.86, 2.12, 3.37, 8.13, 6.20, 6.51, 0.51, 5.08, 3.80, 3.14, 5.85, 5.95. Cocoa real growth: 2019 5.43, 2020 1.41, 2021 10.39, 2022 0.91, 2023 −0.33, 2024 −21.48, 2025 14.35. Crops 2025 7.30, livestock 5.60, forestry −2.45, fishing 9.45. Contribution of agriculture to real GDP growth 2025: 1.41 percentage points.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=data_statistics%2Feconomic%2FNational%20Accounts%2FAnnualGDPbyProductionApproach%2FAnnual_2013_2025_GDP_web.xlsx
• Statistical Newsletter, Gross Domestic Product, Second Quarter 2026, 9 September 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Q2 2026 provisional: real GDP growth 6.0% year on year (6.6% in Q2 2025), agriculture 3.9%, industry 4.3%, services 8.0%. Agriculture 21.0% of GDP at basic prices. Forestry and logging +10.7%, fishing −24.7%. The newsletter states that the base year is 2013.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=data_statistics%2Feconomic%2FNational%20Accounts%2FQuarterlyGDP%20byExpenditureApproach%2F2026Q2%20quarterly%20gdp%20newsletter.pdf
• Rebased quarterly GDP bulletin 2006–2026 Q2, September 2026 edition (XLSX)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Appendix 9, year-on-year real growth of agriculture (%) 2023 Q1 to 2026 Q2: 5.67, 6.24, 6.00, 5.67, 2.13, 3.31, 2.24, 3.21, 6.57, 7.08, 8.62, 5.34, 3.97, 3.91. Cocoa: 0.12, 1.22, −0.36, −1.07, −27.10, −21.40, −29.90, −12.80, 23.10, 14.20, 28.10, 3.00, 3.80, 5.20. Fishing: −3.29, 12.25, 7.04, −0.21, 4.71, 4.66, −6.45, 9.16, 16.44, 0.86, 23.08, −1.07, −20.00, −24.70. 2023 Q1 to 2026 Q1 revised, 2026 Q2 provisional.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=data_statistics%2Feconomic%2FNational%20Accounts%2FQuarterlyGDPbyProductionApproach%2FRebased_GDP_quarterly_bulletin_2006_2026Q2_September%202026%20edition.xlsx
• 2017/18 Ghana Census of Agriculture, National Report (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Executive Summary: 4,864,276 households identified in the listing, of which 2,568,146 agricultural (2,585,531 after the core modules), 3,037,381 persons aged 15 and older engaged in agriculture (65.8% male, 76.6% rural), 2,158,697 agricultural holders (1,551,265 male, 607,432 female). Holders mainly cultivate arable crops (65.7%), tree crops (30.9%) or keep livestock (3.0%). 12.9% of household parcels for crops or forest trees had complete documentation. Glossary definitions: 'Small-scale: Land area of sizes that are less than 2 acres for arable crops and less than or equal to 5 acres for tree crops', medium-scale 'greater than 2 acres but less than 5 acres for arable crops and greater than 5 acres but less than 10 acres for tree crops', large-scale 'greater than or equal to 5 acres for arable crops and greater than or equal to 10 acres for tree crops'. Table 4.5 (labelled < 2, 2–5 and > 5 acres for all parcels): small 1,775,461 parcels (56.7%), medium 801,761 (25.6%), large 553,270 (17.7%), total 3,130,492. Share of 52.8% agricultural households in the listing is an own calculation.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=data_statistics%2Feconomic%2FAgriculture%2F2017-2018%20GHANA%20CENSUS%20OF%20AGRICULTURE%2C%20NATIONAL%20REPORT.pdf
• 2021 Population and Housing Census, General Report Volume 3E, Economic Activity (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Employed population aged 15 and older 9,990,237, of whom agriculture, forestry and fishing 3,296,995 (33.0%). Urban 724,823 of 5,897,751 (12.3%), rural 2,572,172 of 4,092,486 (62.9%). Men 1,979,432 (36.6% of employed men), women 1,317,563 (28.8%). By region (Table 5.11): Ashanti 484,005, Eastern 363,109, Northern 336,592, Central 290,080, Western 244,616, Bono East 218,024, Western North 202,300, Bono 186,930, Oti 173,229, Volta 172,125, Upper West 125,220, Upper East 123,230, Ahafo 107,320, Savannah 95,780, North East 91,764, Greater Accra 82,671.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=publications%2Fcensus%2F2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203E%20Economic%20Activity.pdf
• Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 7 (GLSS 7), Main Report (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Fieldwork 22 October 2016 to 17 October 2017. Employed population by sector: services 43.5%, agriculture 38.3%, industry 18.2%. Men 41.7% in agriculture, women 35.1%.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=publications%2Fsurvey%2FGLSS%2FGLSS%207%20Main%20Report.pdf
• Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 7: Poverty Trends in Ghana 2005–2017, August 2018 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Upper poverty line GH¢1,314 per adult equivalent per year (2012/13 prices). Poverty incidence (%), 2005/06, 2012/13, 2016/17: Ghana 31.9, 24.2, 23.4, urban 12.4, 10.6, 7.8, rural 43.7, 37.9, 39.5, rural savannah 64.2, 55.0, 67.7, rural forest 33.1, 27.9, 24.1, rural coastal 27.2, 30.3, 29.9. Extreme poverty 16.5, 8.4, 8.2. Regions 2016/17: Upper West 70.9, Northern 61.1, Upper East 54.8, Volta 37.3, Brong Ahafo 26.8, Western 21.1, Central 13.8, Eastern 12.6, Ashanti 11.6, Greater Accra 2.5. Section 4.8: poverty incidence was highest, at 42.7%, among households whose heads are self-employed in agriculture (2016/17).
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=publications%2Fsurvey%2FPoverty%20Profile%20Report_2005%20-%202017.pdf
• Multidimensional Poverty Report 2024 Q1 – 2025 Q3, released 22 January 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · AHIES and QLFS based, four dimensions and thirteen indicators, a person is poor if deprived in at least one third. National incidence (%): 2024 Q1 24.0, Q2 28.5, Q3 24.9, Q4 24.9, 2025 Q2 23.1, Q3 21.9. Rural 31.9%, urban 14.2% (2025 Q3), 7.2 million people. Table 6.19, incidence by sector of the household head, 2024 Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, 2025 Q2, Q3: agriculture 36.8, 43.1, 39.5, 39.6, 34.0, 32.1, industry 11.8, 17.3, 13.3, 13.9, 12.7, 9.8, services 7.4, 9.5, 6.9, 7.9, 10.7, 9.7. People in households headed by agricultural workers made up 58.4% of the multidimensionally poor in 2025 Q3 (Table 6.20). The 2023 bulletin series uses another indicator set and is not comparable.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=publications%2Fadmin_data%2FMultidimensional%20Poverty-Report_2024Q1-2025Q3.pdf
• Quarterly Labour Statistics Bulletin, July 2025 edition (AHIES 2022–2024) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Share of the employed working as skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers (occupation, %): 2022 Q1–Q4 35.2, 36.7, 39.3, 39.0, 2023 33.9, 36.8, 38.2, 36.9, 2024 36.8, 36.0, 37.4, 36.6. Unemployment rate 14.9% in 2023 Q1 and 13.1% in 2024 Q4.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=publications%2Fsurvey%2FLabour%20Statistics%20Bulletin%20%282025%20July%20Edition%29.pdf
• September 2026 CPI COICOP Annexes, new series 2021 = 100 (XLSX)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Annex 1. Year-on-year inflation, September 2026: combined 5.22%, food 3.98%, non-food 6.24%. Annual average inflation (12-month average, December) combined / food / non-food: 2022 31.92 / 34.21 / 30.14, 2023 39.21 / 47.79 / 32.47, 2024 22.88 / 24.55 / 21.37, 2025 14.19 / 16.85 / 11.89. Monthly year-on-year food inflation 2023: January 61.00, June 54.23, December 28.70; 2024: June 24.01, December 27.77; 2025: June 16.31, December 4.86; 2026: March 2.29, June 3.90, September 3.98. Combined: January 2023 53.55, December 2023 23.20, December 2024 23.82, December 2025 5.39, September 2026 5.22. CPI weights: food 42.7, non-food 57.3.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=data_statistics%2Feconomic%2FPrice%20Indices%2FCPI%2FCPI%20Coicop%20Annexes%2FSeptember%202026%20CPI%20COICOP%20Annexes.xlsx
• Legal mandate (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Statistical Service Act, 2019 (Act 1003).
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/about/legal-mandate
• 5 Minutes Statistical Series, Volume 7, Poverty and Inequality Statistics (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Section 1, 2024–2025 Q3 Multidimensional Poverty Index Report, 'Released on 22nd January 2026'.
  https://statsghana.gov.gh/api/minio/file?key=publications%2F5minutes_statistical_series%2F5_Minutes%20Statistical%20Series_POVERTY%20%26%20INEQUALITY_Vol%2007.pdf

Green Climate Fund

• Ghana country page (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 13 projects with GCF financing of USD 209 million, readiness support USD 5.7 million (October 2026). Multi-country projects are included.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/countries/ghana
• FP078 Acumen Resilient Agriculture Fund (ARAF) (project page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Acumen, GCF USD 26 million (equity 23.0 million, grant 3.0 million), total USD 56 million, approved 1 March 2018 (B.19), Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp078
• FP114 AFAWA: Financing climate resilient agricultural practices in Ghana (project page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · African Development Bank, GCF USD 20 million (loan 13.25 million, grant 6.75 million), total USD 25.6 million, approved 8 July 2019 (B.23), 52% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp114
• FP137 Ghana Shea Landscape Emission Reductions Project (project page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · UNDP, GCF USD 30.1 million grant, total USD 54.5 million, approved 21 August 2020 (B.26), 78% disbursed, 25.2 million tCO2e expected to be avoided.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp137
• FP183 Inclusive Green Financing Initiative (IGREENFIN I) (project page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · IFAD, GCF USD 116.9 million, total USD 199 million, approved 29 March 2022 (B.31), 13 countries including Ghana.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp183
• FP252 Acumen Resilient Agriculture Fund II (project page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Acumen, GCF USD 34 million, total USD 132 million, approved 24 October 2024 (B.40), seven countries including Ghana.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp252
• FP265 Climate-resilient landscapes for sustainable livelihoods in northern Ghana (project page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · UNEP, GCF USD 63,211,141, total USD 70.2 million, approved 3 July 2025 (B.42), USD 10,125,321 disbursed by 30 April 2026, 3.6 million people expected to gain resilience.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp265
• FP293 Food Securities Fund Accountable Cocoa and Coffee Tranche (project page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Clarmondial AG, GCF USD 56 million (equity 50 million, grant 6 million), total USD 212 million, approved 28 March 2026 (B.44), ten countries including Ghana, status approved.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp293

Information Services Department (ISD), Ghana

• President Assents to 10 Bills, Fulfils Cocoa Farmer Price Pledge, 26 August 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · President John Dramani Mahama 'has assented to 10 new bills into law', among them the Ghana Cocoa Board Act, 2026, which 'incorporates reforms in the cocoa sector', including payment to farmers of 70 percent of the world market price. No Act number or Gazette date is given.
  https://www.isd.gov.gh/?p=20901

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

• President's report, Promoting Rural Opportunities, Sustainable Profits and Environmental Resilience Project (PROSPER), EB 2021/134/R.45/Rev.1 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Executive Board of 13–16 December 2021. Total cost US$147.3 million over eight years, IFAD loan US$52.5 million, GCF US$25.4 million, borrower US$22.5 million, financing gap US$22.7 million.
  https://webapps.ifad.org/members/eb/134/docs/EB-2021-134-R-45-Rev-1.pdf?attach=1
• President's memorandum, Rural Enterprises Programme additional financing, EB 2022/LOT/P.15/Rev.1, 27 December 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Total programme cost US$264.8 million in the financing summary and US$265.8 million in para 33, original IFAD loan approved in September 2011. Para 2 gives additional financing in 2017 of SDR 28.35 million (about US$40 million) and a no-cost extension in 2022 to completion and closing dates of 31 March 2024 and 30 September 2024. Para 3 gives the request of August 2022 for a second additional financing of US$15 million, and para 58 an amendment of the financing agreement to extend the completion and closing dates by one year. AfDB US$70 million. Executing agency the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
  https://webapps.ifad.org/members/lapse-of-time/docs/english/EB-2022-LOT-P-15-Rev-1.pdf

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• Press Release 23/151, IMF Executive Board approves US$3 billion Extended Credit Facility arrangement for Ghana, 17 May 2023 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 36-month ECF arrangement of SDR 2.242 billion (about US$3 billion, 304% of quota), immediate disbursement of SDR 451.4 million (about US$600 million).
  https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2023/05/17/pr23151-ghana-imf-executive-board-approves-extended-credit-facility-arrangement-for-ghana
• Ghana: Fifth Review under the Extended Credit Facility arrangement, staff report, December 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Describes a 39-month ECF arrangement, disbursement of SDR 267.5 million (about US$385 million), total disbursements about US$2.8 billion, and a requested extension of the arrangement from 16 May 2026 to 16 August 2026. Cocobod debt US$529 million at end-2024 (excluding the intra-year syndicated trade credit). The 2025/26 farmgate price GHS 58,000 per ton, 70% of FOB. Authorities committed to complete the recapitalisation of ADB and Consolidated Bank Ghana by end-2025. The Cocoa Board Bill moves the supervising ministry from MoFA to the Ministry of Finance.
  https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2025/english/1ghaea2025002-source-pdf.pdf

International Monetary Fund (IMF), Statistics Department

• IMF, Exchange Rates (ER) dataset – Ghana, domestic currency per US$ (end of period and period average)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read from the IMF ER series GHA.XDC_USD (dataset page https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:ER) as compiled in the project's IMF tables on 19 October 2026. The IMF republishes the Bank of Ghana rate. GH¢ per US$, end of period: 2010 1.4532, 2011 1.5841, 2012 1.8846, 2013 2.1616, 2014 3.2001, 2015 3.7944, 2016 4.2002, 2017 4.4157, 2018 4.82, 2019 5.5337, 2020 5.7602, 2021 6.0061, 2022 8.576, 2023 11.88, 2024 14.70, 2025 10.45. Monthly end of period 2026: January 10.95, the last month the IMF had published. Annual average: 2010 1.4300, 2011 1.5206, 2012 1.8249, 2013 1.9814, 2014 2.8966, 2015 3.7146, 2016 3.9098, 2017 4.3505, 2018 4.5853, 2019 5.2174, 2020 5.5957, 2021 5.8057, 2022 8.2724, 2023 11.0204, 2024 14.1819, 2025 12.5568 (identical to WDI PA.NUS.FCRF). Rates used in this profile (own calculations): bank loan and balance-sheet stocks at the end-of-period rate of the stock date (end-2025 10.45), full-year flows at the annual average (2024 14.1819, 2025 12.5568). The IMF had not published any month after January 2026, so 2026 amounts (budget allocations, cocoa producer prices, the cocoa notes programme) are converted at the Bank of Ghana interbank rate of end-August 2026, GH¢11.25 per US$, which is cited separately [src:bog-fx-page].
  https://api.imf.org/external/sdmx/2.1/data/IMF.STA,ER/GHA.XDC_USD.EOP_RT+PA_RT.A?startPeriod=2009

Lands Commission

• About us (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Established under Article 258 of the 1992 Constitution and the Lands Commission Act, 2008 (Act 767).
  https://www.lc.gov.gh/about-us/

Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI), copy hosted by the EPA

• Ghana National Climate Change Policy, 2013 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Objectives of effective adaptation, social development and mitigation, adaptation themes including agriculture and food security, Focus Area 1 'Develop Climate-resilient Agriculture and Food Security'.
  https://www.epa.gov.gh/new/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/National-Climate-Change-Policy.pdf
• Multi-sectoral implementation plan for Ghana's Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Climate Agreement, March 2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · First NDC: reduction of 17% relative to a business-as-usual emission of 73.3 million tonnes by 2030, 35 actions for 2020–2030. Agricultural action 'Build agricultural resilience in climate-vulnerable landscapes', indicative US$2,767.7 million, conditional.
  https://www.epa.gov.gh/new/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/NDC-Implementation-plan.pdf

Ministry of Finance (MoF), Ghana

• 2026 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Appendix 4A: MoFA allocation 2026 GH¢3,037,594,607 from all sources, of which Government of Ghana GH¢2,239,683,723, including Fifty Farmers' Service Centres GH¢690,000,000, Poultry Farm to Table (Nkoko Nkitinkiti) GH¢244,985,117, Fertilizer and Certified Seeds GH¢515,313,522, Feed Ghana Programme GH¢200,000,000, National Food Buffer Stock Company GH¢105,000,000 and irrigation infrastructure GH¢105,000,000. Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture GH¢428,006,495. Paras 224–225: cocoa output 'rose from 530,783 metric tonnes in 2023/2024 to 603,840 metric tonnes by end-2024/2025', and GH¢2.4 billion budgeted for CODAPEC mass spraying and GH¢2.7 billion for free fertiliser for cocoa farmers. Para 230: legislative steps to shift oversight of COCOBOD from MoFA to the Ministry of Finance. Para 431: 50,000 t of fertiliser, 2,000 t of hybrid maize seed and 1,000 t of rice seed distributed under Feed Ghana so far, 2026 targets 272,000 t of fertiliser. Para 441: 63,039 cooperatives and farmer-based organisations representing 661,687 farmers registered on the Ministry's portal.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2026-Budget-Statement-and-Economic-Policy.pdf
• 2026 Mid-Year Fiscal Policy Review (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Para 600: GH¢1.2 billion paid to MoFA for flagship programmes, including NAFCO, fertiliser and certified seed, Feed Ghana and irrigation infrastructure. Para 720: GH¢551 million paid into an escrow account at the Bank of Ghana for a letter of credit for 1,840 units of machinery for the 50 Farmer Service Centres. Paras 629–631: NAFCO bought more than 20,000 t of grain between January and June 2026. 24-Hour Economy Authority Act, 2026 (Act 1164) in force since 19 February 2026.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2026-Mid-Year-Fiscal-Policy-Review.pdf.pdf
• 2025 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Para 390: GH¢1.5 billion allocated for the Agriculture for Economic Transformation Agenda (AETA), of which the Feed Ghana Programme, the Ghana Grains Development Project, the Vegetable Development Project and Nkoko Nkitinkiti are key components. Appendix 4A: MoFA 2025 allocation GH¢2,904,904,981. Table 8: MoFA arrears at end-December 2024 GH¢2,383.3 million. Para 520, within the grains sub-sector interventions for 2024 (PFJ 2.0 is not named in it), the Government 'procured … 180,625.4MT of organic and inorganic fertilizers, 7,553MT of various seeds … and distributed to 344,930 farmers'. Paras 98–101: cocoa production 'has dropped nearly 50% over the past three years' and about 330 thousand tonnes of 2023/24 contracts were rolled over. Expenditure measure ix: GhanaCARES, YouStart and One District One Factory eliminated as budget items.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2025-Budget-Statement-and-Economic-Policy_v5.pdf
• 2024 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Paras 399–400 and 605–616: Planting for Food and Jobs phase II (PFJ 2.0), a five-year initiative that 'marks the dawn of an era of an input credit system away from input subsidy', with input costs recovered from harvested produce. Paras 473–475: since its inception the Ghana Commodity Exchange 'has facilitated the trade of close to 50,000mt (1,000,000 bags) of maize, rice, soya, and cashew nut' at a traded value of over GH¢280 million from eight warehouses. Para 652: 169 One District One Factory enterprises operational.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2024%20Budget%20Statement_v2.pdf
• 2023 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Para 517: 151,861 t of organic and inorganic fertiliser and 19,280 t of seed under PFJ in 2022. Para 528: 80 warehouses of 1,000 t under One District One Warehouse, 65 completed by September 2022. Paras 541–542: US$1.5 billion cocoa syndicated loan for 2021/22 (US$1.45 billion drawn, repaid in August 2022) and US$1.13 billion for 2022/23. Para 515: improved seed adoption from 11% (2016) to 53% and fertiliser use from 8 kg/ha to 25 kg/ha (government statements).
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2023-Budget-Statement-V5.pdf
• 2022 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Appendix 4A: MoFA 2022 allocation GH¢1,103,171,000. Para 963: 2,133 new co-operative societies formed in 2021. Para 658: 259,500 t of fertiliser and 31,797 t of seed under PFJ in 2021 as at September.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2022_Budget_Statement_v3.pdf
• 2021 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Para 604: PFJ in 2020 reached 1,736,510 farmers with 424,000 t of fertiliser and 29,500 t of seed. Appendix 4A: MoFA 2021 allocation GH¢1,183,592,230.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2021-Budget-Statement_v3.pdf
• 2019 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read in November 2018: 'Government, last week, operationalised the Ghana Commodity Exchange, the first electronic commodity exchange in West Africa'. Paras 500–502: PFJ 2018 reached 577,000 farmers (target 500,000).
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2019-Budget-Statement-and-Economic-Policy_.pdf
• 2018 Budget Statement and Economic Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Paras 387–388: Planting for Food and Jobs launched as a flagship in the 2017 budget, 201,000 farmers registered in 2017, 121,000 t of subsidised fertiliser of a 233,356 t target.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2018-Budget-Statement-and-Economic-Policy.pdf
• Consolidated MDAs Annual Budget Performance Report 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Ministry of Food and Agriculture, all funding sources: approved budget GH¢3,320,653,634, released and actual expenditure GH¢2,348,332,207.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2024-MDAs-Annual-Budget-Performance-Report.pdf
• Consolidated MDAs Annual Budget Performance Report 2023 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · MoFA: approved GH¢2,153,234,368, revised GH¢2,035,304,225, released GH¢1,934,998,548, actual GH¢1,458,264,693.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2023-MDAs-Annual-Budget-Performance-Report.pdf
• 2020 Annual Budget Performance Report (MDAs) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · MoFA: approved GH¢965,131,568, revised GH¢1,378,855,456, released GH¢1,210,945,364, actual GH¢857,199,258.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2020_Annual_Budget_Performance_Report.pdf
• 2019 Consolidated MDAs Annual Budget Performance Report (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · MoFA: approved GH¢967,845,075, revised GH¢1,186,521,230, released GH¢1,040,137,053, actual GH¢973,102,778.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2019-Consolidated-MDAs-%20Annual-Budget-Performance-Report.pdf
• 2018 Consolidated MDAs Annual Budget Performance Report (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · MoFA: approved GH¢469,666,573, allotment GH¢405,204,926, released GH¢361,206,528, actual GH¢343,146,201. The 2018 table has no separate development-partner lines.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2018-Consolidated-MDAs-Annual-Budget-Performance-Report.pdf
• Press release, Suspension of payments on selected external debts of the Government of Ghana, 19 December 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Ref. MOF/GA/PR/DSS.22/0019. Suspension of debt service on Eurobonds, commercial term loans and most bilateral debt, 'an interim emergency measure' pending an orderly restructuring. Multilateral debt, new debt contracted after 19 December 2022 and certain short-term trade facilities excluded. The domestic debt exchange was launched on 5 December 2022.
  https://www.mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/news/Suspension-of-Payments-on-Selected-External-Debts-of-The-GoG.pdf
• Press release, Domestic Debt Exchange results with approximately 85% participation and new settlement date, 14 February 2023 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Exchange closed on 10 February 2023, settlement moved to 21 February 2023. Appendix (GHS, eligible outstanding principal against tendered and accepted): Government of Ghana bonds 91,532,996,715 / 77,979,591,727 (85.19%), E.S.L.A. bonds 4,770,195,920 / 3,656,902,120 (76.66%), Daakye bonds 1,446,432,056 / 1,358,016,281 (93.89%), total 97,749,624,691 / 82,994,510,128 (84.91%).
  https://www.mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/news/MoF-Press-Release-DDE-RESULTS.pdf
• National Financial Inclusion and Development Strategy (NFIDS) 2018–2023 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Seeks to increase financial inclusion from 58% of the adult population to 85% by 2023.
  https://www.mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/acts/NFIDs_Report.pdf
• Signing of the Savannah Zone Agricultural Productivity Improvement Project (SAPIP) loan with the African Development Fund, 15 March 2018 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · African Development Fund loan of UA27.86 million (about US$39.01 million), signed on 15 March 2018, five years (2018–2022), about 50,000 smallholders in the Savannah Zone, in support of Planting for Food and Jobs.
  https://www.mofep.gov.gh/node/580
• Ghana Green Finance Taxonomy, Phase 1, Version 1.0, October 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Phase 1 sets qualitative screening criteria for selected sectors, including agriculture, forestry and aquaculture, energy, transport, water and waste, and building and construction. Phase 2 with quantitative thresholds and incentives was planned 'by May 2025' and Phase 3 is a transitional taxonomy for oil, gas and mining. The Bank of Ghana is listed among stakeholders.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/reports/economic/Green-Taxonomy-Framework-for-Ghana_V3.pdf
• Ghana to launch 1st phase of Green Finance Taxonomy at 2024 SDGs Investment Fair, 8 October 2024 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Launch on Wednesday 9 October 2024 at the 2024 SDGs Investment Fair.
  https://mofep.gov.gh/news-and-events/2024-10-08/ghana-to-launch-1st-phase-of-green-finance-taxonomy-at-2024-sdgs-investment-fair

Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture

• Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, home pagelanding page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Established by Executive Instrument 28 of 2017; agencies include the Fisheries Commission and the National Premix Fuel Secretariat.
  https://www.mofaq.gov.gh/

Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA)

• Feed Ghana Programme (FGP): A Four-Year Agricultural Transformation Programme (2025–2028), July 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Executive summary and section 3.1: targets by 2028 include self-sufficiency in rice, maize and soybeans, agricultural GDP growth of 6% a year, 270 Farmer Service Centres and 100,000 ha of agro-production enclaves. Inputs 2025–2028 of 214,692 t of certified seed and 2,130,000 t of fertiliser, and 'Farmers will access these inputs on credit bases from 2026 onwards'. Section 4.3, Table 23: estimated cost GHS 302.21 billion over four years (2025 42.14 bn, 2026 69.66 bn, 2027 85.60 bn, 2028 104.80 bn), of which Government GHS 176.7 bn (58.5%), private sector GHS 42.4 bn (14%), development partners and NGOs GHS 83.1 bn (27.5%). PFJ phase I 'focused on input subsidy' and evolved into an input credit system in PFJ 2.0 in 2023–2024. Fertiliser use is reported to have risen from 8 kg/ha (2008) to 25 kg/ha (2023).
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/images/pdf/Feed_Ghana_Programme.pdf
• Press briefing by Hon. Eric Opoku, Minister for Food and Agriculture, for the launch of the Feed Ghana Programme, 3 April 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · The Feed Ghana Programme is the flagship to implement the Agriculture for Economic Transformation Agenda (AETA), to be launched by the President on 11 April 2025 in Techiman. Nine initiatives, including Farmers' Service Centres and Farm Banks, grains and legumes, vegetables (YƐREDUA), institutional farming, poultry (Nkoko Nkitinkiti), livestock, Feed the Industry, agro-production enclaves and agricultural financing through the Exim Bank, cooperatives, community banks and GIRSAL.
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/media-centre/press-briefing/484-press-briefing-by-hon-eric-opoku-minister-for-food-and-agriculture-ghana-for-the-launch-of-the-feed-ghana-programme-held-on-3rd-april-2025-at-the-minister-s-conference-room
• Minister urges NAFCO to deepen reforms as company returns to profit, 26 September 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2025 audited accounts: net profit GH¢91.7 million against a net loss of GH¢19 million in 2024. 20,443 t of grain in storage at the time of the annual general meeting.
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/media-centre/latest-news/item/729-minister-urges-nafco-to-deepen-reforms-as-company-returns-to-profit
• MoFA and ABC Oyeasase Yie sign MoU to boost fertiliser production under the Feed Ghana Programme, 24 September 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Memorandum of understanding for a fertiliser blending plant in the Eastern Region with a planned capacity of 500,000 t a year (a plan).
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/media-centre/latest-news/item/728-mofa-abc-oyeasase-yie-sign-mou-to-boost-fertiliser-production-under-the-feed-ghana-programme
• Statistics, Research and Information Directorate (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Directorate created in 1999, responsible for agricultural statistics and market price surveys.
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/directorates/line-directorate/statistics-research-information
• Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · National plant protection organisation, implements the Plants and Fertilizer Act, 2010 (Act 803).
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/directorates/technical-directorates/plant-protection-regulatory-services
• Veterinary Services Directorate (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Animal health and veterinary public health.
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/directorates/technical-directorates/veterinary-services
• Directorate of Agricultural Extension Services (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Extension mandate.
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/directorates/technical-directorates/directorate-of-agricultural-extension-services
• Office of the Minister (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Minister for Food and Agriculture, Hon. Eric Opoku (October 2026).
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/index.php/about-us/office-of-the-minister/the-minister
• Investing for Food and Jobs (IFJ): An Agenda for Transforming Ghana's Agriculture (2018–2021), National Agriculture Investment Plan, January 2018 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Second-generation investment plan under CAADP, after METASIP I and II (2011–2017). Indicative budget GH¢9,543.28 million over four years, Government 65% and donors 35%, of which about 36% secured through national budgets and a funding gap of 64% (GH¢6,121.12 million) (para 279, Table 5.1). Restates the CAADP commitments of at least 10% of the national budget for agriculture and 6% agricultural growth a year.
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/images/pdf/National%20Agriculture%20Investment%20Plan_IFJ.pdf

Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), Statistics, Research and Information Directorate (SRID)

• Agriculture in Ghana: Facts & Figures 2021 (30th edition), September 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Latest edition on mofa.gov.gh. Table 4.4 production ('000 t) 2012–2021: maize 1,950, 1,764, 1,769, 1,692, 1,722, 2,011, 2,306, 2,911, 3,071, 3,203, rice paddy 481, 570, 604, 641, 688, 722, 769, 925, 973, 1,143, cassava 14,547, 15,990, 16,524, 17,213, 17,798, 19,008, 20,846, 22,750, 24,368, 24,997, yam 6,639, 7,075, 7,119, 7,296, 7,440, 8,253, 7,789, 8,754, 8,946, 10,278, plantain 3,556, 3,675, 3,828, 3,952, 4,000, 4,279, 4,688, 5,479, 5,811, 6,177, cocoyam 1,270, 1,261, 1,299, 1,301, 1,344, 1,387, 1,461, 1,551, 1,596, 1,650, sorghum 2021 324, millet 2021 188, groundnut 2021 502, cowpea 2021 300, soya bean 2021 218. Table 4.1 area 2021 ('000 ha): maize 1,266, rice 357, cassava 1,051, yam 551, plantain 448. Table 4.6 average yield 2021 against potential (t/ha): maize 2.53 / 5.50, rice 3.20 / 6.00, cassava 23.77 / 45.00, yam 18.64 / 52.00, plantain 13.79 / 38.00, cocoyam 7.54 / 20.00, groundnut 1.84 / 3.50, cowpea 1.67 / 2.50, soya bean 1.73 / 3.00, sorghum 1.69 / 2.00, millet 1.50 / 2.00. Table 4.21 livestock (SRID/MOFA projections, '000) 2021: cattle 2,174, sheep 5,695, goats 8,411, pigs 785, poultry 81,487. Table 4.29 fish (t), marine / inland / aquaculture: 2012 333,697 / 95,000 / 27,451, 2015 312,535 / 86,268 / 44,515, 2018 302,432 / 73,628 / 76,620, 2019 317,393 / 77,280 / 80,751, 2020 326,868 / 80,923 / 60,004, 2021 393,970 / 145,272 / 89,375. Table 7.1 rural wholesale prices (GH¢/t), maize 2012–2021: 870.27, 741.01, 1,066.56, 1,421.69, 1,423.22, 1,353.00, 1,438.07, 1,582.59, 1,659.80, 2,711.80, yam: 763.92, 907.92, 942.78, 1,220.63, 1,592.57, 1,933.04, 1,753.10, 2,448.62, 2,901.78, 3,211.72, rice: 1,434.91, 1,660.80, 2,223.25, 2,657.21, 4,209.04, 4,024.91, 3,315.98, 3,928.12, 4,303.04, 4,691.50. Table 7.5 subsidised fertiliser quantity (t) 2016–2021: 134,227, 191,744, 247,039, 331,354, 424,000, 239,096, seed (t) 2017–2021: 4,400, 6,822, 18,204, 29,500, 34,291. Table 7.4 (2021): farmers' price GH¢48 per 25-kg bag of NPK fertiliser against a full cost of GH¢73–80.
  https://mofa.gov.gh/site/images/pdf/AGRICULTURE%20IN%20GHANA%20(Facts%20&%20Figures)%202021.pdf

NAP Central (UNFCCC Least Developed Countries Expert Group)

• Submitted National Adaptation Plans (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Ghana, file NAP_Ghana_2025.pdf, date posted 10 April 2026.
  https://napcentral.org/submitted-naps

National Climate Change Secretariat, Singapore

• Singapore signs Implementation Agreement with Ghana to collaborate on carbon credits, 27 May 2024 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Signed virtually on 27 May 2024. Project developers contribute a 5% share of proceeds to adaptation in Ghana and cancel 2% of authorised carbon credits at first issuance.
  https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/singapore-signs-implementation-agreement-with-ghana-to-collaborate-on-carbon-credits/

National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO)

• About (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Established under the National Disaster Management Organisation Act, 2016 (Act 927).
  https://nadmo.gov.gh/about

National Food Buffer Stock Company (NAFCO)

• About us (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Incorporated under the Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179) on 11 March 2010, wholly owned by Government and superintended by MoFA.
  https://nafco.gov.gh/about-us/

National Insurance Commission (NIC)

• National Insurance Commission, home pagelanding page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Insurance regulator under the Insurance Act, 2021 (Act 1061). The list of reports is rendered by script and showed no publications when read.
  https://nic.gov.gh/

Parliament of Ghana (institutional repository)

• Land Act, 2020 (Act 1036) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 23 December 2020, date of Gazette notification 23 December 2020 (p.164). No commencement section. Section 14 requires stools, skins, clans and families to set up Customary Land Secretariats. Section 22 caps grants of farming rights in stool, clan or family land at 25 years for poultry or cereals and 50 years for ranching or tree crops. Section 282 repeals 13 enactments, including the Land Title Registration Act, 1986 (PNDCL 152).
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/8fdcce40-7c2e-454c-8747-00e23d786227/download
• Lands Commission Act, 2008 (Act 767) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 4 December 2008, Gazette notification 12 December 2008. Establishes the Lands Commission and Regional Lands Commissions, repeals the Lands Commission Act, 1994 (Act 483).
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/fc55b519-1e2c-4507-8294-15ec55728a2f/download
• Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands Act, 1994 (Act 481), revised edition (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 7 August 1994, Gazette notification 9 September 1994.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/4cf2a827-c37b-413d-a31f-c1e731fe96f7/download
• Tree Crops Development Authority Act, 2019 (Act 1010) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 28 December 2019, Gazette notification 30 December 2019. Section 2: the object of the Authority is to regulate and develop the production, processing and trading of tree crops. Section 15 Tree Crops Fund, section 27 registration of value-chain actors. Section 26: 'tree crops' means oil palm, rubber, cashew, coconut, mango and shea.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/ea2b6f5b-b72a-46df-9db7-7a09d119c3f8/download
• Non-Bank Financial Institutions Act, 2008 (Act 774) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 23 December 2008, Gazette notification 9 January 2009. Licensing of non-bank financial institutions by the Bank of Ghana.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/91c3dd96-6991-44a7-944a-dd27e8e7c6e1/download
• Credit Reporting Act, 2007 (Act 726), laws of Ghana reprint (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 'This Act was assented to on 5th April, 2007 and notified in the Gazette on 13th April, 2007.' The Bank of Ghana licenses and regulates credit bureaus.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/87f6e5fd-34ae-4f01-bc94-dbe7cdc92d98/download
• Payment Systems and Services Act, 2019 (Act 987) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 13 May 2019, Gazette notification 14 May 2019. Regulates payment systems, payment services and electronic money issuers, repeals the Payment Systems Act, 2003 (Act 662).
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/aeeaa5d0-b9ff-4cd6-a604-e67b4a1655f9/download
• Ghana Deposit Protection (Amendment) Act, 2018 (Act 968) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent and Gazette notification 4 May 2018. Section 1 substitutes section 2 of Act 931, whose deposit protection scheme has a 'pay-box' mandate.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/511c1068-d322-40b2-aecd-77024669075f/download
• Fiscal Responsibility Act, 2018 (Act 982) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 28 December 2018, Gazette notification 31 December 2018. Section 2: the overall fiscal balance on cash basis 'shall not exceed a deficit of five percent of the Gross Domestic Product'.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/3d66aa8b-5e24-4292-823e-e3f5f5ce518d/download
• Public Financial Management (Amendment) Act, 2025 (Act 1136) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent and Gazette notification 2 April 2025. Amends the Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 921).
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/9fa94288-2336-448a-93e4-e4188e91ac0f/download
• Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994 (Act 490) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent and Gazette notification 30 December 1994.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/560cc1a5-dde3-42e9-b27d-32db3205d75b/download
• Pesticides Control and Management Act, 1996 (Act 528) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 23 December 1996, Gazette notification 31 December 1996. Part I registration of pesticides.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/766abd32-ad0d-4232-ba13-c790935683f9/download
• Fisheries Act, 2002 (Act 625) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 16 January 2002.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/ec121cc6-bb6a-4e90-a1a2-e7ec00f90358/download
• Fisheries and Aquaculture Act, 2025 (Act 1146) (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 14 August 2025 (p.8), Gazette notification 14 August 2025 (p.128). Section 2 establishes the Fisheries Commission. Section 171(1) repeals the Fisheries Act, 2002 (Act 625) and the Fisheries (Amendment) Act, 2014 (Act 880).
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/fd96bb28-5dc5-4928-8262-8d558d513188/download
• Diseases of Animals Act, 1961 (Act 83) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 1 November 1961. Prevention and control of infectious and contagious animal diseases.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/31d741f3-718f-49b2-ad74-a9c496f66367/download
• Veterinary Surgeons Act, 1992 (PNDCL 305C), revised edition (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Made on 30 December 1992 and notified in the Gazette on 20 August 1993. Section 1 establishes the Veterinary Council.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/668a0ac3-e58d-48db-8e77-8aae4ae2b39c/download
• Export and Import Act, 1995 (Act 503) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 3 August 1995, Gazette notification 11 August 1995.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/572c30c8-792e-4961-9722-21aa725338ab/download
• Irrigation Development Authority Act, 1977 (SMCD 85), revised (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Section 1 establishes the Irrigation Development Authority, section 2 its functions, including developing water resources 'for irrigated farming, livestock improvement and fish culture'.
  https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/261779f1-da1d-4ba4-a381-3cf5673ddccd/download

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Ghana

• Our history (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Regulator under the Securities Industry Act, 2016 (Act 929).
  https://sec.gov.gh/our-history/
• Securities Industry (Green Bond) Guidelines 2024, SEC/GUI/003/03/2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Issued under the Securities Industry Act, 2016 (Act 929) as amended 'this 7th day of March 2024', 'effective immediately'. Schedule 1 lists eligible green projects, including environmentally sustainable agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery.
  https://sec.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/Final-Regulatory-Laws/Guidelines/Green_Bond_Guidelines_2024.pdf
• Securities Industry Act, 2016 (Act 929) (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Date of assent 14 September 2016. Section 3(c)(ii): the Commission registers, licenses, authorises or regulates commodities and futures exchanges. Amended by Act 1062 of 2021.
  https://sec.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/Securities-Industry-Laws/Securities_Industry_Act_2016_Act_929.pdf
• Warehouse Receipts Guidelines 2019, SEC/GUI/003/02/2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Made under section 215 of Act 929 'this 1st day of April 2019'. Licensing of warehouse operators and inspectors, insurance and bonds for warehouse receipt systems.
  https://sec.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/Final-Regulatory-Laws/Guidelines/WAREHOUSE_RECEIPTS_2019.pdf
• Commodity Exchange Guidelines 2019, SEC/GUI/002/02/2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Made by the Commission under section 209 of Act 929 on 1 April 2019.
  https://sec.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/Final-Regulatory-Laws/Guidelines/Commodity_Exchange_Guidelines_2019.pdf

Swedish Energy Agency

• Sweden's first legally binding agreement on emissions trading under the Paris Agreement (web page, last updated 29 May 2024)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Agreement with Ghana under Article 6.2. The first project in Ghana is estimated to reduce about 165,000 t CO2 by 2030.
  https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/news/2024/swedens-first-legally-binding-agreement-on-emissions-trading-under-the-paris-agreement/

Tree Crops Development Authority (TCDA)

• About us (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Established under the Tree Crops Development Authority Act, 2019 (Act 1010).
  https://tcda.gov.gh/about-us/
• TCDA announces minimum producer price for raw shea nut for the 2026 crop season (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · GH¢9.01 per kg (GH¢765.63 per 85-kg bag) from 1 June 2026. Export permits required from 1 April 2026 for cashew, coconut, oil palm, rubber, mango and shea.
  https://tcda.gov.gh/tcda-announces-minimum-producer-price-for-raw-shea-nut-for-the-2026-crop-season/

UK Government

• UK signs Trade Partnership Agreement with Ghana, 2 March 2021 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Signed on 2 March 2021, tariff-free access to the UK for Ghanaian products including bananas, tinned tuna and cocoa.
  https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-trade-partnership-agreement-with-ghana

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

• Advancing the Paris Agreement through cooperative approaches: the Ghana–Switzerland case study (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Memorandum of understanding in February 2020, bilateral agreement 'signed on 23rd November 2020'.
  https://climatepromise.undp.org/sites/default/files/research_report_document/UNDP_Gh_Article%206%20case%20study_final.pdf

United Nations Statistics Division

• UN Comtrade – Ghana, agri-food trade (HS chapters 01–24) by partner, 2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Queries by HS chapter and flow, the link shows exports of chapter 18 (cocoa and cocoa preparations). Change cmdCode (01–24) and flowCode (X/M) for the other series. Ghana had reported 2025 data, the latest full year. Totals 2025 (own sums of partners, equal to the sums of the World rows): exports US$6,319.8 m, imports US$2,903.7 m. Largest export partners (US$ m): Netherlands 1,367.69, United States 942.85, India 564.77, Belgium 398.82, France 335.19, United Kingdom 242.47, Malaysia 223.46, Germany 214.89, Japan 206.57, Spain 194.39, Türkiye 194.36, Italy 165.08, Brazil 113.36, Vietnam 108.40, Canada 100.26, Nigeria 86.54, Côte d'Ivoire 67.68. Largest import partners: Vietnam 268.74, Brazil 249.08, China 173.69, Belgium 173.42, Canada 156.55, Argentina 143.78, Netherlands 131.29, United States 126.31, Türkiye 119.69, Malaysia 97.67, Burkina Faso 90.78, India 75.33. Export chapters: 18 4,473.2, 08 779.3, 15 261.6, 12 205.5, 16 191.1, 22 109.0, 19 62.1, 21 61.2, 20 56.9, 03 43.3. Import chapters: 10 383.2, 11 326.2, 02 269.5, 15 267.2, 05 217.0, 03 208.7, 22 179.8, 17 161.1, 21 153.3, 23 130.4, 19 113.7, 08 109.0, 04 104.9. Chapter 18 exports by partner: Netherlands 1,247.37, United States 903.70, Belgium 336.89, France 256.74, Japan 206.29, Türkiye 186.54, Spain 183.45, Malaysia 172.47. Chapter 08 exports: India 496.95, Vietnam 103.29. Chapter 10 imports: Vietnam 262.45, Argentina 20.01, Thailand 18.24. Chapter 11 imports: Canada 133.78, Türkiye 48.43. Chapter 03 imports: Mauritania 63.49, China 33.32, Morocco 28.63. Own groupings: EU-27 members 47.2% of exports and 23.3% of imports.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=288&period=2025&flowCode=X&cmdCode=18&motCode=0&customsCode=C00&partner2Code=0
• UN Comtrade – Ghana, agri-food trade by HS chapter (01–24), world partner, 2015–2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026, one query per year and flow (change period 2015–2025 and flowCode X/M). Ghana reported no data for 2020 (the query returns no records). Own sums of chapters 01–24, US$ m. Exports: 2015 4,805.0, 2016 4,297.5, 2017 3,430.4, 2018 4,440.4, 2019 3,694.9, 2020 not reported, 2021 3,764.5, 2022 3,640.2, 2023 3,054.0, 2024 3,257.8, 2025 6,319.8. Imports: 2,280.9, 2,312.8, 2,395.3, 2,453.6, 1,924.7, not reported, 3,473.1, 2,789.7, 2,414.6, 2,693.3, 2,903.7. Export chapter 18: 3,523.7, 2,595.3, 2,433.9, 3,233.8, 2,714.5, –, 2,386.6, 2,165.7, 1,909.9, 2,011.9, 4,473.2. Export chapter 08: 503.7, 1,100.9, 409.4, 592.3, 367.2, –, 579.4, 461.7, 389.0, 380.3, 779.3. Import chapter 10: 838.3, 783.6, 715.8, 650.3, 522.9, –, 578.4, 440.8, 301.8, 255.9, 383.2. Import chapter 03: 241.0, 303.9, 245.8, 239.2, 206.5, –, 366.8, 252.5, 188.3, 201.2, 208.7. Import chapter 15: 199.3, 258.4, 341.5, 284.9, 180.3, –, 465.9, 289.4, 203.6, 255.2, 267.2.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=288&period=2025&flowCode=X&cmdCode=01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24&motCode=0&customsCode=C00&partner2Code=0&partnerCode=0

World Bank

• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (current US$), NV.AGR.TOTL.CD (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · US$ million: 2013 12,801.6, 2014 10,708.1, 2015 9,878.8, 2016 11,702.9, 2017 11,812.4, 2018 12,198.5, 2019 11,840.9, 2020 13,199.2, 2021 15,630.5, 2022 14,424.3, 2023 16,869.0, 2024 17,136.8, 2025 24,299.1. Database last updated 2026-10-08. The 2025 value equals the GSS current-price figure of GH¢305,120.29 million divided by the 2025 average rate of 12.5568 (own check).
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry and fishing, value added (% of GDP), NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2013 20.37, 2014 19.58, 2015 19.98, 2016 20.84, 2017 19.56, 2018 18.14, 2019 17.32, 2020 18.85, 2021 19.66, 2022 19.51, 2023 20.94, 2024 20.58, 2025 21.28. The World Bank divides by GDP at purchasers' prices, GSS by GDP at basic prices, so the WDI shares are lower than the GSS shares. Database last updated 2026-10-08.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – GDP (current US$), NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · US$ billion: 2015 49.44, 2020 70.01, 2023 80.55, 2024 83.29, 2025 114.21.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Employment in agriculture (% of total employment, modelled ILO estimate), total, female and male, SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS, SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS, SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Total 2010–2025: 48.8, 47.1, 45.8, 44.3, 43.9, 43.4, 42.9, 42.0, 39.9, 37.7, 37.4, 36.0, 36.3, 36.0, 35.2, 34.6. Women: 45.9, 44.2, 42.9, 41.4, 41.0, 40.6, 39.9, 39.1, 36.8, 34.2, 33.8, 32.4, 30.3, 30.0, 29.2, 28.6. Men: 51.4, 49.7, 48.3, 46.9, 46.5, 46.0, 45.5, 44.6, 42.7, 40.8, 40.7, 39.2, 41.7, 41.4, 40.6, 40.0.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL) and rural population (% of total, SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS) (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Population (million): 2015 28.70, 2020 31.89, 2023 33.79, 2024 34.43, 2025 35.06. Rural population (% of total): 2015 46.4, 2020 43.8, 2023 42.2, 2024 41.6, 2025 41.1.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Agricultural land (% of land area, AG.LND.AGRI.ZS), arable land (% of land area, AG.LND.ARBL.ZS) and agricultural irrigated land (% of agricultural land, AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS) (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Agricultural land % of land area 2010–2024: 54.5, 54.1, 54.3, 54.8, 54.4, 54.6, 54.3, 53.1, 53.7, 54.8, 55.4, 55.4, 55.4, 55.4, 55.4. Arable land: 18.6, 18.8, 19.0, 19.2, 19.4, 19.6, 19.9, 20.1, 20.3, 20.5, 20.7, 20.7, 20.7, 20.7, 20.7. Agricultural irrigated land 2024: 1.8% of agricultural land.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Forest area (% of land area), AG.LND.FRST.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2010–2024: 28.7, 28.8, 29.0, 29.1, 29.3, 29.4, 29.6, 29.8, 29.9, 30.1, 30.2, 30.4, 30.5, 30.7, 30.9. The series rises by the same amount each year, which indicates interpolation between FAO Forest Resources Assessment points.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land), AG.CON.FERT.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2014–2024: 16.7, 25.0, 22.3, 38.2, 27.6, 40.1, 50.1, 37.4, 36.1, 22.8, 43.3.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/AG.CON.FERT.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Cereal yield (kg per hectare), AG.YLD.CREL.KG (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2010–2024: 1,814, 1,594, 1,768, 1,689, 1,703, 1,830, 1,842, 1,949, 2,173, 2,346, 2,411, 2,361, 2,410, 2,562, 2,632.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/AG.YLD.CREL.KG?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Inflation, consumer prices (annual %), FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2015 17.1, 2016 17.5, 2017 12.4, 2018 7.8, 2019 7.1, 2020 9.9, 2021 10.0, 2022 31.3, 2023 38.1, 2024 22.8, 2025 14.2.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP), FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2010–2025: 16.7, 17.2, 18.1, 15.3, 16.5, 17.9, 17.4, 16.1, 13.7, 13.9, 13.1, 13.1, 13.3, 9.4, 8.9, 7.9.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%), FB.AST.NPER.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2010–2025: 18.1, 14.1, 13.2, 12.0, 11.3, 14.7, 17.3, 21.6, 18.2, 13.9, 14.8, 15.1, 14.8, 20.6, 21.8, 18.9. Source of the WDI series is the IMF Financial Soundness Indicators. It differs from the BoG Annual Report values for 2014, 2021 and 2022.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/FB.AST.NPER.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population), SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2010–2024: 6.9, 7.3, 7.7, 8.0, 8.7, 9.4, 9.5, 8.8, 7.5, 6.6, 5.7, 5.6, 5.9, 6.5, 6.4.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Food exports and food imports (% of merchandise exports and imports), TX.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN, TM.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Food exports 2015–2025: 34.8, 35.7, 23.7, 26.1, 22.0, no value for 2020, 25.2, 21.0, 18.1, 15.7, 19.7. Food imports: 15.2, 17.4, 18.3, 20.1, 17.4, no value, 17.4, 14.8, 13.7, 14.0, 13.0.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/TX.VAL.FOOD.ZS.UN?format=json&per_page=300
• Global Findex: Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+), total, female and poorest 40%, FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS, FX.OWN.TOTL.FE.ZS, FX.OWN.TOTL.40.ZS, World Bank API (Findex 2025 database)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Total 2011 29.4, 2014 40.5, 2017 57.7, 2021 68.2, 2024 81.2. Women 27.1, 39.4, 53.7, 62.6, 78.3. Poorest 40%: 18.4, 33.5, 48.3, 54.7, 69.6. Rural account ownership 2024 76.4% (account.t.d.9, source 28).
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100
• Global Findex database (source 28), Mobile money account (% age 15+), indicator mobileaccount.t.d, World Bank APIverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · 2014 13.0, 2017 38.9, 2021 59.7, 2024 78.3.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/mobileaccount.t.d?source=28&format=json&per_page=100
• Global Findex database (source 28), borrowing indicators fin22a (borrowed from a formal bank or similar financial institution), fin22a_1 (borrowed from a mobile money provider) and fin22a.22a1.22g.d (borrowed from a formal institution or using a mobile money account) (% age 15+), World Bank APIverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · fin22a: 2014 8.3, 2017 11.6, 2021 7.4, 2024 10.1. fin22a_1: 2021 12.0, 2024 21.9. fin22a.22a1.22g.d: 2014 8.3, 2017 11.6, 2021 17.2, 2024 29.5. Borrowed from family or friends (fin22b): 2014 21.6, 2017 22.8, 2021 38.6, 2024 50.2.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/fin22a?source=28&format=json&per_page=100
• Global Findex database (source 28), Received payments for the sale of agricultural products, livestock or crops (% age 15+), indicators fin42 and fin42.9 (rural)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · fin42: 2014 29.9, 2017 25.4, 2021 32.6, 2024 23.6. Rural (fin42.9) 2024 29.8.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/GHA/indicator/fin42?source=28&format=json&per_page=100
• Projects API, Ghana (countrycode_exact=GH) and individual project records (JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Commitment, approval and closing dates, status, implementing agency and development objective of each project. P180060 Tree Crop Diversification US$200 million, approved 23 June 2023, closing 14 December 2029. P171933 GALOP US$90.6 million (IDA 75 million), approved 30 August 2021, closing 30 September 2027. P169742 Ghana Development Finance Project (Development Bank Ghana) US$250 million, approved 29 October 2020, closing 30 June 2027. P180719 Ghana Financial Stability Project US$250 million, approved 30 May 2024, closing 30 June 2028, objective to build capital buffers of deposit-taking institutions affected by the debt exchange. P166539 Ghana Economic Transformation Project US$200 million, approved 2 July 2019. The listing shows no Ghana approvals after August 2024, and later operations were checked in the Documents and Reports database.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=GH&rows=500
• Project Paper, additional financing of US$125.0 million credit and US$0.94 million grant to Ghana, Food Systems Resilience Program Phase 2 (P178132), 8 April 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Approved on 29 April 2025. Ghana's FSRP credit of US$150 million became effective on 5 June 2023. Para 3 states that a first additional financing of US$15.77 million from the Food Systems 2030 Trust Fund (P181488) was approved in June 2024 and signed and effective by August 2024, and para 12 that it is fully disbursed. Of the original credit, US$142.38 million (94.9%) disbursed by 7 April 2025, of which US$85.0 million through the emergency component. Restructured on 20 December 2023 to provide US$40 million of fertiliser and seed after crops were lost to flooding from the controlled spillage of the Akosombo and Kpong dams, reaching 155,000 farmers, including 20,000 affected by the flooding. The emergency component was activated on 11 November 2024 with US$85 million for fertiliser and seed for 500,000 smallholders after the 'severe drought which affected key staple food (rice and maize) production areas between June and August 2024'. 'MOFA estimated that without any intervention, the drought would have resulted in US$673.0 million loss in value, assuming a 50 percent loss of total acreage'.
  https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041025180019894/pdf/BOSIB-188e2323-902a-454d-9182-2b7d239c6d1e.pdf
• Implementation Status and Results Report No. 10, Ghana Emissions Reductions Program (P160339), 29 December 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Ghana Cocoa Forest REDD+ Programme in the FCPF Carbon Fund, emission reductions purchase agreement of US$50 million for 10 million emission reductions, signed in July 2019. First payment US$4,862,280 for 972,465 tCO2e, second payment US$16,895,805 for 3,379,161 tCO2e (monitoring period 2020–2022) received on 12 June 2024, cumulative US$21,758,085 for 4,351,617 tCO2e as of 30 November 2025. Increased deforestation in the programme area in 2023 due to illegal mining. Implementing agency the Forestry Commission. Revised closing date 30 December 2027.
  https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099122925084029272/pdf/P160339-f3b79973-751f-4bc7-9275-a9bfd2378cfc.pdf
• Project Appraisal Document, Ghana Tree Crop Diversification Project (P180060), 26 May 2023 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Cocoa yields 'averaged 541 kg/ha in 2018-2021'. About US$64.49 million to rehabilitate 25,000 hectares of farms affected by cocoa swollen shoot virus disease, with COCOBOD counterpart financing of about US$27.5 million. Implemented by the Tree Crops Development Authority and COCOBOD.
  https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099060523170036076/pdf/BOSIB038a04de90e80bd7f0b810d83983a4.pdf
• Project Paper, additional GEF grant of US$13,942,064, Ghana Landscape Restoration and Small-Scale Mining Project (P171933), 6 November 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Project effective on 10 February 2022, closing 30 September 2027, over 1.5 million ha brought under sustainable landscape management practices.
  https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099111025171095578/pdf/BOSIB-0c8c4c51-eef3-4563-8da4-4a5905df8034.pdf
• Concept Project Information Document, Ghana Market Access and Connectivity Project (P513708), 5 December 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Proposed IDA credit of US$400 million, estimated approval 17 June 2026 (concept stage), to enhance connectivity for agricultural value chains and set up a road maintenance mechanism.
  https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099120525054017400/pdf/P513708-88b9ecf2-b91d-45aa-b840-11c4b22e7a12.pdf

World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal

• ERA5 reanalysis country-average annual precipitation and mean temperature, Ghana, 1950–2025 (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Annual mean temperature (°C) 2000–2025: 27.05, 27.22, 27.24, 27.34, 27.24, 27.37, 27.42, 27.42, 27.35, 27.57, 27.82, 27.48, 27.35, 27.50, 27.49, 27.70, 28.00, 27.91, 27.66, 27.99, 27.94, 28.09, 27.48, 27.95, 28.28, 27.89. Annual precipitation (mm) 2000–2025: 1,002.7, 886.3, 1,119.6, 1,140.3, 958.0, 1,022.8, 985.2, 1,118.7, 1,110.0, 1,071.4, 1,162.4, 1,052.3, 1,132.5, 998.2, 1,194.0, 976.7, 1,209.4, 1,120.5, 1,338.4, 1,335.0, 1,014.2, 1,052.3, 1,093.5, 1,171.8, 930.4, 872.8. Own averages: temperature 1961–1990 26.67, 1991–2020 27.36; precipitation 1961–1990 1,209.4 mm, 1991–2020 1,124.3 mm. 2024 was the warmest year in the series. 2025 was the driest year since 1983 (868.2 mm), with lower values also in 1958 and 1961 (own ranking).
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/era5-x0.25_timeseries_pr,tas_timeseries_annual_1950-2025_mean_historical_era5_x0.25_mean/GHA?_format=json
• ERA5 reanalysis country-average monthly precipitation and temperature, Ghana, 1950–2025 (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Own sums of monthly country-average precipitation. March–July total, 1991–2020 average 545.9 mm: 2015 437 (−20%), 2016 648 (+19%), 2017 576 (+5%), 2018 628 (+15%), 2019 582 (+7%), 2020 530 (−3%), 2021 443 (−19%), 2022 522 (−4%), 2023 591 (+8%), 2024 444 (−19%), 2025 410 (−25%). September–November, average 346.0 mm: 2015 −6%, 2016 −1%, 2017 −9%, 2018 +14%, 2019 +59%, 2020 +4%, 2021 0%, 2022 +5%, 2023 −1%, 2024 −2%, 2025 −14%. June–August, average 449.2 mm: 2024 370 (−18%), 2025 339 (−25%). These are averages over the whole country, which has two rainy seasons in the south and one in the north.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/era5-x0.25_timeseries_pr,tas_timeseries_monthly_1950-2025_mean_historical_era5_x0.25_mean/GHA?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble projected anomalies of annual mean temperature and precipitation, Ghana, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, 2040–2059 and 2080–2099, median, 10th and 90th percentile, reference 1995–2014 (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Change the scenario (ssp245/ssp585), period (2040-2059/2080-2099) and statistic (median/p10/p90) in the URL. Temperature anomaly (°C), median (p10–p90): SSP2-4.5 2040–2059 1.22 (0.82–1.82), 2080–2099 2.09 (1.23–3.01); SSP5-8.5 2040–2059 1.74 (1.07–2.41), 2080–2099 3.98 (2.28–5.76). Annual precipitation anomaly (mm), median (p10–p90): SSP2-4.5 2040–2059 +25.5 (−47.0 to +87.5), 2080–2099 +42.3 (−51.3 to +138.5); SSP5-8.5 2040–2059 +21.2 (−46.9 to +114.8), 2080–2099 +22.3 (−127.7 to +208.1).
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2040-2059_median_ssp585_ensemble_all_mean/GHA?_format=json

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

• Plant Variety Protection Act, 2020 (Act 1050), Ghana, WIPO Lex (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Details give Assented December 29, 2020 and Published December 29, 2020. The main text gives the date of assent as 29 December 2020 and describes the Act as one 'to provide for the grant and protection of plant breeder rights and for related matters'. Section 1 applies it to all plant genera and plant species.
  https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/21201

World Resources Institute, Climate Watch

• Historical GHG emissions by sector, Ghana, 1990–2023 (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Climate Watch source, All GHG, MtCO2e, 2010 / 2015 / 2020 / 2021 / 2022 / 2023: agriculture 8.39 / 9.88 / 11.81 / 10.79 / 12.06 / 11.28, energy 12.01 / 17.20 / 24.72 / 26.06 / 25.42 / 26.68, industrial processes 0.24 / 0.33 / 0.48 / 0.50 / 0.53 / 0.55, waste 3.31 / 3.77 / 4.28 / 4.38 / 4.48 / 4.58, LULUCF −13.01 / 16.47 / 16.88 / −55.14 / −55.07 / −55.11, total excluding LULUCF 23.95 / 31.19 / 41.29 / 41.74 / 42.48 / 43.08. Agriculture share of the total excluding LULUCF in 2023 26.2% (own calculation). The LULUCF series changes sign between years and is not used in the profile.
  https://www.climatewatchdata.org/api/v1/data/historical_emissions?regions[]=GHA&per_page=200

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