Macro-economy & structure18 datasets
Annual % change at constant 2013 prices, 2014–2025
Source: GSS — GSS annual GDP, Table 1.4. GDP at purchasers' value. 2024 revised and 2025 provisional.
Agriculture, forestry and fishing, current US$ billion, 2013–2025 (World Bank)
Source: World Bank WDI · IMF — The World Bank converts the GSS current-price series at the annual average rate. The cedi's average rate moved from 8.27 per US dollar in 2022 to 14.18 in 2024 and 12.56 in 20254.
Ghana cedis per US dollar, 2013–2025
Current prices, GH¢ billion, 2019–2025
Source: GSS — GSS Table 1.1. 'Crops other than cocoa' is crops minus cocoa (own calculation). Agriculture's value added at current prices was GH¢305.1 billion in 2025.
Annual % change at constant 2013 prices, 2019–2025
Year-on-year % change, 2023 Q1 – 2026 Q2
Source: GSS — GSS quarterly GDP bulletin, September 2026 edition, Appendix 9. 2026 Q2 is provisional.
% of total employment, modelled ILO estimate, 2010–2025
Source: World Bank WDI · GSS — Modelled ILO estimates. The 2021 census counted 33.0% of the employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing, and GLSS 7 (2016/17) 38.3%89.
Agriculture, forestry and fishing, employed persons aged 15 and older, 2021 census, thousands
Poverty incidence, % of population, GLSS rounds
Source: GSS — Upper poverty line of GH¢1,314 per adult equivalent per year in 2012/13 prices. GLSS 7 (2016/17) is the latest monetary poverty estimate found in GSS publications.
Incidence, % of population, 2024–2025
Source: GSS — GSS Multidimensional Poverty Report 2024 Q1 – 2025 Q3, Table 6.19. The table gives no sector values for 2025 Q1. The 2023 multidimensional series uses a different indicator set and is not comparable.
% of land area, 2010–2024
Source: World Bank WDI — World Bank WDI, based on FAO data. Constant values in recent years indicate carried-forward estimates.
Headline indicators, 2015–2025
| Indicator | 2015 | 2020 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP at purchasers' value, current prices (GH¢ billion, GSS) | 183.5 | 391.9 | 887.7 | 1,182.8 | 1,434.1 |
| GDP (US$ billion, World Bank) | 49.44 | 70.01 | 80.55 | 83.29 | 114.21 |
| Real GDP growth (%) | 2.1 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 5.9 | 6.0 |
| Agriculture value added, current prices (GH¢ billion, GSS) | 36.7 | 73.9 | 185.9 | 243.4 | 305.1 |
| Agricultural value added (US$ billion, World Bank) | 9.88 | 13.20 | 16.87 | 17.14 | 24.30 |
| Agriculture, share of GDP at basic prices (%) | 21.8 | 20.1 | 22.4 | 22.0 | 22.8 |
| Real growth of agriculture (%) | 2.1 | 7.3 | 5.9 | 2.7 | 6.8 |
| Employment in agriculture, modelled ILO estimate (% of total) | 43.4 | 37.4 | 36.0 | 35.2 | 34.6 |
| Population (million, World Bank) | 28.7 | 31.9 | 33.8 | 34.4 | 35.1 |
| Rural population (% of total, World Bank) | 46.4 | 43.8 | 42.2 | 41.6 | 41.1 |
| CPI inflation, annual average (%) | 17.1 | 9.9 | 39.2 | 22.9 | 14.2 |
| GH¢ per US$, annual average | 3.71 | 5.60 | 11.02 | 14.18 | 12.56 |
Source: GSS · World Bank WDI · IMF — GSS annual GDP, March 2026 edition (2024 revised, 2025 provisional). Inflation for 2023–2025 is the GSS 12-month average of the CPI (2021 = 100), earlier years the World Bank series.
Agricultural sub-sectors, 2025
| Sub-sector | Value added, current prices (GH¢ million) | Share of GDP at basic prices (%) | Real growth (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crops | 276,820.5 | 20.67 | 7.30 |
| of which cocoa | 17,845.1 | 1.33 | 14.35 |
| Livestock | 11,610.1 | 0.87 | 5.60 |
| Forestry and logging | 7,860.9 | 0.59 | −2.45 |
| Fishing | 8,828.8 | 0.66 | 9.45 |
| Agriculture | 305,120.3 | 22.78 | 6.78 |
Farm households and holders, 2017/18 Census of Agriculture
| Indicator | Value |
|---|---|
| Households identified in the listing | 4,864,276 |
| Agricultural households in the listing | 2,568,146 |
| Agricultural households after the core modules | 2,585,531 |
| Persons aged 15 and older engaged in agriculture | 3,037,381 |
| Share of engaged persons living in rural areas (%) | 76.6 |
| Agricultural holders | 2,158,697 |
| of which women | 607,432 |
| Holders mainly cultivating arable crops (%) | 65.7 |
| Holders mainly cultivating tree crops (%) | 30.9 |
| Household parcels for crops or forest trees with complete documentation (%) | 12.9 |
Source: GSS — GSS defines an agricultural household as 'a household with at least one of its members engaged in an agricultural activity'.
Farm-size classes, 2017/18 Census of Agriculture
| Class | Official definition (glossary) | Parcels (Table 4.5) | Share of parcels (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Small-scale | Less than 2 acres for arable crops and less than or equal to 5 acres for tree crops | 1,775,461 | 56.7 |
| Medium-scale | Greater than 2 acres but less than 5 acres for arable crops and greater than 5 acres but less than 10 acres for tree crops | 801,761 | 25.6 |
| Large-scale | Greater than or equal to 5 acres for arable crops and greater than or equal to 10 acres for tree crops | 553,270 | 17.7 |
| All parcels | 3,130,492 | 100.0 |
Source: GSS — Table 4.5 labels its classes as under 2 acres, 2–5 acres and over 5 acres for all parcels, which differs from the glossary thresholds for tree crops. One acre is 0.405 hectares.
Agriculture in employment statistics
| Source | Period | Measure | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population and Housing Census | 2021 | Employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing (% of employed aged 15+) | 33.0 |
| Population and Housing Census | 2021 | Same, rural areas (%) | 62.9 |
| Population and Housing Census | 2021 | Same, urban areas (%) | 12.3 |
| Ghana Living Standards Survey 7 | 2016/17 | Employed in agriculture (%) | 38.3 |
| AHIES labour bulletin | 2024 Q4 | Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers (% of employed, occupation) | 36.6 |
| ILO modelled estimate (World Bank) | 2025 | Employment in agriculture (% of total) | 34.6 |
Source: GSS · World Bank WDI — The measures differ (industry against occupation, census against survey and model) and are not directly comparable.
Poverty indicators
| Indicator | Period | Value (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Consumption poverty, Ghana | 2016/17 | 23.4 |
| Consumption poverty, rural | 2016/17 | 39.5 |
| Consumption poverty, rural savannah | 2016/17 | 67.7 |
| Consumption poverty, households headed by self-employed farmers | 2016/17 | 42.7 |
| Extreme poverty, Ghana | 2016/17 | 8.2 |
| Consumption poverty, Upper West region | 2016/17 | 70.9 |
| Multidimensional poverty, Ghana | 2025 Q3 | 21.9 |
| Multidimensional poverty, rural | 2025 Q3 | 31.9 |
| Multidimensional poverty, households headed by agricultural workers | 2025 Q3 | 32.1 |
| Share of the multidimensionally poor living in households headed by agricultural workers | 2025 Q3 | 58.4 |
Source: GSS — Consumption poverty from GLSS 7 at the upper poverty line. Multidimensional poverty from AHIES and QLFS, 13 indicators.
Production, trade & prices18 datasets
Exports and imports of HS chapters 01–24 by partner country, US$ million (UN Comtrade, as reported by Ghana)
Source: UN Comtrade — HS chapters 01–24 (live animals to tobacco). Partner values are as reported by Ghana for 2025, the latest full year reported. Small territories without a shape on the 1:110m world map appear only in the ranked list.
COCOBOD declared purchases, thousand tonnes, 2012/13–2020/21
Source: COCOBOD — COCOBOD annual reports, each season from its own edition (2013/14 from the 2014/15 report). 2020/21 is reported as production. No COCOBOD annual report after 2020/21 is published. For 2023/24 a Cabinet release on cocobod.gh gives actual production of 432,145 t29, while the 2026 Budget gives output of 530,783 t for 2023/24 and 603,840 t for 2024/2530. The two figures are not reconciled, so they are not charted.
GH¢ per tonne, price at season opening and latest price in the season, 2014/15–2026/27
Source: COCOBOD · MoF — 2018/19 shows GH¢7,600, the price the 2019 Budget says was maintained for the season and the 2019/20 annual report gives for 2018/193127. The producer price section of the 2018/19 annual report gives GH¢8,240 for that season, which is the 2019/20 price, while its overview gives GH¢7,60026. Within seasons the price for 2023/24 was raised to GH¢33,120 from 5 April 2024, 2024/25 to GH¢49,600 from 8 November 2024, 2025/26 raised to GH¢58,000 from 3 October 2025 and set at GH¢41,392 from 12 February 2026. The 2026/27 price of GH¢42,400 applies from 25 September 2026.
MoFA SRID estimates, thousand tonnes, 2012–2021
MoFA SRID estimates, million tonnes, 2012–2021
Million head, 2010–2024 (FAOSTAT)
Thousand tonnes, 2012–2021
HS chapters 01–24, US$ million, 2015–2025
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, as reported by Ghana (own sums of chapters 01–24). Ghana reported no data for 2020.
HS chapters, US$ million, 2025
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, as reported by Ghana. Chapter 18 made up 70.8% of agri-food exports in 2025 (own calculation).
HS chapters, US$ million, 2025
Selected HS chapters, US$ million, 2015–2025
Source: UN Comtrade — No data reported for 2020. In 2025, 63.8% of chapter 08 exports went to India and 13.3% to Vietnam (own calculation)20.
Annual weighted average, GH¢ per tonne, 2012–2021
Source: MoFA SRID — Facts & Figures 2021, Table 7.1. No later official series of staple prices was found.
Year-on-year % change in the CPI (2021 = 100), January 2023 – September 2026
Source: GSS — GSS CPI annex of September 2026, Annex 1, rounded to one decimal from the unrounded values.
12-month average % change in the CPI (2021 = 100), 2022–2025
Source: GSS · World Bank WDI — GSS CPI annex, December values of the 12-month average rate. The World Bank series gives 31.3%, 38.1%, 22.8% and 14.2% for the same years16.
Food crops, 2021
| Crop | Production ('000 t) | Area ('000 ha) | Average yield (t/ha) | Potential yield (t/ha) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassava | 24,997 | 1,051 | 23.77 | 45.00 |
| Yam | 10,278 | 551 | 18.64 | 52.00 |
| Plantain | 6,177 | 448 | 13.79 | 38.00 |
| Maize | 3,203 | 1,266 | 2.53 | 5.50 |
| Cocoyam | 1,650 | 219 | 7.54 | 20.00 |
| Rice (paddy) | 1,143 | 357 | 3.20 | 6.00 |
| Groundnut | 502 | 273 | 1.84 | 3.50 |
| Sorghum | 324 | 192 | 1.69 | 2.00 |
| Cowpea | 300 | 180 | 1.67 | 2.50 |
| Soya bean | 218 | 126 | 1.73 | 3.00 |
| Millet | 188 | 125 | 1.50 | 2.00 |
Source: MoFA SRID — MoFA SRID, Facts & Figures 2021, Tables 4.1, 4.4 and 4.6 (rain-fed potential yields). No later SRID estimates were found on the MoFA website.
Ghana's world production ranks, 2024
| Product | Production | World rank | Countries reporting | FAOSTAT flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yams | 10.11 million t | 2 | 59 | Imputed |
| Cocoa beans | 530,000 t | 3 | 57 | From international organisations |
| Cassava | 27.92 million t | 4 | 97 | Imputed |
| Plantains and cooking bananas | 4.42 million t | 4 | 51 | Estimated |
| Cowpeas | 324,088 t | 4 | 41 | Imputed |
| Cashew nuts in shell | 218,576 t | 5 | 34 | Imputed |
| Taro (cocoyam) | 1.77 million t | 5 | 52 | Imputed |
| Oil palm fruit | 3.21 million t | 9 | 43 | Imputed |
Source: FAOSTAT — Own ranking among countries reporting production above zero. None of the 2024 values is an official figure.
Cocoa producer price announcements, 2020–2026
| Effective date | Season | GH¢ per tonne | GH¢ per 64-kg bag | Basis stated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Oct 2020 | 2020/21 | 10,560 | 660 | Living Income Differential of US$400/t applied |
| 8 Oct 2021 | 2021/22 | 10,560 | 660 | 87.15% of FOB |
| 7 Oct 2022 | 2022/23 | 12,800 | 800 | |
| Season opening (date not stated) | 2023/24 | 20,928 | 1,308 | |
| 5 Apr 2024 | 2023/24 | 33,120 | 2,070 | |
| 11 Sep 2024 | 2024/25 | 48,000 | 3,000 | |
| 8 Nov 2024 | 2024/25 | 49,600 | 3,100 | US$3,100/t, 63.9% of FOB |
| 7 Aug 2025 | 2025/26 | 51,660 | 3,228.75 | 70% of gross FOB of US$7,200 |
| 3 Oct 2025 | 2025/26 | 58,000 | 3,625 | |
| 12 Feb 2026 | 2025/26 | 41,392 | 2,587 | 90% of achieved gross FOB of US$4,200 |
| 25 Sep 2026 | 2026/27 | 42,400 | 2,650 | 71.18% of realised gross FOB |
Largest agri-food trade partners, 2025
| Rank | Export partner | US$ m | Import partner | US$ m |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Netherlands | 1,367.7 | Vietnam | 268.7 |
| 2 | United States | 942.9 | Brazil | 249.1 |
| 3 | India | 564.8 | China | 173.7 |
| 4 | Belgium | 398.8 | Belgium | 173.4 |
| 5 | France | 335.2 | Canada | 156.6 |
| 6 | United Kingdom | 242.5 | Argentina | 143.8 |
| 7 | Malaysia | 223.5 | Netherlands | 131.3 |
| 8 | Germany | 214.9 | United States | 126.3 |
| 9 | Japan | 206.6 | Türkiye | 119.7 |
| 10 | Spain | 194.4 | Malaysia | 97.7 |
| Total | All partners | 6,319.8 | All partners | 2,903.7 |
Value chains & food security12 datasets
Quantities in the MoFA subsidy table, thousand tonnes, 2016–2021
Source: MoFA SRID — Facts & Figures 2021, Table 7.5. The budget statements report other figures for some years (for example 183,000 t of fertiliser in 2018 and 151,861 t in 2022)3147. In 2024 the Government distributed 180,625 t of fertiliser and 7,553 t of seed to 344,930 farmers, including support to flood and dry-spell victims and input credit48.
All funding sources, GH¢ million, 2018–2026
Source: MoF — Approved budgets and actual expenditure from the MDA budget performance reports. 2021, 2022, 2025 and 2026 are allocations in the budget statements, and no performance report was found for those years. The 2018 report has no separate development-partner lines.
Companies licensed and companies that bought cocoa, by season
Source: COCOBOD — COCOBOD annual reports. 2012/13 counts registered companies and 2020/21 'participants'. No count is published for later seasons.
Societies formed or registered by the Department of Co-operatives, all sectors, 2020–2024
Source: MoF — Reported in the budget statement of the following year. 2020–2022 are societies formed and 2023–2024 societies registered. The counts cover all sectors, and no stock of agricultural co-operatives was found.
Kilograms per hectare of arable land, 2014–2024
Source: World Bank WDI — World Bank WDI, based on FAO data. The Feed Ghana Programme document reports 25 kg/ha in 2023 on another basis58.
Kilograms per hectare, 2010–2024
Source: World Bank WDI — World Bank WDI, based on FAOSTAT, which includes estimated and imputed values for recent years.
% of population, 2010–2024
Public spending on agriculture
| Year | Item | GH¢ | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Ministry of Food and Agriculture, all sources | 1,458,264,693 | Actual expenditure (approved 2,153,234,368) |
| 2024 | Ministry of Food and Agriculture, all sources | 2,348,332,207 | Actual expenditure (approved 3,320,653,634) |
| 2025 | Ministry of Food and Agriculture, all sources | 2,904,904,981 | Allocation |
| 2025 | Agriculture for Economic Transformation Agenda (AETA) | 1,500,000,000 | Allocation |
| 2026 | Ministry of Food and Agriculture, all sources | 3,037,594,607 | Allocation |
| 2026 | Fifty Farmers' Service Centres | 690,000,000 | Allocation (Government of Ghana) |
| 2026 | Fertilizer and certified seeds | 515,313,522 | Allocation (Government of Ghana) |
| 2026 | Poultry Farm to Table (Nkoko Nkitinkiti) | 244,985,117 | Allocation (Government of Ghana) |
| 2026 | Feed Ghana Programme | 200,000,000 | Allocation (Government of Ghana) |
| 2026 | National Food Buffer Stock Company | 105,000,000 | Allocation (Government of Ghana) |
| 2026 | Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture | 428,006,495 | Allocation |
| 2026 (to mid-year) | Payments to MoFA for flagship programmes | 1,200,000,000 | Payments |
| End-2024 | MoFA arrears and payables | 2,383,300,000 | Stock |
Input programmes as reported in the budget statements
| Year | Programme | Farmers | Fertiliser (t) | Seed (t) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Planting for Food and Jobs | 201,000 registered | 121,000 | 4,455 |
| 2018 | Planting for Food and Jobs | 577,000 | 183,000 | 7,600 |
| 2020 | Planting for Food and Jobs | 1,736,510 | 424,000 | 29,500 |
| 2022 | Planting for Food and Jobs | – | 151,861 | 19,280 |
| 2024 | Grains interventions (including input credit) | 344,930 | 180,625 | 7,553 |
| 2025 (2026 Budget statement) | Feed Ghana Programme | – | 50,000 | 3,000 |
| 2026 | Feed Ghana Programme, target | – | 272,000 | 38,419 |
Source: MoF — Each row is from the budget statement of the following year (the 2026 row is a target). The figures mix registered and served farmers and are not one consistent series. 2026 seed is the sum of the maize, rice, sorghum and soybean targets (own calculation).
Marketing and storage institutions
| Institution | Basis | Indicator | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ghana Commodity Exchange | Operating since November 2018, SEC Commodity Exchange Guidelines 2019 | Trade since inception to late 2023 (t) | close to 50,000 |
| Ghana Commodity Exchange | Value of that trade (GH¢ million) | over 280 | |
| Ghana Commodity Exchange | Certified warehouses shown on its website (October 2026) | 9 | |
| National Food Buffer Stock Company | Company incorporated 11 March 2010 | Net profit 2025 (GH¢ million) | 91.7 |
| National Food Buffer Stock Company | Grain bought January–June 2026 (t) | more than 20,000 | |
| One District One Warehouse | MoFA programme | Warehouses of 1,000 t completed by September 2022 | 65 of 80 |
| Licensed buying companies (cocoa) | Licensed by COCOBOD | Active in 2020/21 | 48 of 65 |
How cocoa purchases have been financed
| Season | Instrument | Amount | Source statement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Signed 21 Sep 2016 | Offshore syndicated loan | US$1.8 billion | The report labels it for the 2015/16 crop year |
| 2017/18 | Offshore syndicated loan | US$1.3 billion | Secured at the start of the season |
| 2018/19 | Offshore syndicated loan | US$1.3 billion | Signed in September 2018 |
| 2019/20 | Offshore syndicated loan | US$1.30 billion | At the start of the season |
| 2021/22 | Offshore syndicated loan | US$1.5 billion | LIBOR plus 110 basis points, US$1.45 billion drawn |
| 2022/23 | Offshore syndicated loan | US$1.13 billion | SOFR plus 175 basis points |
| 2023/24 | Offshore syndicated loan | Not stated | Signed in January 2024 |
| 2024/25 | Self-financing with buyer pre-financing | About 60% industry, 40% syndication | Chief Executive's statement |
| 2026/27 | Domestic Cocoa Notes Programme (Cocoa Capital PLC) | Up to GH¢16.3 billion | GH¢14 billion commercial paper and GH¢2.3 billion bonds |
Climate & environment13 datasets
Country-average precipitation, mm, 2000–2025 (ERA5)
Source: World Bank CCKP — 1991–2020 average 1,124 mm and 1961–1990 average 1,209 mm (own calculations). 2025 was the driest since 1983 in the ERA5 series.
Country average, °C, 2000–2025 (ERA5)
Source: World Bank CCKP — 1991–2020 average 27.36 °C against 26.67 °C in 1961–1990 (own calculations). 2024 was the warmest year in the series, which starts in 1950.
Deviation from the 1991–2020 average, %, country average, 2015–2025
Source: World Bank CCKP — Own calculations from ERA5 monthly country averages. A national average can hide regional dry spells. June–August rainfall was 18% below average in 2024 and 25% below in 2025.
Change in annual mean temperature against 1995–2014, °C, CMIP6 ensemble median
Source: World Bank CCKP — The 10th–90th percentile range for SSP5-8.5 in 2080–2099 is 2.28–5.76 °C. Median projections of annual rainfall are positive, but the range spans both drier and wetter outcomes.
MtCO2e, excluding land use and forestry, 2010–2023
Source: Climate Watch — Climate Watch data. Agriculture accounted for 26.2% of emissions excluding land use and forestry in 2023 (own calculation). The land-use series changes sign between years and is not shown.
kt CO2e (AR5), 2023, FAO Tier 1
Source: FAOSTAT — 'Other' is manure applied to soils (164) and burning of crop residues (142). The total, 11,276 kt, matches the IPCC agriculture total of 11,278 kt within rounding.
% of land area, 2010–2024
Source: World Bank WDI · World Bank — The WDI series rises by equal steps, which points to interpolation. The World Bank Tree Crop project document cites the national forest reference level for a loss of 17% of forest land in 2001–201976.
National Adaptation Plan 2025, cost estimate for 2025–2030, US$ million
Source: UNFCCC — Table 47, business-as-usual scenario, total US$22,638 million. Agriculture covers crops (US$2,660 million), livestock (US$1,298 million) and fisheries.
Climate projections (CMIP6, country average)
| Scenario and period | Temperature change, median (°C) | 10th–90th percentile (°C) | Annual rainfall change, median (mm) | 10th–90th percentile (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSP2-4.5, 2040–2059 | 1.22 | 0.82 to 1.82 | +25.5 | −47.0 to +87.5 |
| SSP2-4.5, 2080–2099 | 2.09 | 1.23 to 3.01 | +42.3 | −51.3 to +138.5 |
| SSP5-8.5, 2040–2059 | 1.74 | 1.07 to 2.41 | +21.2 | −46.9 to +114.8 |
| SSP5-8.5, 2080–2099 | 3.98 | 2.28 to 5.76 | +22.3 | −127.7 to +208.1 |
Source: World Bank CCKP — Anomalies against 1995–2014. The 1991–2020 average annual rainfall was 1,124 mm71.
Nationally determined contribution of 2021
| Element | Value |
|---|---|
| Programmes of action | 47 (13 adaptation, 34 mitigation) |
| Base year emissions (2019) | 58.8 MtCO2e |
| Reductions by 2030, unconditional | 24.6 MtCO2e |
| Reductions by 2030, conditional | 39.4 MtCO2e |
| Sectors covered by the targets | Energy, industrial processes, land use and forestry, waste |
| Agriculture emissions | Excluded from the targets |
| Investment need 2020–2030 | US$9.3–15.5 billion |
| Agricultural adaptation programme (youth and women in agriculture landscapes) | US$1,855 million, 4.3 million beneficiaries |
Source: UNFCCC — A third NDC for 2025–2035 could not be confirmed in an official source, because the UNFCCC registry pages sit behind a bot check.
Climate indicators
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature (°C) | 27.36 | 1991–2020 average |
| Mean temperature (°C) | 28.28 | 2024, the warmest year since 1950 |
| Annual rainfall (mm) | 1,124 | 1991–2020 average |
| Annual rainfall (mm) | 873 | 2025 |
| March–July rainfall against the 1991–2020 average (%) | −25 | 2025 |
| Agricultural emissions (MtCO2e) | 11.28 | 2023 |
| Agriculture's share of emissions excluding land use (%) | 26.2 | 2023 |
| Forest area (% of land area) | 30.9 | 2024 |
Source: World Bank CCKP · Climate Watch · World Bank WDI — ERA5 country averages and own calculations.
Recent climate shocks and responses
| Event | Period | Response | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flooding from the controlled spillage of the Akosombo and Kpong dams | Late 2023 | Fertiliser and seed under the World Bank FSRP for 155,000 farmers, including 20,000 flood-affected | US$40 million |
| Dry spell in maize and rice areas | June–August 2024 | FSRP emergency component activated on 11 November 2024 for 500,000 smallholders | US$85 million |
| Dry spell, MoFA estimate of loss without intervention | 2024 | Assumes a 50% loss of total acreage | US$673.0 million |
| Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease | 2017 survey | Area lost to the disease, of 1.9 million ha of cocoa farms | 315,886 ha |
Source: World Bank · COCOBOD — The MoFA loss estimate is cited from the World Bank project paper. No official national loss figure for the 2023 floods was found.
National Adaptation Plan 2025, cost estimate 2025–2030
| Sector | US$ million |
|---|---|
| Cities | 12,080 |
| Agriculture | 4,126 |
| of which crops | 2,660 |
| of which livestock | 1,298 |
| Health | 3,306 |
| Biodiversity and ecosystems | 2,067 |
| Water | 1,059.3 |
| Total | 22,638.3 |
Source: UNFCCC — Business-as-usual scenario. Climate finance flows averaged about US$830 million a year in 2019–2020, of which US$403 million for adaptation (CPI estimate quoted in the plan).
Agricultural finance20 datasets
Outstanding credit to agriculture, forestry and fishing, GH¢ million, end-December 2012–2025
Source: BoG — BoG Annual Reports, table of the sectoral distribution of banks' outstanding credit, each year from the latest edition that shows it. The sector rows cover private-sector credit. 2018 is the revised value of the 2020 report (GH¢1,428.2 million as first published).
Outstanding credit to agriculture, forestry and fishing, US$ million, end-December 2012–2025
Ghana cedis per US dollar, end of period, 2012–2025
Agriculture, forestry and fishing against the banking industry, %, 2020–2026
Source: BoG — Agriculture from the Monetary Policy Reports. Industry for December 2020–2025 from the BoG 2025 Annual Report, Table 4.4, for February 2024 (24.6%) from the Monetary Policy Report of March 2024, and for August 2025 (20.8%) and August 2026 from the Summary of Economic and Financial Data of September 2026. No sector ratio was found for December 2023. The World Bank series of the industry ratio gives 18.9% for 202595.
Bank of Ghana policy rate at year-end, %, 2012–2025 and September 2026
Source: BoG — Last decision of each year. The rate peaked at 30.0% from July 2023 and was held at 14.0% on 24 September 2026.
End-December, %, 2015–2025
Source: BoG — BoG Statistical Bulletin (2015–2024) and Summary of Economic and Financial Data (2025).
Monthly, %, August 2025 – August 2026
% of GDP, 2010–2025
Registered and active (90-day) accounts, million, end-December 2012–2025
Source: BoG — BoG Annual Reports to 2020 and the BoG FinTech statistics table from 2021 (e-money customers). The two sources give different values for 2020 (38.47 and 39.08 million registered), so the series has a break between 2020 and 2021.
GH¢ billion, 2021–2025
% of adults aged 15 and older, Global Findex, 2011–2024
Total assets and loans, GH¢ billion, end-December 2015–2025
Total assets and net loans, GH¢ billion, end-December 2021–2025
Source: ADB — ADB 2025 Annual Report, five-year highlights. Agriculture took 29.1% of gross loans in 2025.
Bank credit to agriculture, end-December
| Indicator | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Credit to agriculture, forestry and fishing (GH¢ million) | 1,656.64 | 2,664.02 | 2,884.60 | 4,495.79 | 4,805.21 |
| Total outstanding credit (GH¢ million) | 53,767.32 | 70,000.22 | 77,009.67 | 95,540.33 | 110,972.72 |
| Agriculture's share (%, own calculation) | 3.08 | 3.81 | 3.75 | 4.71 | 4.33 |
| Credit to agriculture (US$ million, own conversion) | 275.8 | 310.6 | 242.8 | 305.8 | 459.8 |
| NPL ratio, agriculture (%) | 29.0 | 24.3 | – | 38.0 | 46.3 |
| NPL ratio, industry (%) | 15.23 | 16.59 | 20.58 | 21.79 | 18.92 |
Monetary Policy Rate decisions, 2022–2026
| Effective date | Policy rate (%) | Change (percentage points) |
|---|---|---|
| 21 Mar 2022 | 17.0 | +2.5 |
| 23 May 2022 | 19.0 | +2.0 |
| 17 Aug 2022 (emergency meeting) | 22.0 | +3.0 |
| 6 Oct 2022 | 24.5 | +2.5 |
| 28 Nov 2022 | 27.0 | +2.5 |
| 30 Jan 2023 | 28.0 | +1.0 |
| 27 Mar 2023 | 29.5 | +1.5 |
| 24 Jul 2023 | 30.0 | +0.5 |
| 29 Jan 2024 | 29.0 | −1.0 |
| 27 Sep 2024 | 27.0 | −2.0 |
| 28 Mar 2025 | 28.0 | +1.0 |
| 30 Jul 2025 | 25.0 | −3.0 |
| 17 Sep 2025 | 21.5 | −3.5 |
| Nov 2025 | 18.0 | −3.5 |
| 28 Jan 2026 | 15.5 | −2.5 |
| 18 Mar 2026 | 14.0 | −1.5 |
| 24 Sep 2026 | 14.0 | 0.0 |
Source: BoG — The Bank of Ghana page prints the effective date of the November 2025 decision as 18 September 2025, while the Summary of Economic and Financial Data shows 21.5% for September–October and 18.0% from November 2025. The rate was also held at 14.0% in May and July 2026.
The 2022–2023 debt restructuring
| Date | Event | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| 5 Dec 2022 | Domestic Debt Exchange Programme launched | |
| 19 Dec 2022 | Suspension of debt service on Eurobonds, commercial term loans and most bilateral debt | |
| 2022 | Bank of Ghana impairment on government securities | GH¢48.40 billion |
| 2022 | Banks' loss after tax | GH¢6.6 billion |
| 14 Feb 2023 | Domestic bonds tendered, 84.91% of eligible | GH¢82.99 billion of GH¢97.75 billion |
| 21 Feb 2023 | Settlement of the domestic exchange, all 23 banks signed on | |
| 17 May 2023 | IMF Extended Credit Facility approved (36 months) | SDR 2.242 billion (about US$3 billion) |
| 30 May 2024 | World Bank Ghana Financial Stability Project approved | US$250 million |
| Dec 2025 | IMF fifth review, total disbursements | about US$2.8 billion |
Source: MoF · BoG · IMF · World Bank — The fifth review requested an extension of the arrangement from 16 May 2026 to 16 August 2026. The outcome of the extension request was not confirmed in an official source.
Public and development finance for agriculture
| Institution | Indicator | Value | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural Development Bank | Total assets (GH¢ million) | 17,887.5 | Dec 2025 |
| Agricultural Development Bank | Gross loans to agriculture (GH¢ million) | 1,132.1 | Dec 2025 |
| Agricultural Development Bank | Agriculture's share of gross loans (%) | 29.1 | Dec 2025 |
| Agricultural Development Bank | Government of Ghana shareholding (%) | 83.52 | Dec 2025 |
| GIRSAL | Maximum guarantee (% of principal) | 70 | 2026 |
| GIRSAL | Value of loans guaranteed over six years (GH¢ million) | 1,850 | Jul 2026 |
| GIRSAL | Agribusinesses supported | 6,695 | Jul 2026 |
| Rural and community banks | Number licensed | 147 | Dec 2025 |
| Rural and community banks | Total assets (GH¢ million, Annual Report) | 24,546.8 | Dec 2025 |
| Development Bank Ghana | World Bank Ghana Development Finance Project (US$ million) | 250 | Approved Oct 2020 |
Source: ADB · GIRSAL · BoG · World Bank — ADB's total assets are about US$1.71 billion and the rural banks' assets about US$2.35 billion at the end-2025 rate of 10.45 (own conversions)4. The Development Bank Ghana website sits behind a bot check, so no DBG lending figures are shown.
Mobile money, end-December
| Indicator | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registered e-money customers (million) | 48.31 | 55.29 | 65.58 | 72.98 | 80.49 |
| Active customers (million) | 17.95 | 20.38 | 22.79 | 23.49 | 26.66 |
| Value of transactions in the year (GH¢ billion, own sum) | 978.3 | 1,072.2 | 1,919.9 | 3,010.4 | 4,538.8 |
Source: BoG — BoG FinTech statistics. In August 2026 there were 85.8 million registered and 26.4 million active customers.
Financial inclusion (Global Findex), % of adults
| Indicator | 2014 | 2017 | 2021 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Account at a financial institution or mobile money | 40.5 | 57.7 | 68.2 | 81.2 |
| Mobile money account | 13.0 | 38.9 | 59.7 | 78.3 |
| Borrowed from a formal financial institution | 8.3 | 11.6 | 7.4 | 10.1 |
| Borrowed from a formal institution or using mobile money | 8.3 | 11.6 | 17.2 | 29.5 |
| Borrowed from family or friends | 21.6 | 22.8 | 38.6 | 50.2 |
| Received payments for agricultural products | 29.9 | 25.4 | 32.6 | 23.6 |
Sustainable finance5 datasets
Reductions against the baseline, MtCO2e, updated NDC of 2021
Source: UNFCCC — The reductions cover energy, industrial processes, land use and forestry and waste. Agriculture emissions are excluded from the targets.
GCF financing, US$ million, by project
Source: GCF — Multi-country amounts are for the whole project, not for Ghana alone. Approval dates range from March 2018 (FP078) to March 2026 (FP293).
Green-finance framework
| Instrument | Issuer | Date | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ghana Sustainable Banking Principles and Sector Guidance Notes (incl. agriculture and forestry) | Bank of Ghana, banks and EPA | Launched 27 Nov 2019 | In force |
| Securities Industry (Green Bond) Guidelines 2024 | Securities and Exchange Commission | 7 Mar 2024 | Effective immediately |
| Ghana Green Finance Taxonomy, Phase 1 | Ministry of Finance | Launched 9 Oct 2024 | Phase 2 not found |
| Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive | Bank of Ghana | Nov 2024 | Effective 1 Jan 2026 (banks), 1 Jan 2027 (others) |
| Environmental Protection Act, 2025 (Act 1124), Part Five on climate change and the Ghana Carbon Registry | Parliament | Assent 6 Jan 2025 | In force |
| Article 6 agreements | Switzerland (Nov 2020), Singapore (May 2024), Sweden (2024) | First ITMO transfer 7 Jul 2025 |
Green Climate Fund projects with agriculture or land use in Ghana
| Project | Accredited entity | Approved | GCF (US$ m) | Total (US$ m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FP078 Acumen Resilient Agriculture Fund (5 countries) | Acumen | 1 Mar 2018 | 26.0 | 56 |
| FP114 AFAWA, climate-resilient agriculture in Ghana | African Development Bank | 8 Jul 2019 | 20.0 | 25.6 |
| FP137 Ghana Shea Landscape Emission Reductions Project | UNDP | 21 Aug 2020 | 30.1 | 54.5 |
| FP183 Inclusive Green Financing Initiative (13 countries) | IFAD | 29 Mar 2022 | 116.9 | 199 |
| FP252 Acumen Resilient Agriculture Fund II (7 countries) | Acumen | 24 Oct 2024 | 34.0 | 132 |
| FP265 Climate-resilient landscapes in northern Ghana | UNEP | 3 Jul 2025 | 63.2 | 70.2 |
| FP293 Food Securities Fund, cocoa and coffee tranche (10 countries) | Clarmondial AG | 28 Mar 2026 | 56.0 | 212 |
Source: GCF — The GCF lists 13 projects for Ghana with US$209 million of financing, including projects outside agriculture.
Ghana Cocoa Forest REDD+ Programme, results-based payments
| Payment | Emission reductions (tCO2e) | US$ | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| First payment | 972,465 | 4,862,280 | Not stated |
| Second payment (monitoring period 2020–2022) | 3,379,161 | 16,895,805 | 12 Jun 2024 |
| Cumulative | 4,351,617 | 21,758,085 | To 30 Nov 2025 |
| Agreement ceiling | 10,000,000 | 50,000,000 | Closing 30 Dec 2027 |
Source: World Bank — FCPF Carbon Fund, World Bank project P160339, implemented by the Forestry Commission.
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