6.1
Size and trend of bank lending
Commercial banks' loans to agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting grew from K1.62 billion at the end of 2010 to K9.80 billion at the end of 2025, about US$443 million, and to K13.46 billion in August 2026, about US$708 million23. Agriculture's share of bank loans peaked at 23.2% in 2012, fell to 9.5% in 2022 and was 9.5% in 2025 (Annual Report basis), as lending to other sectors grew faster45. The share rose to 12.4% in August 20262.
In dollar terms the stock fell from US$731 million in 2012 to US$264 million in 2023 as the kwacha depreciated, and rose to US$443 million at the end of 2025 and US$708 million in August 2026, as the kwacha stock grew and the kwacha appreciated32. Part of farm credit is in foreign currency. Banks held US$201.8 million of foreign-currency loans to agriculture in August 2026, 8.4% of their foreign-currency lending2. The April 2025 Financial Stability Report shows agro-based borrowers holding 12.4% of foreign-currency loans but 22.5% of non-performing foreign-currency loans6.
K13.46 bn
bank loans to agriculture, August 2026 (≈US$708 m)2
12.4%
of bank loans in August 2026, against 22.6% at the end of 20122
3.0%
non-performing loan ratio for agriculture in 2025, against 30.4% in 20205
14%
of agricultural loans held by small and emergent farmers (end-2025)1
Commercial bank loans and advances to agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, ZMW billion, end of year 2010–2025 and August 2026
Source: BoZ — Bank of Zambia fortnightly statistics, December values, in rebased kwacha. The totals agree with the Bank of Zambia distribution of loans workbook (K104,555,347.9 thousand at 26 December 2025), which indicates that foreign-currency loans valued in kwacha are included. Total bank loans were K104.6 billion at the end of 2025 and K108.6 billion in August 2026. Loans to agriculture rose from K10.43 billion in July to K13.46 billion in August 2026.
Commercial bank loans to agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, converted at the IMF end-of-period rate, US$ million, 2010–2025 and August 2026
Source: BoZ · IMF — Own conversion of the kwacha stock at the IMF end-of-period ZMW/USD rate (the Bank of Zambia rate). The rates used are 4.80 (2010), 5.12 (2011), 5.15 (2012), 5.51 (2013), 6.39 (2014), 10.98 (2015), 9.92 (2016), 9.92 (2017), 11.92 (2018), 14.11 (2019), 21.17 (2020), 16.67 (2021), 18.08 (2022), 25.72 (2023), 27.89 (2024), 22.11 (2025) and 19.03 (end-August 2026). In dollars the stock fell from US$731 million in 2012 to US$264 million in 2023, as the kwacha depreciated, and rose to US$708 million by August 2026.
IMF end-of-period rate, 2010–2025, and end-August 2026
Source: IMF — The kwacha lost about half of its value in 2015 and again between 2018 and 2020. It strengthened from 27.89 per dollar at the end of 2024 to 19.03 at the end of August 2026.
Commercial banks' foreign-currency loans to agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, US$ million, 2010–2025 and August 2026
Source: BoZ — Published in US dollars. Agriculture's share of all foreign-currency loans fell from 34.5% in 2010 to 8.4% in August 2026 (own calculation). In the April 2025 Financial Stability Report, agro-based borrowers held 12.4% of foreign-currency loans and 22.5% of foreign-currency non-performing loans.
Agricultural finance at a glance
| Indicator | Value | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Bank loans to agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting | K13.46 billion (≈US$708 million) | Aug 2026 |
| Bank loans to agriculture | K9.80 billion (≈US$443 million) | Dec 2025 |
| Agriculture's share of bank loans | 12.4% | Aug 2026 |
| Foreign-currency loans to agriculture | US$201.8 million | Aug 2026 |
| Non-performing loans, all banks | 2.8% | Dec 2025 |
| Non-performing loans, agriculture | 3.0% | Dec 2025 |
| Agriculture's share of non-performing loans | 10.2% | Dec 2025 |
| Loans to small and emergent farmers (banks and non-banks) | K1,534 million | Q1 2026 |
| Policy rate | 10.75% | Oct 2026 |
| Average lending rate, retail / non-retail | 27.33% / 21.47% | Oct 2026 |
| Formal financial inclusion, adults / rural adults | 76.4% / 66.8% | 2025 |
| Account ownership, adults 15+ | 72.7% | 2024 |
Source: BoZ · FinScope 2025 · Global Findex · IMF — US dollar values are own conversions at the IMF end-of-period rate of the stock date (22.11 for December 2025 and 19.03 for August 2026).
6.2
Who borrows and loan quality
The Bank of Zambia's credit market data, which cover banks and non-bank lenders, show K8.49 billion of loans outstanding to large farms and K1.39 billion to small and emergent farmers (up to 50 hectares, large farms being over 50 hectares) at the end of 20251. The National Financial Inclusion Strategy notes that only 11% of the small and emergent segment received formal credit in the fourth quarter of 2022 and that nearly 90% of institutional agricultural credit went to a small number of large firms21.
Loan quality in agriculture weakened in 2016–2020. The sector's non-performing loan ratio rose above 25% in 2017–2020, and agriculture accounted for 40.4% of all bad loans in 202022232412. The ratio then fell to 3.0% in 2025, close to the 2.8% average for all loans, and agriculture's share of bad loans fell to 10.2%5. Among small and emergent farmers the ratio fell from 29.0% at the end of 2017 to 3.4% at the end of 2025 and was 5.3% in March 20261.
Non-performing loans, % of gross loans, end of year 2010–2025
Source: BoZ · World Bank WDI — Each year from that year's Bank of Zambia Annual Report, except 2023, where the agriculture ratio of 6.6% comes from the 2024 and 2025 Annual Reports on the ISIC basis and the 2023 report printed 6.7%. Later reports revised some values, for example agriculture in 2020 to 28.9%. The banking ratio was 2.7% in March 2026.
Loans outstanding to agriculture by type of borrower, banks and non-bank lenders, ZMW million, fourth quarter
Source: BoZ · BoZ/MoFNP — Small and emergent farmers held 14% of outstanding agricultural loans at the end of 2025, against 4% in 2016 (own calculation). The National Financial Inclusion Strategy reports that only 11% of the small and emergent segment received formal credit in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Non-performing loan ratio of banks and non-bank lenders, %, fourth quarter 2016–2025 and Q1 2026
Source: BoZ — Bank of Zambia credit market monitoring data, which cover banks and non-bank financial institutions. Loans are non-performing when 90 days or more past due. In the Bank of Zambia glossary small and emergent farmers have up to 50 hectares (smallholders up to 5 ha, small emergent 5–20 ha, large emergent 20–50 ha) and large farms more than 50 hectares.
Banks' asset quality and agriculture, 2010–2025 (%)
| Year | NPL ratio, all loans | Agriculture share of loans | Agriculture share of NPLs | NPL ratio, agriculture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 14.8 | 17.3 | 25.3 | 21.8 |
| 2011 | 10.4 | 17.9 | 15.7 | 9.1 |
| 2012 | 8.1 | 23.2 | 12.9 | 4.6 |
| 2013 | 7.0 | 20.2 | 10.8 | 3.8 |
| 2014 | 6.1 | 16.6 | 22.0 | 8.1 |
| 2015 | 7.3 | 17.3 | 20.8 | 8.7 |
| 2016 | 9.7 | 17.0 | 26.7 | 15.2 |
| 2017 | 12.0 | – | 32.7 | 26.7 |
| 2018 | 11.0 | 16.8 | 32.4 | 28.3 |
| 2019 | 8.9 | 16.3 | 36.0 | 25.7 |
| 2020 | 11.6 | 16.0 | 40.4 | 30.4 |
| 2021 | 5.8 | 11.5 | 24.6 | 12.5 |
| 2022 | 5.0 | 9.5 | 15.8 | 8.3 |
| 2023 | 4.2 | 9.7 | 15.2 | 6.6 |
| 2024 | 4.1 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 4.5 |
| 2025 | 2.8 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 3.0 |
Source: BoZ — As published in the Bank of Zambia Annual Reports. Later reports revised some years, and the 2010 ratio is 14.8% in the 2010 report but 10.4% in a 2012 table.
6.3
Interest rates, refinancing and public credit
The Bank of Zambia raised its policy rate from 9.0% in 2022 to 14.5% in February 2025, cut it to 14.25% on 12 November 2025 and then in three steps in 2026 to 10.75% from 30 September3218. It also raised the statutory reserve ratio to 26.0% in February 2024 and lowered the kwacha ratio to 21.0% in August 20262833. Lending rates remain high, with average retail rates of 27.33% and non-retail rates of 21.47% on 2 October 20262. Credit to the private sector was 19.2% of GDP in 202534.
The central bank has twice refinanced lending to priority sectors. A K10 billion Targeted Medium-Term Refinancing Facility opened in April 2020, and a K5.0 billion Stability and Resilience Facility, about US$179 million at the end-2024 rate, opened in December 2024 for agriculture and businesses hit by power shortages, with K3,528.0 million disbursed by the end of 2025122853. The government's Sustainable Agriculture Financing Facility, launched in November 2023, had lent K777.3 million to 8,841 farmers by June 2025, and the 2026 budget allocates K851.7 million to the Zambia Credit Guarantee Scheme, which includes the facility3536.
Development finance institutions play a limited role. The Bank of Zambia took possession of the Development Bank of Zambia on 21 July 2023, and the Bank of Zambia's 2025 Annual Report recorded it as not operational275. The Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission reports more than K766.4 million of mechanisation, agro-processing and irrigation finance to 1,462 farmers since 202237. Zanaco held K711.5 million of agricultural loans at the end of 2025, 2.9% of its loan book38.
How a farmer loan under SAFF works
Sustainable Agriculture Financing Facility, first two years
Farmer
Loans for inputs, equipment and agribusiness35
Rate in force at the end of the year, %, 2012–2025, and October 2026
Source: BoZ — The policy rate was introduced in April 2012 at 9.0%. It was raised to 14.5% in February 2025, cut to 14.25% on 12 November 2025 and then cut to 13.50% in February 2026, 13.25% in May 2026 and 10.75% from 30 September 2026.
Average lending rate, %, end of year 2010–2025 and October 2026
Source: BoZ · World Bank WDI — Last weekly observation of December. The Bank of Zambia changed its reporting template in March 2023, so the two parts of the series are not strictly comparable.
Domestic credit to the private sector, % of GDP, 2011–2025
Bank of Zambia refinancing facilities open to agriculture
| Facility | Launched | Size | Terms | Use and status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Medium-Term Refinancing Facility | April 2020 | K10 billion | Priced at the policy rate, up to 5 years, 60% for priority sectors including agriculture | 23 approvals worth K7.8 billion and K3.3 billion drawn by end-2020, balance K4,129.5 million at end-2025 |
| Stability and Resilience Facility | 30 December 2024 | K5.0 billion | Up to 7 years, 24-month moratorium, policy rate minus 1 point (minus 3 points for green loans) | For agriculture and businesses hit by power shortages after the drought, K3,528.0 million of principal disbursed by end-2025 |
Source: BoZ — The Bank of Zambia does not publish the share of either facility lent to agriculture. The Stability and Resilience Facility was worth about US$179 million at the end-2024 rate (own calculation).
Statutory reserve ratio, 2023–2026
| Date | Change | Level |
|---|---|---|
| February 2023 | +2.5 points (kwacha and foreign-currency deposits) | 11.5% |
| November 2023 | +5.5 points | 17.0% |
| 5 February 2024 | +9.0 points | 26.0% |
| 3 August 2026 | Kwacha ratio −5.0 points, foreign-currency ratio unchanged | 21.0% kwacha, 26.0% foreign currency |
Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission and agriculture
| Item | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Projects funded, all sectors | K187.7 million, 33,688 projects | 2022 |
| Agricultural mechanisation | K27.5 million, 21 projects | 2022 |
| Agro-processing | K7.8 million, 6 projects | 2022 |
| Total disbursed, all sectors | over K673 million, 48,248 beneficiaries | 2023 |
| Loans funded, all sectors | K839.6 million, 82,068 loans, 70% recovery | Aug 2022 – Dec 2023 |
| Support to farmers (mechanisation, agro-processing, irrigation) | over K766.4 million, 1,462 farmers | 2022 – Aug 2026 |
6.4
Insurance, inclusion and credit infrastructure
A weather index insurance cover was added to the input programme in 2016, and in 2024 and 2025 the Pensions and Insurance Authority reported hybrid index insurance for more than one million farmers under the programme214748. Agricultural insurance outreach reached 1,024,434 farmers in 2023, and for the 2023/24 drought insured farmers received payouts of more than K900 million, while the government received K250 million (US$9.9 million) from African Risk Capacity2147. Claims paid by the insurance industry rose by 111% in 2024 to K8.0 billion, mainly because of agricultural payouts47. Gross premiums of the whole industry were K10.56 billion in 2025, 1.45% of GDP, and agricultural premiums are not published separately48. The Green Climate Fund approved US$25 million in March 2026 to develop a market-based agricultural insurance sector49.
Financial inclusion has risen. FinScope surveys show formal inclusion of adults rising from 23.1% in 2009 to 76.4% in 2025, and from 18.0% to 66.8% in rural areas5019. Global Findex shows 72.7% of adults with an account in 2024, while only 6.6% borrowed from a formal institution2051. The Movable Property (Security Interest) Act of 2016 created a collateral registry, operated by PACRA since 2017, which allows movable assets to be used as collateral5253. A single credit reference bureau operated at the end of 2025 under the Credit Reporting Act of 2018554.
Adults (16+) using formal financial services, %, FinScope surveys 2009–2025
Source: BoZ · FinScope 2025 · FinScope 2020 · FinScope 2015 — 2009–2020 from the Bank of Zambia financial inclusion indicators, 2025 from the FinScope 2025 topline findings, which restate rural formal inclusion in 2020 as 44.2%. Overall inclusion, which adds informal services, was 80.1% in 2025.
Adults (15+) with an account at a financial institution or mobile-money provider, %, Global Findex
Source: Global Findex · World Bank WDI — Rural account ownership was 69.5% in 202461. In the same year 6.6% of adults borrowed from a formal financial institution51.
Microfinance institutions licensed by the Bank of Zambia
| Type | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deposit-taking microfinance institutions | 7 | 7 | 6 |
| Consumer-lending microfinance institutions | 25 | 23 | 22 |
| Enterprise-lending microfinance institutions | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Credit reference bureaus | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Net loans of non-bank financial institutions (ZMW billion) | 4.9 | 6.7 | 8.7 |
| NPL ratio of non-bank financial institutions (%) | 6.4 | 8.6 | 10.2 |
Source: BoZ — The Bank of Zambia does not publish the share of microfinance lending that goes to agriculture.
Central bank responsible for monetary policy, with a nine-member Monetary Policy Committee working to achieve and maintain price stability6263. It regulates and supervises banks, non-bank financial institutions and credit reporting agencies under the Banking and Financial Services Act and the Credit Reporting Act6454. It is part of the Green Finance Mainstreaming Working Group that issued the Zambia Green Finance Taxonomy65.
www.boz.zm
Regulator of the pensions and insurance industry, licensing insurers, reinsurers, brokers and pension service providers and supervising them on a prudential basis66. It applies the Insurance Act of 2021, which covers microinsurance business67. It is a member of the Green Finance Mainstreaming Working Group65.
www.pia.org.zm
Capital markets regulator first established in 1993 and continued by the Securities Act No. 41 of 2016, under which it oversees stock exchanges, brokers, fund managers and issuers6869. It hosts the Zambia Green Finance Taxonomy and green bond guidelines on its green finance page70.
www.seczambia.org.zm
Development Bank of Zambia
State development finance institution established by the Development Bank of Zambia Act of 1972 to assist in the economic development of Zambia71. Its governing Act was last amended in 200571. The Bank of Zambia took possession of the bank on 21 July 2023, and the Bank of Zambia's 2025 Annual Report recorded it as not operational275.
Statutory body under the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprise Development, established by the Citizens Economic Empowerment Act No. 9 of 2006 to promote economic empowerment of marginalised and disadvantaged citizens72. It offers loan products, including a horticulture loan product72.
www.ceec.org.zm
Government owned non-bank financial institution established in 1972 under the National Savings and Credit Act, with 38 branches according to its website in October 2026737475. According to its website, it handles the bulk of transactions in the Government's maize and other crop purchasing programmes and in the fertiliser subsidy programme73.
www.natsave.co.zm
Administers the Movable Property (Security Interests) Act and operates the online movable property registry used to register security interests in movable assets7677. Agricultural charges under the Agricultural Credits and Warehouse Receipts Act of 2026 are tied to this collateral registry78.
www.pacra.org.zm
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