4.1
Input support
The Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) supplies subsidised fertiliser and seed to registered small-scale farmers. It targeted 1,024,434 farmers in 2017/18, one million in 2018/19–2020/21 and 1,024,434 in each season from 2021/22 to 2024/25 and in 2026/2723456. Since 2022/23 the standard pack has been three 50 kg bags of Compound D, three of urea, 10 kg of maize seed and a bag of soya bean or groundnut seed for a farmer contribution of K4005. The programme has moved between direct input supply and electronic vouchers, which let farmers buy inputs from agro-dealers. The e-voucher targeted 739,266 farmers in 74 districts in 2024/25, was to be extended to the remaining 42 districts in 2025/26 and covers all 116 districts in 2026/27716.
The 2023 Budget Address announced that FISP would be expanded into a Comprehensive Agriculture Support Programme covering extension, irrigation, access to finance, value addition and storage89. The broader reform was then taken forward as the Comprehensive Agriculture Transformation Support Programme, launched in July 2024 and costed at US$5.7 billion for 2024–2033, while FISP continues as its input-support component10116. The 2026 budget allocates K9.2 billion to FISP, about US$483 million at the end-August 2026 rate, out of K15.5 billion for agriculture, fisheries and livestock112.
Agriculture, fisheries and livestock in the budget address, ZMW billion, 2024–2026
Source: MoFNP — Allocations announced in the budget address, not outturns. The third series is the total for agriculture, fisheries and livestock (K13.8, 15.4 and 15.5 billion) minus FISP and food reserves (own calculation). Agriculture's share of total spending was 7.8% in 2024 and 6.1% in 2026 (own calculation).
Farmers on the electronic voucher, thousand farmers, seasons with an official figure
Source: MoA — The 2015/16, 2018/19, 2023/24 and 2024/25 values are targets, and the 2016/17 and 2019/20 values are farmers served. FISP targeted 1,024,434 farmers in 2017/18, one million in 2018/19–2020/21 and 1,024,434 in each season from 2021/22 to 2024/25 and in 2026/27. In 2022/23 all inputs were delivered directly. The e-voucher was to be extended to the remaining 42 districts in 2025/26, and in 2026/27 it covers all 116 districts.
Farmer Input Support Programme by season
| Season | Beneficiaries | Of which e-voucher | Farmer contribution and pack |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009/10 | 534,000 | – | – |
| 2015/16 | 1,000,000 | 241,000 targeted (13 districts) | K400 maize pack, subsidy 70.67% |
| 2016/17 | 1,006,666 conventional + 602,521 e-voucher | 602,521 (39 districts) | – |
| 2017/18 | 1,024,434 | planned for all | K400 of a K2,100 voucher |
| 2018/19 | 1,000,000 | 626,384 targeted | K400 (Government K1,700) |
| 2019/20 | 1,000,000 | 382,455 (42 districts) | – |
| 2020/21 | 1,000,000 | – | K400 |
| 2021/22 | 1,024,434 | – | K400, 6 × 50 kg fertiliser + 10 kg maize seed |
| 2022/23 | 1,024,434 | 0 (all direct input supply) | K400, 3 Compound D + 3 urea + 10 kg maize seed + legume seed |
| 2023/24 | 1,024,434 | 221,899 targeted (17 districts) | same pack |
| 2024/25 | 1,024,434 | 739,266 targeted (74 districts) | – |
| 2025/26 | – | planned for remaining 42 districts | – |
| 2026/27 | 1,024,434 targeted | all 116 districts | – |
Agriculture in the budget address (ZMW)
| Budget year | Total budget | Agriculture, fisheries and livestock | FISP | Strategic food reserves |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | K64.5 billion | – | K2.9 billion | K942.5 million |
| 2023 | K167.3 billion | K11.2 billion | – | – |
| 2024 | K177.9 billion | K13.8 billion | K8.6 billion | K1.7 billion |
| 2025 | K217.1 billion | K15.4 billion | K9.3 billion | K2.4 billion |
| 2026 | K253.1 billion | K15.5 billion | K9.2 billion | K2.1 billion |
Source: MoF · MoFNP · Parliament — Allocations announced in the budget address, not outturns. The 2026 allocation for agriculture, fisheries and livestock is worth about US$815 million at the end-August 2026 rate (own calculation). Budget addresses for 2018–2022 were not opened.
4.2
Maize marketing and the Food Reserve Agency
The Food Reserve Agency (FRA) holds the national strategic reserve and buys maize from smallholders at an announced price, operating under the Food Reserve Act of 20203132. Its price rose from K180 per 50 kg bag in 2022 to K340 in 20253334. In the 2025 season it bought 1,663,934 tonnes by 31 October, worth K11.3 billion, about US$447 million at the 2025 average rate, from 846,655 farmers, against a target of 543,000 tonnes3412. The 2026 budget allocates K2.1 billion to strategic food reserves1. In 2026 the Agency offered up to 700,000 tonnes of reserve maize for sale through the ZAMACE platform under warehouse receipts35.
The government has also restricted maize and mealie meal exports, with bans between December 2012 and early 2014 and in 2019 and restrictions in the 2024/25 marketing season, and quotas were used in 2021 and from May 202536373839.
From field to strategic reserve
The public maize chain, 2025 marketing season
Purchase price for white maize, ZMW per 50 kg bag, marketing seasons with an official figure
Source: MAL · MoA · FAO GIEWS FPMA · National Assembly · MoA / FRA — Only seasons for which a ministerial statement or official note gives the price are shown. The FRA announcement of the 2017 price was not found in an official source, and the K60 shown for 2017 is the price the Minister of Agriculture referred to in the National Assembly on 13 October 2017, also reported by FAO GIEWS. In 2022 the price was raised from K160 to K180 during the season.
Food Reserve Agency maize price and purchases
| Marketing season | FRA price (ZMW per 50 kg bag) | Purchases (t) | Purchase target (t) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | – | 740,361 (to 8 Oct 2010) | – |
| 2013 | 65 | 407,113 (to 18 Sep 2013) | – |
| 2014 | 70 | – | – |
| 2015 | 75 | 595,883 (Nov 2015) | – |
| 2017 | 60 | – | 500,000 (cap) |
| 2022 | 160, raised to 180 | – | – |
| 2023 | 280 | – | 500,000 |
| 2024 | 330 | 580,594 (to 18 Sep 2024) | – |
| 2025 | 340 | 1,663,934 (to 31 Oct 2025) | 543,000 |
Source: MACO · MAL · MoA · FAO GIEWS FPMA · National Assembly · OVP / DMMU · MoA / FRA — Purchases are cumulative to the date shown. The FRA announcement of the 2017 price was not found in an official source, and the K60 shown is the price the Minister of Agriculture referred to in the National Assembly on 13 October 2017. Full-season totals and prices for the missing years were not found in an openable official source. The 2025 purchases were worth K11.3 billion and came from 846,655 farmers.
Maize and mealie meal export restrictions in official records
| Period | Measure |
|---|---|
| Dec 2012 – early 2014 | Export bans on maize and maize meal introduced, lifted and reintroduced |
| About April 2014 | Ban on maize exports lifted, with 43,590 t of export permits issued since January 2014 |
| 2017 | Export ban on maize and maize products lifted after the 2016/17 harvest |
| September 2019 | Export of maize and maize products banned |
| 2021 | Monthly private export quota of 30,000 t, then a quota of 1,177,500 t and suspension of the 10% export tax in September |
| 2024/25 marketing season | Exports of maize and maize products restricted after the drought |
| May 2025 | Quota-based export programme introduced |
| April 2026 | Remaining trade restrictions removed |
4.3
Food balance and the 2023/24 drought
Each May the government publishes a national food balance that compares the forecast harvest and opening stocks with requirements. After the 2023/24 harvest the balance showed a deficit of 2,137,183 tonnes of maize equivalent for all staples, and the government contracted 650,000 tonnes of white maize from Tanzania4851. The drought destroyed 982,765 of 2,272,931 hectares of maize, and the April 2024 response plan required K23.5 billion (US$941 million at the plan's rate of K25 per dollar) to assist 6.6 million people5455. The first DMMU situation report gives K21.3 billion for the same dollar amount, and the plan's figure is used here54. The IPC projected 5.8 million people in crisis or worse for October 2024 – March 2025, and 1.7 million for October 2025 – March 20265657. For the 2025/26 marketing season the balance returned to a surplus of 501,621 tonnes58.
Maize production against national requirement
Forecast maize production as % of requirement for the following marketing season
Harvest covers requirementStocks or imports needed100% = requirement met from the harvest
2015/16 harvest
99.5%
2021/22 harvest
90.1%
2022/23 harvest
100.6%
2024/25 harvest
103.3%
Source: MoA · ZamStats / MoA · ZamStats — Own calculation (production divided by total requirement, which includes the strategic reserve where stated). The 2023/24 harvest is not shown because no requirement figure was published with the deficit.
People in IPC Phase 3 or above, million, October 2023 – March 2026
Source: DMMU · EC K4P / IPC · IPC — Integrated Food Security Phase Classification analyses. The projection for October 2024 – March 2025 was 33% of the analysed population, and the latest projection 17%.
National maize balance by marketing season (tonnes)
| Marketing season (harvest) | Production | Opening stock | Total supply | Requirement | Surplus or deficit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016/17 (2015/16 crop) | 2,873,052 | 667,524 | 3,540,577 | 2,887,810 | 634,681 |
| 2017/18 (2016/17 crop) | 3,606,549 | 569,317 | 4,175,866 | – | about 1.1 million |
| 2022/23 (2021/22 crop) | 2,706,243 | 146,613 | 2,852,857 | 3,004,763 | −151,906 |
| 2023/24 (2022/23 crop) | 3,261,686 | 450,891 | 3,712,576 | 3,242,197 | 470,379 |
| 2024/25 (2023/24 crop) | 1,511,143 | – | – | – | −2,137,183 (all staples, maize equivalent) |
| 2025/26 (2024/25 crop) | 3,655,646 | 384,999 (own calculation) | 4,040,645 | 3,539,024 | 501,621 |
Source: MoA · ZamStats / MoA · ZamStats — Values as printed in ministerial statements and ZamStats releases. Requirements include a strategic reserve of 500,000 tonnes in several seasons. For 2016/17 the statement prints a surplus of 634,681 tonnes, while total supply minus requirement gives 652,767 tonnes. The 2022/23 balance in the 2021/22 workbook conflicts with the 1.72 million tonnes of stocks reported in March 2022 and should be read with caution. No official balance for the 2026/27 season had been published by October 2026.
4.4
Warehouse receipts, the commodity exchange and cooperatives
The Agricultural Credits Act of 2010 created a Warehouse Licensing Authority and made warehouse receipts negotiable documents that can be pledged to lenders62. The Zambian Commodities Exchange (ZAMACE) operates the receipt system and a trading platform, and by 2019 it had certified 300,800 tonnes of storage operated by eight warehouse operators6364. No later statistics were found by October 2026. An Agricultural Credits and Warehouse Receipts Act, which adds an electronic warehouse receipt system, was assented to on 31 March 2026 and published on 8 April 2026, together with a new Food Reserve Act and an Agricultural Marketing Act that creates a Zambian Agricultural Marketing Council. Each Act comes into force on a date set by statutory instrument, and no commencement order had been published by October 202665666768. Cooperatives remain governed by the Co-operative Societies Act of 199869.
300,800 t
of certified warehouse capacity in the receipt system (2019)64
8 Apr 2026
three market Acts published (assented 31 March 2026), not yet in force in October 202666
K236.34
national average price of 25 kg of breakfast mealie meal (September 2026)70
4.5
Market, data and advisory institutions
Established in 1995 and continued under the Food Reserve Act No. 6 of 2020, the Agency manages the National Strategic Food Reserve and may buy, import, sell and export designated agricultural commodities31. The Food Reserve Act of 2026, once in force, refocuses the reserve on food relief during emergencies and market shocks71.
www.fra.org.zm
Operates a regulated marketplace for agricultural and non-agricultural commodities and lists registered brokers, certified warehouse operators and partner financial institutions72.
www.zamace.co.zm
Warehouse Licensing Authority
Established by the Agricultural Credits Act of 2010 to certify warehouses and support the issue and negotiation of warehouse receipts62. The Agricultural Credits and Warehouse Receipts Act of 2026 continues the Authority, which licenses warehouse operators and will manage an Electronic Warehouse Receipt System6665.
Sole designated producer of official statistics, established by the Statistics Act No. 13 of 2018, which re-constituted the Central Statistical Office7475. The Act repealed the Agricultural Statistics Act and requires ZamStats to coordinate the National Statistical System and approve national survey instruments7574.
www.zamstats.gov.zm
Public research institute under the Ministry of Agriculture since 2005, mandated to conduct public good agricultural research in soils, crops and water76. It works through divisions for crop improvement and agronomy, soil and water management, plant protection and farming systems from its base at Mount Makulu, Chilanga76.
www.zari.gov.zm
Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI)
Agricultural policy research centre whose activities are applied policy analysis, capacity building and outreach, as described on the Ministry of Agriculture website77.
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