Sources & verification

Academia de Științe Agricole și Silvice „Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișești” (ASAS)

• Academia astăzi (web page, published 27 January 2019)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · ASAS is a specialised, autonomous public institution of academic standing and scientific coordination, coordinated by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. Page published 27 January 2019: 4 national institutes, 13 branch institutes and 45 agricultural research and development stations under its authority, plus 3 private research units under its scientific coordination, financed mainly from research contracts, royalties, services and sales of seed, planting material and breeding animals.
  https://asas.ro/academia/despre%2bnoi%2b-%2b02%2bacademia%2bastazi.html

Administrația Națională de Meteorologie (ANM)

• Meteo România (home page)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · National meteorological service. Publishes warnings, forecasts, monthly precipitation and temperature maps, a soil moisture reserve product and links to the European Drought Observatory, and annual reports 2022-2025.
  https://www.meteoromania.ro/

Agency for the Financing of Rural Investments (AFIR)

• Măsuri de sprijin – sM17.1 'Prime de asigurare a culturilor, a animalelor și a plantelor'verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Sub-measure 17.1 'Crop, animal and plant insurance premiums' falls under Measure 17 'Risk management' under Articles 36 and 37 of Regulation (EU) 1305/2013 and focus area 3B; it aims to encourage farmers to take part in private insurance schemes. The page links the Applicant's Guide for session 7/2025.
  https://www.afir.ro/finantare/masuri-de-sprijin-sm171/

Agency for the Financing of Rural Investments (AFIR) / MADR

• Ghidul Solicitantului – Submăsura 17.1 Prime de asigurare a culturilor, a animalelor și a plantelor – Sesiunea 7 – 2025 (PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Section 2.4: non-repayable public support is 70% of the eligible insurance premium actually paid by the farmer. Insured production used for the eligible premium equals the farmer's average annual production over the previous three years, or a three-year average of the previous five years excluding the highest and lowest; premium for insured production above that average, and premium resulting from a deductible below 20%, are not subsidised. One application session is opened each year with an announced allocation. Funded by the EAFRD and the Romanian Government.
  https://www.afir.ro/api/file?url=/media/rawfypw4/ghidul-solicitantului-sm-171_2025.pdf&filename=Ghidul%20Solicitantului%20sM%2017.1%20(sesiunea%207/%202025)&filetype=pdf

Agenția Națională de Cadastru și Publicitate Imobiliară (ANCPI)

• Home page (temporary notice page, August 2026)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · On 20 October 2026 the site showed a notice dated 20 August 2026 on the reactivation of payment links in the e-Terra application after an outage, reporting 329,476 requests registered and 279,242 resolved at cadastre and land registration offices between 11 and 19 August 2026. The figures cited in the profile come from this notice of 20 August 2026, not from a permanent page, and the home page may since have changed.
  https://www.ancpi.ro/
• PNCCF – Anexa 1A, B, C și D, lucrări finalizate la nivel de UAT, 28.02.2026 (PDF, Internet Archive copy)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (24 March 2026) of the ANCPI file. Status at 28 February 2026. Annex 1A: works completed at the level of 133 territorial-administrative units (UATs) under the PNCCF, 1,264,483 land books opened for 853,256.0493 ha. Annex 1B: 107 UATs fully completed under the Regional Operational Programme (POR) major project, 1,082,532 land books, 1,249,010.57 ha. Annex 1C: 84 UATs partly completed under the major project. Annex 1D: 128 UATs completed from POR and other sources. Total POR: 2,724,774 land books, 2,787,812.82 ha.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260324113358/https://www.ancpi.ro/pnccf/documente/Anexa%201%20A%20B,C%20si%20D%20-%20Lucrari%20finalizate%20la%20nivel%20de%20UAT%2028.02.2026.pdf

Agenția Națională de Îmbunătățiri Funciare (ANIF)

• Despre noi (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Activities: operation, maintenance and repair of land-improvement schemes declared of public utility, investments to rehabilitate existing schemes and build new ones, services to water-user organisations, annual inventory of irrigation schemes, setting tariffs. Public institution financed from own revenue and state budget subsidies, subordinated to MADR.
  https://www.anif.ro/despre-noi/
• Raportul de activitate al ANIF pentru anul 2025 (annual report, scanned PDF, 141 pages)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Pages 5-11 read as images. ANIF was established by OUG No. 82/2011, approved by Law No. 199/2012, and Law No. 133/2017. National Programme for the Rehabilitation of the Main Irrigation Infrastructure: rehabilitation of main irrigation infrastructure in 153 irrigation schemes in the state public domain including the Siret-Bărăgan main canal (page 7; page 9 refers to 155 viable schemes serving 2.6 million ha); targets of 70% of the viable area functional in 2020 and 90% by 2030; three stages over 2016-2027 (stage I 41 schemes feeding 401 water-user organisations, stage II 78 schemes, stage III 33 schemes); financed exclusively from the state budget under Article III of Law No. 269/2015 approving OUG 4/2015 amending OUG 82/2011; MADR may allocate up to €1.5 billion until the end of 2027 for rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage infrastructure. Complementary EU funding allocated: €128 million under NRDP 2007-2013 sub-measure 125a and €441 million under NRDP 2014-2020 sub-measure 4.3 for secondary irrigation infrastructure (p.11). Page 77 (OCR of the same file, read on 21 October 2026): following the approval of Government Decision No. 988/2022, the PNI covers the rehabilitation of the main irrigation infrastructure of 155 viable schemes in the state public domain, 2.3 million ha.
  https://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Raport-de-activitate-al-ANIF-pentru-anul-2025.pdf

Agenția pentru Finanțarea Investițiilor Rurale (AFIR)

• Agenția – despre AFIR (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · AFIR is subordinated to MADR and implements technically and financially the NRDP 2014-2020 and the CAP Strategic Plan 2023-2027. It operates under Government Emergency Ordinance No. 41 of 18 June 2014 establishing AFIR through the reorganisation of the Paying Agency for Rural Development and Fisheries (APDRP), approved by Law No. 43 of 17 March 2015. It has 12 central directorates, 8 regional centres and 41 county offices. The site banner states payments of over €21 billion since 2000 (agency statement, cumulative).
  https://www.afir.ro/despre-afir/afir/agentia/
• Contor fonduri disponibile (open calls and available funds, web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 (live counter, values change during calls). Open sessions under the CAP Strategic Plan: DR-12 young farmers, livestock component €84,794,823.50 and other sectors €84,794,823.50, 6 October to 2 December 2026; DR-14 small farms, components of €30 million (vegetables, livestock, other sectors) and €18 million (simple purchases, funds exhausted), 1 September to 31 October 2026; DR-18 floriculture and medicinal plants €5 million.
  https://www.afir.ro/finantare/prezentare/
• 170 de milioane euro pentru exploatațiile tinerilor fermieri, press release, 1 October 2026verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · DR-12 session 6 October to 2 December 2026, allocation €169,589,647 (two components of €84,794,823.5). Up to €200,000 per project, support up to 80% of eligible costs for farmers up to 40 and 65% for other beneficiaries.
  https://www.afir.ro/comunicate/170-de-milioane-euro-pentru-exploatatiile-tinerilor-fermieri/
• INVESTALIM state aid scheme (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Scheme implementing the national programme for the development of the food industry INVESTALIM 2023-2026. Financing agreements may be issued until 31 December 2026.
  https://www.afir.ro/finantare/finantare-in-agricultura/investalim/
• Ghidul Solicitantului INVESTALIM 2023 (applicant's guide, PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Section 2: maximum budget RON 2,921.0 million (about €590.0 million), commitment appropriations 2023-2026 and payments 2024-2031; average annual budget RON 730.25 million (about €147.5 million). Section 3: agreements until 31 December 2026. Implementation procedure approved by Government Decision No. 844 of 14 September 2023 (as stated in the guide).
  https://www.afir.ro/media/mizjmxfz/ghidul-solicitantului-investalim_2023.pdf
• Măsuri de sprijin – sM17.1 Prime de asigurare a culturilor, a animalelor și a plantelor (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Sub-measure 17.1 (insurance premiums for crops, animals and plants) under Measure 17 Risk management of the NRDP, based on Articles 36-37 of Regulation (EU) 1305/2013, to encourage farmers to take part in private insurance schemes. Applicant's guide for session 7/2025 linked.
  https://www.afir.ro/finantare/masuri-de-sprijin-sm171/

Autoritatea de Supraveghere Financiară (ASF)

• Despre ASF (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · ASF was set up in 2013 as an autonomous, specialised, independent and self-financed administrative authority with legal personality. The site lists the Policyholders' Guarantee Fund (Fondul de Garantare a Asiguraților) and a sustainable finance and green transition section.
  https://asfromania.ro/ro/c/1/despre-asf

Banca Națională a României (BNR)

• Mandatul Băncii Naționale a României (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · The BNR's fundamental objective is price stability. Its tasks are set by Law No. 312/2004 on the Statute of the BNR: setting the monetary policy rate, issuing currency, authorising, regulating and supervising credit institutions, non-bank financial institutions and payment institutions, overseeing payment systems, managing international reserves, and acting as resolution authority.
  https://www.bnr.ro/1186-mandat

Bursa Română de Mărfuri (BRM)

• Cotații BRM cereale (weekly cereal and oilseed quotations, web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Week 41/2026 (8-14 October 2026), RON per tonne: bread wheat West 1,011, East 1,079, South 1,025, FOB Constanța 1,191; maize West 1,068, East 1,080, South 958, FOB Constanța 1,280; sunflower West 2,716, East 2,496, South 2,448. Weekly series by delivery zone back to 2020-2021.
  https://brm.ro/cotatii-cereale/
• Misiune și valori (web page)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Mission statement on regulated commodity markets and auctions. The site runs a spot cereals ring, petroleum products and CO2 certificate rings and natural gas and electricity market monitoring.
  https://brm.ro/misiune-si-valori/

Bursa de Valori București (BVB)

• Despre noi și guvernanță (web page)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Mission: to turn the local capital market into an active financing instrument for the Romanian economy.
  https://www.bvb.ro/AboutUs/Overview

C.N. Administrația Porturilor Maritime S.A. Constanța

• Portul Constanța (home page)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Site description: C.N. Administrația Porturilor Maritime S.A. Constanța is the port authority for the Romanian maritime ports of Constanța, Midia and Mangalia and the Tomis tourist port. Traffic statistics are served by a script-driven application and were not read.
  https://www.portofconstantza.com/

CEC Bank (Internet Archive copy)

• Despre CEC Bank (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (19 February 2025); cec.ro returned HTTP 403 to the research environment. Bank founded in 1864, universal bank with more than 1,000 units, RON 93.23 billion of bank assets and third-largest bank in Romania (data at 30 June 2024).
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250219045013/https://www.cec.ro/despre-noi
• Finanțări pentru fermieri (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (25 April 2025). Products for crop, livestock, aquaculture and fish farming: loans for agricultural land purchase, investment loans for farmers, APIA loans (bridge finance until subsidies are received) and AGRO micro-financing below RON 500,000.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250425055356/https://www.cec.ro/finantare-agricultura-fermieri

CN Administrația Porturilor Maritime SA Constanța (Maritime Ports Administration)

• Port of Constanța – Statistics, general statistics and traffic by commodities 2017–2025verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. This is the content file of the Statistics page of the port website (https://www.portofconstantza.com, menu Port statistics). Covers the ports administered by the company (Constanța, Midia, Mangalia). Total traffic, tonnes: 2017 58,379,154, 2018 61,303,774, 2019 66,603,292, 2020 60,375,799, 2021 67,483,435, 2022 75,537,687, 2023 92,693,915, 2024 77,537,345, 2025 67,578,279. Traffic by commodities, tonnes, 2017–2025. Cereals: 17,891,285, 17,963,535, 21,329,156, 21,893,550, 25,174,619, 24,010,975, 36,227,058, 26,964,277, 18,335,255. Oil seeds, oleaginous fruits and fats: 3,215,811, 3,262,034, 2,141,252, 1,826,407, 2,204,820, 3,740,834, 9,275,148, 3,287,841, 3,734,962. Natural and chemical fertilizers: 3,094,332, 3,007,574, 4,024,682, 4,420,218, 4,103,372, 4,507,272, 4,978,016, 5,303,374, 5,595,345. Food stuff and animal feed 2025: 119,035. River vessels 2025: 9,343, sea-going vessels 4,852. The commodity table covers all traffic (loading, unloading and transit) and does not separate Romanian from transit cargo.
  https://www.portofconstantza.com/pn/portal?packageId=np_statistici_port
• Constanța Port – Annual Report 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. General Manager's welcome note: total cargo traffic in 2023 was 92.7 million tons, 'the highest volumes of cargo ever operated in its history', 'influenced also by the new geopolitical context at the Black Sea'. The section About the port of Constanța describes it as 'a hub for cereals in Central and South-East Europe', linked to the Danube by the Danube–Black Sea Canal. Page 20 charts, thousand tonnes, 2019–2024: transit 15,327, 17,957, 15,756, 23,074, 40,119, 27,393; exports 22,719, 18,431, 23,361, 23,437, 26,519, 21,544 (values read from the chart labels and their positions).
  https://www.portofconstantza.com/pn/portal/static.do?package_id=np_statistici_port&x=get&resource=AR2024.pdf

Consiliul Economic și Social (CES)

• Aviz nr. 8024/30.12.2025 referitor la proiectul de OUG privind modificarea și completarea OUG nr. 85/2024 (PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Opinion of 30 December 2025 on the draft emergency ordinance amending OUG 85/2024 on the reorganisation of MADR and its subordinate institutions. The Council gave an unfavourable opinion. The draft capped management posts at 8%, excluding APIA, AFIR and ANIF. The opinion concerns the draft. The ordinance was adopted as Emergency Ordinance No. 92 of 30 December 2025 [ins-senat-l11-2026].
  https://www.ces.ro/newlib/PDF/avize/2025/2.9-Aviz-CES-OUG-reorg-MADR-30.12.2025.pdf

Council of the European Union

• Annex to the Council Implementing Decision amending the Implementing Decision of 29 October 2021 on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Romania (ST 14452/25 ADD 1, 11 November 2025)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Component 2 (forests and biodiversity): Investment 1, afforestation and reforestation national campaign, target 26 of 18 000 ha of new afforested or reforested land by Q2 2026, target 28 of 200 000 m2 of urban forests. Component 3: Investment 2, infrastructure for manure and other compostable agricultural waste, target 55 of 50 integrated systems (44 communal systems, one composting system, five biogas systems of at least 300 kW) by Q2 2026. Section 1.2: estimated total cost of the revised plan EUR 21 410 527 593. The annex contains no investment in agricultural irrigation (the only irrigation reference is automation of irrigation of urban green space in a smart-city measure). 11 November 2025 is the date of the Council document. The Council adopted the decision on 13 November 2025, according to recital 1 of ST 11890/26 [gf-rrf-cid-2026].
  https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/a5c83e5f-4f3c-4988-ae40-a4bf3589abf7_en?filename=ST-14452-2025-ADD-1_en.pdf
• Council Implementing Decision amending the Implementing Decision of 29 October 2021 on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Romania (ST 11890/26, 20 July 2026, text as published on the Commission country page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-21 · Read on 21 October 2026. Recital 21: the estimated total cost of Romania's amended plan is EUR 20 106 860 700, and the financial contribution allocated is EUR 13 566 055 514. Recital 22 and Article 1: the loan support made available to Romania is reduced to EUR 6 540 805 186. Recital 1: the Council Implementing Decision of 29 October 2021 was amended by the Council Implementing Decisions of 8 December 2023 and 13 November 2025. The document does not give its own adoption date. According to Commission Implementing Decision C(2026) 7018 (footnote 4), the Council adopted it on 5 August 2026 [gf-ec-c2026-7018].
  https://reforms-investments.ec.europa.eu/document/download/9d2c6dd2-47e3-4ec4-80f8-4c1e7f43983c_en?filename=2026-07-20-Council%20Implementing%20Decision.pdf
• Annex to the Council Implementing Decision amending the Implementing Decision of 29 October 2021 on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Romania (ST 11890/26 ADD 1, 17 July 2026)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-21 · Read on 21 October 2026. Component 2, Investment 1, target 26: 18 000 ha of new afforested or reforested land by Q2 2026. Component 3, Investment 2 (infrastructure for manure and other compostable agricultural waste), target 55: 49 integrated systems by Q2 2026, namely 44 communal integrated systems, one composting system and four biogas systems of at least 300 kW electric and 300 kW heat capacity. The only irrigation reference is the automation of irrigation of urban green space in a smart-city measure.
  https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11890-2026-ADD-1/en/pdf

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

• Romania Agricover Credit IFN 20m loan under RLF, Project Summary Document 53810verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Project ID 53810, status Repaying, approval date 02 Aug 2022, disclosure 08 Aug 2022. EUR 20 million unsecured multicurrency (EUR or RON) loan in two equal tranches (the first committed, the second uncommitted) to Agricover Credit IFN SA under the Resilience and Livelihoods Framework, to increase lending to farmers (MSMEs) affected by the war. ACIFN was established in June 2008 as a non-banking financial institution specialised in financing agriculture; Agricover Holding SA holds 99.999%. In late 2017 the EBRD injected RON 32 million (€7 million) in the group's capital.
  https://www.ebrd.com/home/work-with-us/projects/psd/53810.html
• EBRD makes €20 million available to Romanian farmers to enhance food security, news release, 2 August 2022verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · EBRD approves €20 million loan to Agricover Credit IFN for on-lending to farmers for investment or working capital, part of the €2 billion Resilience and Livelihoods Framework. Agricover Credit IFN works with more than 4,700 farmers. To date the EBRD had invested almost €9.7 billion in 488 projects in Romania.
  https://www.ebrd.com/home/news-and-events/news/2022/ebrd-makes-20-million-available-to-romanian-farmers-to-enhance-food-security.html
• EBRD provides guarantee on €40 million loan to Omnia Romania, news release, 13 December 2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Banca Transilvania lends €40 million to Omnia Europe SA, a corn starch producer, to set up a waxy starch unit. €20 million (half) is guaranteed by the EBRD under the Risk-Sharing Facility (RSF) with Banca Transilvania.
  https://www.ebrd.com/news/2024/ebrd-provides-guarantee-on-40-million-loan-to-omnia-romania.html
• EBRD supports stock exchange debut of Romanian food producer, news release, 4 November 2025verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · The EBRD took a €13.1 million (RON 66.6 million) minority stake, just over 5%, in meat-processing and ready-meals producer Cris-Tim as part of its IPO on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. Cris-Tim is the first food producer to list on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The release says the IPO closed the day before (3 November 2025) and gives no listing day.
  https://www.ebrd.com/home/news-and-events/news/2025/ebrd-takes-minority-stake-in-romanian-meat-processing-firm.html
• EBRD finances NewCold's first automated cold storage in Romania, news release, 6 February 2026verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · EBRD loan of up to RON 182.8 million (€36 million) to NewCold Romania SRL for an automated cold store in Bucharest, in parallel with RON 182.8 million from BCR, with a partial InvestEU guarantee.
  https://www.ebrd.com/home/news-and-events/news/2026/ebrd-finances-newcold-s-first-automated-cold-storage-in-romania.html

European Banking Authority (EBA)

• The EBA publishes its final Guidelines on the management of ESG risks (press release, 9 January 2025)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Press release of 9 January 2025 on Guidelines EBA/GL/2025/01. They set requirements for identifying, measuring, managing and monitoring ESG risks, including plans for resilience over the short, medium and long term, under Article 87a(5) of the CRD. They apply from 11 January 2026, and for small and non-complex institutions at the latest from 11 January 2027.
  https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-publishes-its-final-guidelines-management-esg-risks

European Commission

• EU-Ukraine Solidarity Lanesverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-21 · Opened on 21 October 2026 at the current address (the former address under strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024 redirects here), page last updated on 14 October 2026. 'Since May 2022, the Solidarity Lanes have allowed Ukraine to export around 235 million tonnes of goods, including around 96 million tonnes of grain, oilseeds, and related products.' The page lists investments that reinforced 'the Solidarity Lanes in Poland, Romania and Germany' (January 2023) and does not give figures by EU member state or port.
  https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine/eu-assistance-ukraine/eu-ukraine-solidarity-lanes_en
• Commission assessment of the final updated National Energy and Climate Plan of Romania (extract from SWD(2025) 140)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · PDF linked from the Commission’s NECP page (https://commission.europa.eu/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-energy-and-climate-plans_en). Romania submitted its final updated NECP on 14 October 2024, over three months after the 30 June 2024 deadline. The plan expects total GHG emissions (including LULUCF, excluding international aviation) to fall by 85% by 2030 and 96% by 2040 against 1990, and climate neutrality by 2050. Existing and planned measures are projected to cut ESR emissions by 15.3% by 2030 against 2005 (target −12.7%). ESR sectors were 77% of total emissions in 2023, with transport and agriculture the largest shares. The plan 'lacks information on policies and measures addressing the two biggest sources of non-CO2 emissions, namely N2O from agricultural soils and CH4 from coal, oil and gas'. LULUCF must add −2.38 MtCO2e of net removals by 2030, the projected gap is 2 MtCO2e, and no additional LULUCF policies are planned. The plan refers to the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change 2024–2030 and its action plan.
  https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/circabc-ewpp/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/3e884794-6868-4d3f-bd7d-61b98049d9c8/details
• Report from the Commission on the implementation of Council Directive 91/676/EEC (Nitrates Directive) based on Member State reports for 2016–2019, COM(2021) 1000 final, 11 October 2021verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read from the Publications Office (Cellar). Romania is listed among the Member States that apply their action programme throughout the whole territory instead of designating nitrate vulnerable zones, among those whose action programmes still needed updating, and among Member States with hot spots where pollution is not sufficiently addressed.
  http://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/52021DC1000
• NextGenerationEU: European Commission disburses €1.8 billion in pre-financing to Romania (IP/21/6471, 2 December 2021)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Press Corner API. EUR 1.8 billion pre-financing, 13% of the grant allocation. Romania was then set to receive EUR 29.2 billion (EUR 14.2 billion grants, EUR 14.9 billion loans).
  https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_6471
• Daily News 27/10/2022: Commission disburses first payment of €2.6 billion to Romania under the RRF (MEX/22/6426)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Press Corner API. First payment EUR 2.6 billion (EUR 1.8 billion grants and EUR 0.8 billion loans, net of pre-financing) after 21 milestones and targets.
  https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_22_6426
• Daily News 29/09/2023: Commission disburses second payment of €2.76 billion to Romania under the RRF (MEX/23/4695)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Press Corner API. Second payment EUR 2.76 billion in grants and loans after 49 milestones and targets, including the decarbonisation law.
  https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_23_4695
• Daily News 11/06/2025: Commission disburses third payment of €1.3 billion to Romania under NextGenEU (MEX/25/1474)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Press Corner API. Third payment of EUR 1.3 billion in grants and loans (net of pre-financing), disbursed the day before the 11 June 2025 note. Romania's third request (15 December 2023) was EUR 2 billion, and 68 of 74 milestones and targets were found satisfactorily fulfilled, including milestones on water, waste and forestry. Payments disbursed 2021–2025 sum to EUR 8.46 billion with the other three press items (own calculation).
  https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_25_1474
• Commission Implementing Decision C(2026) 7018 of 2.10.2026 on the reduction of the amount of the third instalment of the non-repayable support and the third instalment of the loan support for Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-21 · Read on 21 October 2026. Recital 3 and footnotes 3 and 4: the Council Implementing Decision of 29 October 2021 approving Romania's plan was amended three times, by Council Implementing Decisions of 22 November 2023 (ST 15833/23), 11 November 2025 (ST 14452/25) and, most recently, 5 August 2026 (ST 11890/26, ST 11890/26 ADD 1 and ADD 1 COR 1). The decision reduces the third instalments of non-repayable and loan support. The dates in footnote 3 (22 November 2023 and 11 November 2025) differ from those in recital 1 of the Council's own decision ST 11890/26 (8 December 2023 and 13 November 2025) [gf-rrf-cid-2026], and recital 2 dates the original approval to 26 October 2021 while footnote 2 gives 29 October 2021. The 5 August 2026 date of the latest amendment rests on footnote 4 of this decision.
  https://reforms-investments.ec.europa.eu/document/download/c0c7e5f9-992d-4b8d-8f90-0be41f60a8f4_en?filename=C_2026_7018_1_EN_ACT_part1_v4.pdf
• Commission Implementing Decision C(2026) 7023 of 2.10.2026 amending Implementing Decision C(2025) 3487 on the authorisation of the disbursement of the third instalment of the non-repayable support and the third instalment of the loan support for Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-21 · Read on 21 October 2026. Article 1 as amended: disbursement of EUR 1 391 812 466 of the third instalment of non-repayable support is authorised, of which EUR 470 717 523 clears pre-financing and EUR 921 094 943 is to be paid, and EUR 760 091 528 of the third instalment of loan support is authorised, of which EUR 100 187 494 clears pre-financing. These are authorisations, not confirmed payments.
  https://reforms-investments.ec.europa.eu/document/download/4653294e-47a0-4fe3-a563-5cb18356ea53_en?filename=C_2026_7023_1_EN_ACT_part1_v4.pdf
• Commission Implementing Decision C(2026) 4355 of 18.6.2026 on the authorisation of the disbursement of the fourth instalment of the non-repayable support for Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Article 1 authorises the fourth instalment of non-repayable support of EUR 2 620 279 973, of which EUR 368 798 022 clears pre-financing and EUR 2 251 481 951 is to be paid. Recital 13: Romania received EUR 2 139 237 912 as pre-financing. This is an authorisation, not a confirmed payment.
  https://reforms-investments.ec.europa.eu/document/download/278c3555-6658-489a-b60c-b141890572e7_en?filename=C_2026_4355_1_EN_ACT_part1_v3.pdf
• Commission Implementing Decision C(2022) 8783 final of 7.12.2022 approving the 2023-2027 CAP Strategic Plan of Romania (CCI 2023RO06AFSP001), PDFverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Decision C(2022) 8783 final, Brussels, 7 December 2022, adopted under Article 118(6) of Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, only the Romanian text authentic. Recitals: proposal submitted 28 February 2022 for the period 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2027; observations sent 12 May 2022; revised version submitted 21 November 2022.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/37b0d9ba-7a4d-4707-a6c4-a47f93d1ab2e_en?filename=csp-implementing-decision-romania_en_0.pdf
• Romania's recovery and resilience plan (country page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Council approval of the plan on 29 October 2021, revised on 8 December 2023 also to introduce a REPowerEU chapter. Value of the plan EUR 20.1 billion, of which EUR 13.6 billion RRF grants (including the Brexit adjustment reserve transfer and the REPowerEU grant) and EUR 6.5 billion RRF loans. 118 investment streams and 67 reforms, 39.1% for climate objectives and 24.0% for the digital transition. Lists four payment requests, the fourth authorised by a Commission implementing decision of 18 June 2026.
  https://reforms-investments.ec.europa.eu/recovery-and-resilience-facility-1/country-pages/romanias-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en

European Commission, Cohesion Open Data Platform

• ESIF 2014–2020 Finance Implementation Details (dataset 99js-gm52) – Romania National Rural Development Programme (2014RO06RDNP001), EAFRD measure M17 'Risk management'verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Socrata API (https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/resource/99js-gm52.json?ms=RO&fund=EAFRD&eafrd_measure=M17) on 20 October 2026; focus area 3B, EUR. Planned total amount (EU + national) by reference year and programme version: 2014 178,947,368 (v1.2); 2016 178,947,368 (v4.0); 2017 203,397,942 (v5.1); 2018 42,797,487 (v8.0); 2019 42,797,487 (v9.0); 2020 23,699,076 (v11.0); 2021 43,699,076 (v13.0); 2022 43,699,021 (v15.0); 2023 71,928,018 (v17.0, latest period, EU amount 59,544,454). Total eligible expenditure declared (cumulative): 2019 528,754; 2020 7,101,997; 2021 15,676,406; 2022 30,870,785; 2023 48,840,846. Total eligible cost of selected operations 2023: 50,978,480.
  https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/2014-2020-Finances/ESIF-2014-2020-Finance-Implementation-Details/99js-gm52

European Commission, DG AGRI

• CAP Strategic Plan – Romania at a glance (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Linked from https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/cap-my-country/cap-strategic-plans/romania_en. Section 2.1: 'EUR 82 million will be allocated to risk management tools, such as support for insurance premia or compensation for the loss of agricultural production. 3% of the direct payments envelope will also complement this amount.'
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/0c93098c-927c-4691-8c4d-8225fa5dfde5_en?filename=csp-at-a-glance-romania_en.pdf
• CAP Strategic Plan Romania – Annex I, overview table, and Annex II, total EAFRD contribution by type of intervention (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Annex II (total EAFRD contribution for each type of intervention for the entire period), row 06 'Risk management tools (Article 76)', EUR 82,367,574.00 for 2023–2027. The amount is the EAFRD contribution, not total public funds.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/6e0c9bfb-fe35-4029-91aa-9c402df7690b_en?filename=csp-annex-romania_en.pdf
• Romania – CAP Strategic Plan (country page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Timeline: Romania submitted its first proposal on 28 February 2022 and a revised proposal on 21 November 2022, the Commission approved the plan on 7 December 2022 and amendments on 11 December 2023, 22 May 2024, 29 November 2024, 12 December 2025 and 18 February 2026. Legal basis Regulation (EU) 2021/2115. Links to the factsheet (25 March 2026) and to the implementing decision of 9 December 2022.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/cap-my-country/cap-strategic-plans/romania_en
• At a glance: Romania's CAP Strategic Plan (factsheet, updated version February 2026)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Financial annex (EUR): direct payments 9 783 148 797 (EU), sectoral support 151 684 802 EU + 30 408 150 national, rural development 5 034 728 288 EU + 833 016 863 national, total 14 969 561 887 EU + 863 425 013 national = 15 832 986 900. EU funding reserved: environmental and climate objectives under rural development 2 083 300 816 (41%), eco-schemes 2 447 372 825 (25% of direct payments), LEADER 428 768 800 (8%), complementary redistributive income support 978 688 816 (10%), young farmers 309 621 824. Text: environmentally friendly practices expected on 611 000 ha a year; around EUR 1.64 billion for environmentally friendly agronomic practices on arable land; EUR 245 million for small farms up to 10 ha; EUR 82 million for risk management tools plus 3% of the direct-payments envelope; EUR 1.1 billion for investments in farms and processing. The factsheet gives no separate organic-farming budget.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/0c93098c-927c-4691-8c4d-8225fa5dfde5_en?filename=csp-at-a-glance-romania_en.pdf
• Romania – CAP Strategic Plan (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Timeline: Commission approved Romania's CAP Strategic Plan on 7 December 2022, and amendments on 11 December 2023, 22 May 2024, 29 November 2024, 12 December 2025 and 18 February 2026 (fifth amendment). Implementing decision dated 9 December 2022. Legal basis Regulation (EU) 2021/2115. Page states almost 3.5 million farmers, 90% of them with less than 5 ha.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/cap-my-country/cap-strategic-plans/romania_en
• At a glance: Romania's CAP Strategic Plan, factsheet, updated version February 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Financial annex: direct payments EU €9,783,148,797; sectoral support EU €151,684,802 plus national €30,408,150; rural development EU €5,034,728,288 plus national €833,016,863 (total €5,867,745,151); total EU €14,969,561,887, national €863,425,013, total €15,832,986,900. Coupled income support almost €1.5 billion; almost €1 billion redistributive support for farms under 50 ha; €1.1 billion for investments in farms and processing; €82 million for risk management tools such as insurance premia, plus 3% of the direct payments envelope; eco-schemes €2,447,372,825.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/0c93098c-927c-4691-8c4d-8225fa5dfde5_en?filename=csp-at-a-glance-romania_en.pdf

European Commission, DG Agriculture and Rural Development

• Romania – CAP Strategic Plan (country page with approval and amendment timeline and documents)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Timeline: Commission recommendations SWD(2020) 391 on 18 December 2020; first proposal submitted 28 February 2022; observation letter 12 May 2022; Romania's comments 14 June 2022; revised proposal 21 November 2022; plan approved 7 December 2022; first amendment approved 11 December 2023; second 22 May 2024; third 29 November 2024; fourth 12 December 2025; fifth 18 February 2026. Overview text: almost 3.5 million farmers, 90% with less than 5 hectares; almost 13.5 million ha used for agriculture; 23% of the labour force employed in agriculture; 44.3% of farmers over 65. Legal basis Regulation (EU) 2021/2115. Links to the factsheet (dated 25 March 2026), the implementing decision and annex (9 December 2022) and the national plan PDF on madr.ro (not reachable from the review environment).
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/cap-my-country/cap-strategic-plans/romania_en
• At a glance – Romania's CAP Strategic Plan (factsheet, updated version February 2026, PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 (PDF, 'Updated version February 2026'). Financial annex (EUR): direct payments EU 9,783,148,797, national n/a, total 9,783,148,797; sectoral support EU 151,684,802, national 30,408,150, total 182,092,952; rural development EU 5,034,728,288, national 833,016,863, total 5,867,745,151; total EU 14,969,561,887, national 863,425,013, total 15,832,986,900. National funding excludes additional national financing under Art. 146 of Reg. 2021/2115; sectoral national funding relates only to apiculture; rural development includes technical assistance and reflects transfers between pillars. EU funding reserved (EUR): environmental and climate objectives under rural development 2,083,300,816 (41%); eco-schemes 2,447,372,825 (25%); LEADER 428,768,800 (8%); complementary redistributive income support 978,688,816 (10%); young farmers 309,621,824. Text: almost EUR 1.5 billion coupled income support; almost EUR 1 billion of the direct payments envelope to farms under 50 ha; EUR 1.1 billion for investments in farms and processing; EUR 663 million for areas with natural constraints; additional EUR 67 million for young farmers' complementary income support; EUR 250 million installation support; almost EUR 170 million for investments by young farmers; EUR 82 million for risk management tools plus 3% of the direct payments envelope; around EUR 1.64 billion for agronomic practices on arable land; EUR 245 million for small farms up to 10 ha; 611,000 ha a year under environmentally friendly practices; 206 local development strategies (EUR 500 million) reaching 83.63% of the rural population; up to EUR 898 million for animal welfare; more than 36,000 young farmers; around EUR 200 million for communal roads; more than EUR 40 million for training, advice and EIP groups; about 123,000 persons to benefit from advice or training. Amendment dates as on the country page.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/0c93098c-927c-4691-8c4d-8225fa5dfde5_en?filename=csp-at-a-glance-romania_en.pdf
• Direct payments to agricultural producers – graphs and figures, financial year 2021 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Direct payments claimed for calendar year N are paid in financial year N+1. EU-27, financial year 2021, by farm size class (% beneficiaries / % area / % direct payments): up to 5 ha 48.9 / 4.9 / 5.8; 5–250 ha 50.0 / 68.7 / 72.1; over 250 ha 1.1 / 26.4 / 22.1. Romania page (p. 54): up to 5 ha 73.1 / 13.9 / 12.8; 5–250 ha 26.1 / 44.0 / 49.3; over 250 ha 0.7 / 42.2 / 37.9. Chart of the share of direct payments received by the 20% largest beneficiaries (claim year, latest available) shows 85% for RO. The country pages show beneficiary numbers only as charts, without printed values.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-03/direct-aid-report-2021_en.pdf

European Commission, DG Budget

• EU spending and revenue 2000–2025 (Excel file, operating expenditure by Member State and programme)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Downloaded eu_budget_spending_and_revenue_2000-2025.xlsx on 20 October 2026 from the page linked here and read the column RO of each year sheet, EUR million. EAGF (2007–2013 heading 'Market related expenditure and direct aids', 2014–2020 'EAGF – Market related expenditure and direct payments', 2021–2025 '3.1.11 EAGF'): 2007 8.4, 2008 480.3, 2009 600.4, 2010 674.3, 2011 796.0, 2012 1,026.1, 2013 1,211.2, 2014 1,334.8, 2015 1,462.3, 2016 1,568.9, 2017 1,829.1, 2018 1,812.8, 2019 1,893.1, 2020 1,978.1, 2021 1,951.0, 2022 1,964.2, 2023 2,003.0, 2024 1,973.5, 2025 1,896.6. Of which direct aid (shown 2008–2020): 2008 422.3, 2009 533.4, 2010 617.2, 2011 728.8, 2012 906.4, 2013 1,086.8, 2014 1,259.6, 2015 1,418.9, 2016 1,521.3, 2017 1,690.7, 2018 1,774.6, 2019 1,847.4, 2020 1,911.2. EAFRD (2007–2013 heading 'Rural development'): 2007 0.0, 2008 561.6, 2009 565.9, 2010 760.5, 2011 894.9, 2012 1,101.9, 2013 1,191.6, 2014 822.8, 2015 1,501.5, 2016 1,140.8, 2017 1,487.0, 2018 1,146.2, 2019 782.9, 2020 1,132.4, 2021 1,215.2, 2022 890.3, 2023 1,045.8, 2024 916.3, 2025 1,132.8, of which NextGenerationEU (EURI) 2021 0, 2022 140.9, 2023 231.1, 2024 176.0, 2025 45.9. Total EU expenditure in Romania: 2007 1,602.4, 2008 2,666.2, 2009 2,951.2, 2010 2,317.4, 2011 2,659.5, 2012 3,445.5, 2013 5,560.6, 2014 5,943.9, 2015 6,538.0, 2016 7,359.9, 2017 4,741.6, 2018 4,865.0, 2019 5,133.2, 2020 6,978.0, 2021 6,637.8, 2022 8,161.9, 2023 8,654.6, 2024 5,268.5, 2025 8,714.8.
  https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget/2021-2027/spending-and-revenue_en

European Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development

• eAmbrosia – the EU geographical indications register (public API, all entries)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Downloaded on 20 October 2026 (4,021 entries, latest modification 20 October 2026), register viewer https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/eambrosia/geographical-indications-register/. Romania (country code RO), status registered and not removed, 79 entries (own count): wine 54 (41 PDO, 13 PGI, covering 46 distinct names because some names such as Dealu Mare, Panciu, Murfatlar, Târnave and Dealurile Munteniei have more than one file), agricultural products and foodstuffs 16 (1 PDO, Telemea de Ibăneşti, and 15 PGI), spirit drinks 9 GI. Food names with EU protection dates: Magiun de prune Topoloveni (2009-03-04), Novac afumat din Ţara Bârsei and Telemea de Ibăneşti (2013-11-20), Salam de Sibiu (2014-11-21), Cârnaţi de Pleşcoi (2016-07-04), Scrumbie de Dunăre afumată (2016-10-26), Caşcaval de Săveni (2017-04-27), Telemea de Sibiu (2018-06-06), Salată cu icre de știucă de Tulcea (2018-07-06), Plăcintă dobrogeană (2019-05-16), Salinate de Turda (2021-12-15), Pită de Pecica (2022-01-06), Batog de sturion (2023-07-21), Babic de Buzău (2023-09-22), Cârnați din topor din Vâlcea (2024-06-11), Brânză frământată de Teaca (2024-12-18). The wine PDOs and PGIs date from 2007 except Însurăţei (2011), Adamclisi (2016) and Jidvei (2022). Published (not yet registered): Salam Poiana Mărului and Bere Sadu (food PGIs). Applied: Țuică de prune Sordony de Horezu (spirit GI), Strunga (wine PDO), Brânză de burduf de Ibăneşti (food PGI). For comparison (registered entries, own count): Bulgaria 72, Hungary 92, Poland 40.
  https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/eambrosia-api/api/v1/geographical-indications
• Geographical indications and quality schemes explainedverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Definitions. Protected designation of origin (PDO): 'Every part of the production, processing and preparation process must take place in the specific region. For wines, this means that the grapes have to come exclusively from the geographical area where the wine is made.' Protected geographical indication (PGI): 'For most products, at least one of the stages of production, processing or preparation takes place in the region. In the case of wine, this means that at least 85% of the grapes used have to come exclusively from the geographical area where the wine is actually made.' Geographical indication of spirit drinks (GI): 'For most products, at least one of the stages of distillation or preparation takes place in the region.'
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes-explained_en
• Producer and interbranch organisationsverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. 'There are around 2 909 recognised POs and 90 recognised associations of POs in the EU (as of 2024).' 'There were 158 recognised IBOs in the EU in 2024.' Member States must recognise producer organisations in the fruit and vegetables, olive oil and table olives, silkworm, hops and milk and dairy sectors, and may recognise them in other sectors. Recognised POs can take various legal forms, including cooperatives, associations or private companies in which agricultural producers are shareholders. Links to the EU-wide list compiled under Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/232.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/agri-food-supply-chain/producer-and-interbranch-organisations_en
• EU-wide list of recognised producer organisations, associations of producer organisations and interbranch organisations (list-of-all-eu-entities-2024_en.xlsx)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Downloaded on 20 October 2026 (https://circabc.europa.eu/rest/download/094b4287-0e9d-4dd5-80ef-40ed7cdf575b, file last modified October 2025). One sheet with name, sector, date of recognition, type of entity and Member State, 3,215 rows. Romania (own count): 22 entries, all producer organisations in the fruit and vegetables sector, recognised in 2007 (1), 2013 (1), 2014 (1), 2015 (5), 2016 (9), 2017 (4) and 2025 (1, SC Agro Holding Dragasani SRL, 10 October 2025). No Romanian association of producer organisations or interbranch organisation is listed. Other Member States (own count): France 717, Italy 590, Spain 532, Germany 463, Poland 133, Hungary 70, Bulgaria 21.
  https://circabc.europa.eu/ui/group/d1594718-e6c2-41da-8a80-539223bab4bd/library/094b4287-0e9d-4dd5-80ef-40ed7cdf575b/details
• Unfair trading practices in the food chainverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Directive (EU) 2019/633 'was adopted by the European Parliament and Council on 17 April 2019. EU countries were required to transpose the Directive into national law by 1 May 2021 and apply it six months later.' It bans 16 unfair trading practices, ten 'black' practices prohibited in all circumstances (including payment later than 30 days for perishable products and later than 60 days for other agri-food products) and six 'grey' practices allowed only if agreed beforehand. It protects suppliers with a turnover of up to €350 million, and Member States may go beyond the Directive.
  https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/agri-food-supply-chain/unfair-trading-practices_en

European Commission, Reform and Investment Task Force

• Romania's recovery and resilience plan (country page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Council approved the plan on 29 October 2021, revised 8 December 2023 with a REPowerEU chapter (then EUR 28.5 billion), further updated in November 2025 and an amendment proposed in July 2026. Snapshot shown on 20 October 2026: plan value EUR 20.1 billion, RRF grants EUR 13.6 billion (including the Brexit Adjustment Reserve transfer and REPowerEU grant), RRF loans EUR 6.5 billion, 39.1% of the plan for climate objectives, 118 investment streams and 67 reforms. Lists the payment decisions: fourth instalment authorised by Commission Implementing Decision of 18.6.2026.
  https://reforms-investments.ec.europa.eu/recovery-and-resilience-facility-1/country-pages/romanias-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en

European Investment Bank (EIB)

• AGRICOVER LOAN FOR SMES (project 20160081)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter Agricover Credit IFN SA; proposed EIB finance EUR 20 million; status signed 29 July 2016; signature dates on the page EUR 15 million on 29/07/2016 and EUR 5 million on 21/12/2017; loan to a new financial intermediary with experience in agricultural lending, to facilitate access to finance for SMEs active in the agricultural sector, funding working capital and farm development and modernisation.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20160081
• AGRICOVER LOAN FOR SMES II (project 20190478)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter Agricover Credit IFN SA; proposed EIB finance EUR 15 million; status signed 11 May 2020; signature dates on the page EUR 7.5 million on 11/05/2020 and EUR 7.5 million on 9/07/2021; to improve access to finance for SMEs in the agricultural sector, targeting EFSI eligibility.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20190478
• AGRICOVER LOAN FOR SMES III (project 20250273)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Release date 7 October 2025; status signed 12 December 2025; promoter Agricover Credit IFN SA; proposed EIB finance EUR 50 million; multiple beneficiary intermediated loan to support micro-enterprises (fewer than 10 employees) in agriculture and the bio-economy in Romania, under the InvestEU objective on microfinance; Agricover is described as a specialised non-bank financial institution operating exclusively in Romania and a repeat EIB intermediary. The EIB project list (page-provider API) shows EUR 25 million against this project next to the EUR 50 million; the profile uses only the proposed amount and the signature status.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20250273
• UCL ROMANIA LOAN FOR SMES AND MIDCAPS III (project 20180822)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter UniCredit Leasing Corporation IFN SA; proposed EIB finance EUR 120 million; status signed 16 September 2019; signature dates on the page EUR 50 million on 16/09/2019 and EUR 20 million and EUR 50 million on 15/09/2022; framework loan for investments by SMEs and mid-caps in Romania, mainly in the agriculture, industry and services sectors, via leasing.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20180822
• ROMANIA RURAL DEVELOPMENT EU COFINANCING 2014-20 (project 20150714)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter Romania – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; proposed EIB finance EUR 450 million; total cost EUR 5,403 million; status signed 17 September 2018; framework loan financing the national contribution to selected measures of the Rural Development Programme 2014–2020.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20150714
• UCL ROMANIA LOAN FOR SMES AND MID-CAPS (project 20130026)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter UniCredit Leasing Corporation IFN SA; proposed EIB finance EUR 50 million; status signed 12 June 2014; loan for SMEs (at least 70%) and mid-caps (at most 30%) in agriculture, industry and services.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20130026
• ROMANIAN RURAL DEVELOPMENT EU CO-FINANCING (project 20130389)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter Romania; proposed EIB finance EUR 300 million; total cost EUR 4,320 million; status signed 24 December 2013; signature dates on the page EUR 110 million on 24/12/2013 and EUR 190 million on 16/05/2014; supports selected elements of eight Rural Development Programme measures (afforestation, forest management, renewable energy, energy efficiency and small-scale rural and agricultural infrastructure).
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20130389
• Romania: Farmers to get financing support with €25 million EIB loan to Agricover Credit (press release, 15 December 2025)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · EUR 25 million loan under the InvestEU mandate to Agricover Credit IFN SA for micro agricultural businesses seeking to improve productivity and environmental sustainability, with SIFTA advisory support. Agricover Credit reported a 7.8% market share in agriculture financing and a total exposure of EUR 756 million (first half of 2025).
  https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-535-romanian-farmers-to-get-financing-support-with-eur25-million-eib-loan-to-agricover-credit
• Agricover Credit InvestEU MBIL (project 20250273)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Multiple-beneficiary intermediated loan for micro-enterprises (fewer than 10 employees) in agriculture and bio-economy. Proposed EIB finance EUR 50 million, signed amount EUR 25 000 000. Released 7 October 2025, approved 20 October 2025, signed 12 December 2025.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20250273
• EIB Group and Deutsche Leasing Romania join forces to support Romanian businesses and farmers (press release, 9 February 2024)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · EUR 335 million synthetic securitisation (EIF protection on a EUR 54 million mezzanine tranche and a EUR 276 million senior tranche, counter-guaranteed in part by the EIB) referencing a EUR 355 million lease and loan portfolio. Deutsche Leasing Romania commits EUR 439 million of new lending over three years, nearly 30% for climate action and environmental sustainability, expected to benefit farmers in cohesion regions (harvesters, tractors, irrigation modernisation, no-tillage equipment, energy efficiency).
  https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2024-061-eib-group-and-deutsche-leasing-romania-join-forces-to-support-romanian-businesses-and-farmers
• Romania registers first corporate green bond sale as utility Electrica completes €500 million transaction with EIB participation (news, 18 July 2025)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Electrica issued a EUR 500 million five-year green bond at 4.566% (Fitch BBB), described by the EIB as the first corporate green bond in Romania, with the EIB among the buyers. Proceeds for renewable generation and storage under Electrica's Green Financing Framework.
  https://www.eib.org/en/press/news/romania-registers-first-corporate-green-bond-sale-as-utility-electrica-completes-eur500-million-transaction-with-eib-participation
• Projects to be financed and financed projects – Romania (project list, JSON service of eib.org)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through https://www.eib.org/page-provider/projects/list?pageNumber=0&itemPerPage=1000&pageable=true&sortColumn=id&language=EN&defaultLanguage=EN&countries=RO&orCountries=true (256 Romania projects). Status, date, proposed and signed amounts for each project; agriculture-related entries are listed in the institutions strand notes. Each cited project page was opened separately.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/index.htm?q=&countries=RO
• Romania Rural Development EU Cofinancing 2014-20 (project 20150714), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Status Signed 17/09/2018. Signature amount €450,000,000 (sector agriculture, fisheries, forestry). Promoter Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Total cost about €5,403 million. Framework loan providing finance for the national contribution to selected measures of the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 (RDP co-financing).
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20150714
• Romanian Rural Development EU Co-financing (project 20130389), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Status Signed. Signatures €110,000,000 on 24/12/2013 and €190,000,000 on 16/05/2014, €300,000,000 in all. Total cost about €4,320 million. Supports selected elements of 8 RDP measures from Axes 1, 2 and 3 (afforestation, forest management, renewable energy, energy efficiency, small-scale rural and agricultural infrastructure).
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20130389
• Agricover Loan for SMEs (project 20160081), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter Agricover Credit IFN SA. Signatures €15,000,000 on 29/07/2016 and €5,000,000 on 21/12/2017, €20,000,000 in all. Loan to facilitate access to finance for SMEs active in the agricultural sector, funding working capital and farm development. Related press release describes it as the first EIB transaction under EFSI in Romania.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20160081
• Agricover Loan for SMEs II (project 20190478), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter Agricover Credit IFN SA. Signatures €7,500,000 on 11/05/2020 and €7,500,000 on 9/07/2021, €15,000,000 in all, to improve access to finance for SMEs operating in the agricultural sector (EFSI).
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20190478
• Agricover Loan for SMEs III (project 20250273), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Release date 7 October 2025. Proposed EIB finance €50 million. Signed 12/12/2025, signature amount €25,000,000. Multiple beneficiary intermediated loan to Agricover Credit IFN SA for micro-enterprises (fewer than 10 employees) in the agriculture and bio-economy sector, under the InvestEU microfinance objective. Parent project Pan-European Agricultural Programme.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20250273
• CEC Bank Loan for Micro-Enterprises (project 20260442), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Release date 7 September 2026. Status Under appraisal (20/07/2026). Proposed EIB finance €50 million, no signature. MBIL to CEC Bank SA for small-scale investments (up to €50k) by micro-enterprises. Agriculture, trade, services and manufacturing are expected to be the main beneficiary sectors.
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20260442
• Romania Forest Regeneration-SLB (NCFF) (project 20200838), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Promoter SLB SAS. Signed 18/10/2022, €9,500,000 (proposed €10 million, total cost €13 million). Investments in about 2,200 ha of forests in Romania, converted to FSC certification and continuous cover forestry (Natural Capital Financing Facility).
  https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20200838

European Union, Publications Office

• Regulation (EU) 2023/857 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/842 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 (OJ L 111, 26.4.2023)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · English XHTML read from the Publications Office (Cellar) on 20 October 2026, because eur-lex.europa.eu returned an automated-access challenge. Annex I, Member State greenhouse gas emission reductions in 2030 relative to their 2005 levels: Romania −2% under the original Regulation (EU) 2018/842 and −12.7% as amended.
  http://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R0857
• Regulation (EU) 2023/839 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/841 (LULUCF) (OJ L 107, 21.4.2023)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · English XHTML read from the Publications Office (Cellar). Annex IIa, Romania, kt CO2e: average 2016–2018 −23,285, additional removals −2,380, target for 2030 −25,665.
  http://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R0839
• Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2675 of 10 October 2024 providing for emergency financial support for the agricultural sectors affected by adverse climatic events in Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Italy and Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Recital 5: during July 2024 parts of Romania were affected by heatwaves with violent storms and heavy hail, followed by unusually warm temperatures and drought, which severely affected oilseeds and cereals. Article 1: total Union aid EUR 119.7 million, of which up to EUR 21.6 million for Romania, eligible if paid by 30 April 2025, any additional national support to be paid by 31 July 2025. These are allocations, not payments.
  http://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R2675
• Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2061 of 10 October 2025 providing for emergency financial support for the agricultural sectors affected by adverse climatic events in Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland and Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Recital 6: in April and May 2025 successive late spring frosts in Romania caused major crop failure in fruit (apricots and cherry plums, cherries and sour cherries, peaches and nectarines). Article 1: total EUR 49.8 million, of which up to EUR 11.5 million for Romania, payments by 30 April 2026. Allocation, not payment.
  http://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32025R2061
• Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1698 of 10 July 2026 providing for emergency financial support for the agricultural sectors affected by adverse climatic events and natural disasters in Croatia, Cyprus, Portugal, Romania and Sloveniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Recital 4: in summer 2025 Romania suffered extreme drought from June well into August with repeated heatwaves during full crop development, causing significant damage to maize and sunflower. Article 1: total EUR 56.6 million, of which up to EUR 14.8 million for Romania. Allocation, not payment.
  http://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32026R1698

Eurostat

• Gross value added and income by main industry (NACE Rev.2) – annual data (nama_10_a10), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 20 October 2026, ESA 2010, chain-linked volumes with reference year 2020). Query nama_10_a10?geo=RO&nace_r2=A&nace_r2=TOTAL&na_item=B1G&unit=CP_MNAC&unit=CP_MEUR&unit=CLV_PCH_PRE&unit=PC_TOT. Agriculture, forestry and fishing (A), gross value added at current prices RON million 2010 27,980.3, 2020 42,381.3, 2023 52,811.5, 2024 45,704.7, 2025 52,779.7 (p). Share of total gross value added (PC_TOT) 2010 5.8%, 2020 4.4%, 2023 3.6%, 2024 2.9%, 2025 3.0% (p), EU-27 1.8% in 2025. Real growth (CLV_PCH_PRE) 2023 −1.6%, 2024 −23.8%, 2025 6.9% (p). 2025 values flagged provisional.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_a10/default/table?lang=en
• GDP and main components (output, expenditure and income) (nama_10_gdp), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 20 October 2026). Gross domestic product at market prices (B1GQ): RON million 2023 1,587,956.5, 2024 1,767,517.1, 2025 1,929,930.0 (p); EUR million 2023 321,013.3, 2024 355,308.4, 2025 382,740.4 (p); chain-linked volume growth 2010–2025, 2023 2.5%, 2024 1.1%, 2025 0.8% (p). Agriculture's share of GDP in the profile is an own calculation (section A gross value added ÷ GDP, both at current prices).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_gdp/default/table?lang=en
• Employment by A*10 industry breakdowns (nama_10_a10_e), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 20 October 2026). Total employment, domestic concept (EMP_DC), national accounts. Agriculture, forestry and fishing, thousand persons 2010 2,819.2, 2020 1,827.3, 2021 1,828.3, 2023 1,816.3, 2024 1,783.6, 2025 1,476.4 (p). Percentage of total employment (persons) 2010 32.3%, 2020 21.6%, 2023 21.4%, 2024 20.6%, 2025 17.7% (p). EU-27 4.5% (2020), 3.8% (2025).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_a10_e/default/table?lang=en
• Employment by sex, age and detailed economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2) – 1 000 (lfsa_egan2), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 10 September 2026). Age 15–74, section A, thousand: 2010 2,702.0, 2015 2,183.8, 2020 1,747.3, 2021 902.9 (flag b, break in series), 2023 910.3, 2024 879.1, 2025 772.4. Women in section A 2025 240.5, men 532.0. All activities 15–74: 2020 8,521.1, 2021 7,746.2 (b), 2025 7,689.2. Agriculture's share of LFS employment is an own calculation.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsa_egan2/default/table?lang=en
• HICP – annual data (average index and rate of change) (prc_hicp_aind), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 6 February 2026). All-items HICP, annual average rate of change: 2022 12.0%, 2023 9.7%, 2024 5.8%, 2025 6.8%.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_hicp_aind/default/table?lang=en
• Population change – demographic balance and crude rates at national level (demo_gind), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 30 September 2026). Population on 1 January 2023 19,055,228 (e), 2024 19,067,576 (e), 2025 19,043,151 (e), 2026 19,041,322 (e). Flag e = estimated.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en
• Euro/ECU exchange rates – annual data (ert_bil_eur_a), Romanian leuverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 8 July 2026). RON per euro, annual average: 2023 4.9467, 2024 4.9746, 2025 5.0424.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ert_bil_eur_a/default/table?lang=en
• Economic accounts for agriculture – values at current prices (aact_eaa01), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 13 May 2026, 2025 values flagged e = estimated). Production value at basic prices, RON million (MIO_NAC). 2025: output of the agricultural 'industry' 117,768.14, crop output 71,251.09, animal output 30,189.73, agricultural services output 3,181.3, non-agricultural secondary activities 13,146.03, intermediate consumption 63,545.59, gross value added at basic prices 54,222.55, consumption of fixed capital 27,217.77, net value added 27,004.78, compensation of employees 9,015.27, other subsidies on production 12,698.97, entrepreneurial income 28,264.57. 2024: output 100,546.29, crop 55,317.88, animal 29,804.67, GVA 44,492.77, other subsidies 15,071.96, entrepreneurial income 21,449.76. Values from 2015 used as published. Shares of output are own calculations.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/aact_eaa01/default/table?lang=en
• Economic accounts for agriculture – values at real prices (aact_eaa04), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 13 May 2026). Production value at basic prices, chain-linked volumes (2020), RON million: crop output 2023 49,844.24, 2024 37,969.84, 2025 45,334.93 (e); animal output 2023 21,711.46, 2024 20,457.73, 2025 19,208.81 (e); output of the agricultural industry 2024 69,014.33, 2025 74,932.33 (e); cereals 2023 17,740.32, 2024 11,089.43, 2025 14,132.0 (e). Volume changes on the previous year are own calculations from the previous-year-prices series (CLV_PY_MNAC) divided by the previous year's current-price value, e.g. output 2024 91,751.87 ÷ 109,891.93 = −16.5%, crop output 2024 50,479.43 ÷ 66,266.42 = −23.8%, cereals 2024 14,742.97 ÷ 23,585.22 = −37.5%.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/aact_eaa04/default/table?lang=en
• Economic accounts for agriculture – agricultural income indicators (aact_eaa06), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 25 June 2026). Indicator A – index of the real income of factors in agriculture per annual work unit, index 2020 = 100: 2010 69.54, 2015 77.93, 2021 116.85, 2022 91.4, 2023 72.1, 2024 59.97, 2025 77.05 (e); index previous year = 100: 2021 116.85, 2022 78.22, 2023 78.89, 2024 83.17, 2025 128.49 (e). Real factor income per AWU, chain-linked volumes (2020), EUR per AWU 2025 5,405.07 (e).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/aact_eaa06/default/table?lang=en
• Agricultural labour input statistics – absolute figures (1 000 annual work units) (aact_ali01), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 13 May 2026). Total agricultural labour input, thousand AWU: 2010 1,639, 2015 1,357, 2019 1,402, 2020 1,090, 2021 1,055, 2022 1,035, 2023 1,111, 2024 1,091, 2025 963 (e); non-salaried 2025 774 (e), salaried 2025 189 (e).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/aact_ali01/default/table?lang=en
• Distribution of population by degree of urbanisation, dwelling type and income group (ilc_lvho01), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 6 July 2026). EU-SILC, all income groups (rskpovth TOTAL), all dwelling types, percentage of population living in rural areas (DEG3): Romania 2015 44.1%, 2020 42.8%, 2021 41.8%, 2023 41.6%, 2024 40.0%, 2025 41.9%; EU-27 2025 24.5%. Cities (DEG1) Romania 2025 31.9%, towns and suburbs 26.1%.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_lvho01/default/table?lang=en
• Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by degree of urbanisation (ilc_peps13n), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 6 October 2026). Percentage of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (EU 2030 target definition). Romania, rural areas 2015 57.8%, 2020 50.4%, 2025 39.8%; towns and suburbs 2025 24.3%; cities 2025 13.7%. EU-27 rural areas 2025 21.4%.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_peps13n/default/table?lang=en
• Physical size of farms by utilised agricultural area and legal form (ef_fsi_physz), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 17 June 2026). Romania, all legal forms: holdings 2005 4,256,150, 2010 3,859,040, 2013 3,629,660, 2016 3,422,030, 2020 2,887,070, 2023 2,859,360; UAA (ha) 2010 13,306,130, 2020 12,762,830, 2023 12,550,330; standard output (EUR) 2020 12,093,620,810, 2023 14,755,321,380; AWU 2020 1,178,660, 2023 1,168,900; LSU 2023 4,213,210. By size class 2023 (holdings / ha): zero ha 39,000 / 0; over 0 to less than 2 ha 2,020,710 / 1,285,960; 2–4.9 ha 519,020 / 1,590,090; 5–9.9 ha 160,950 / 1,085,340; 10–19.9 ha 55,850 / 759,750; 20–29.9 ha 18,560 / 453,110; 30–49.9 ha 18,060 / 712,410; 50–99.9 ha 11,580 / 816,150; 100–249.9 ha 9,200 / 1,426,050; 250 ha or over 6,450 / 4,421,470. Legal person 2023 25,140 holdings, 4,788,660 ha, SO EUR 4,868,932,610; natural person 2,834,230 holdings, 7,761,670 ha. Common land units 2020 2,490 units, 577,830 ha (no 2023 row). EU-27 holdings 2020 9,070,950, 2023 8,771,360, UAA 2023 156,206,590 ha. Percentages are own calculations.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_fsi_physz/default/table?lang=en
• Farms by utilised agricultural area (ef_fsi_farms), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 17 June 2026). Holdings over 0 ha to less than 2 ha, percentage of all holdings: 2005 63.9%, 2010 70.8%, 2013 71.4%, 2016 70.2%, 2020 70.8%, 2023 70.7%; 2 to 4.9 ha 2023 18.2%; zero ha 2023 1.4%.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_fsi_farms/default/table?lang=en
• Farm indicators by legal status of the holding, utilised agricultural area, type and economic size of the farm and NUTS 2 region (ef_m_farmleg), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 17 June 2026). All holdings (statinfo TOTAL) by standard output class, 2023 holdings / ha / EUR: zero euros or over to less than 2 000 euros 1,854,780 / 1,339,280 / 1,521,654,290; from 2 000 to 7 999 euros 772,670 / 2,195,180 / 2,933,902,900; from 8 000 to 24 999 euros 164,180 / 1,447,680 / 2,161,006,610; from 25 000 to 99 999 euros 52,870 / 2,090,320 / 2,398,631,530; 100 000 euros or over 14,870 / 5,477,860 / 5,740,126,050. Holdings above the threshold (ABVTH) 2010 1,327,980, 2013 1,264,040, 2020 984,730, 2023 968,320 (11,066,250 ha, SO EUR 12,822,282,330); below the threshold (BLWTH) 2023 1,891,050. 2020 classes 2,092,470 / 611,720 / 128,780 / 42,180 / 11,930 holdings.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_m_farmleg/default/table?lang=en
• Farm indicators by age and sex of the manager, economic size of the farm, utilised agricultural area and NUTS 2 region (ef_m_farmang), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 17 June 2026). Holdings by age of manager, 2023: less than 25 years 10,560; 25–34 99,170; 35–39 112,260; 40–44 167,880; 45–54 597,010; 55–64 680,660; 65 years or over 1,191,830; women managers 1,037,040; total 2,859,360. 2020: 24,030; 142,540; 125,920; 229,540; 648,140; 572,300; 1,144,600; women 1,075,770. 2013: 65 or over 1,487,710, women 1,190,790. 2010: 33,290; 247,150; 35–44 609,610; 636,370; 868,910; 1,463,720; women 1,248,580. Percentages are own calculations.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_m_farmang/default/table?lang=en
• Tenure of utilised agricultural area (ef_fsi_tenure), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 6 August 2026). Share of UAA by tenure, 2023: owner 47.2%, tenant 38.1%, common land 2.3%, shared or other tenure modes 12.4% (2020: 44.6%, 37.5%, 4.4%, 13.6%; 2010: owner 60.4%, tenant 27.4%; 2013 tenant 27.4%).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_fsi_tenure/default/table?lang=en
• Key variables: area, livestock (LSU), labour force and standard output (SO) by economic size of farm (SO in Euro), legal status of holding and NUTS 2 region (ef_kvecsleg), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 10 January 2024). Indicator 'hold: More than 50% of production self-consumed' (A_3_3_1_EQ_Y_HOLD), all legal statuses: 2010 3,589,530 of 3,859,040 holdings, 2013 3,178,490 of 3,629,660 holdings. Shares (93.0% and 87.6%) are own calculations. The variable is not published for 2016, 2020 or 2023.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_kvecsleg/default/table?lang=en
• Farm structure (ef) – Reference Metadata in Single Integrated Metadata Structure (SIMS)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Item 3.1 describes the data collections "For 2020 (the agricultural census), 2023 and 2026" as organised in line with Regulation (EU) 2018/1091, and item 3.7 notes that the agricultural censuses are carried out every 10 years. For 2020 the data cover the agricultural holdings and common land agricultural units that meet at least one of the physical thresholds set in Annex II of Regulation (EU) 2018/1091, and where those thresholds covered at least 98% of national UAA and livestock units, countries extended the frame by establishing lower and/or additional thresholds.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/ef_sims.htm
• Statistics Explained – Glossary: Agricultural holdingverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · "An agricultural holding, or holding or farm is a single unit, both technically and economically, operating under a single management and which undertakes economic activities in agriculture within the economic territory of the European Union, either as its primary or secondary activity."
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Agricultural_holding
• Statistics Explained – Glossary: Utilised agricultural area (UAA)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · "Utilised agricultural area, abbreviated as UAA, is the total area taken up by arable land, permanent grassland, permanent crops and kitchen gardens used by the holding, regardless of the type of tenure or of whether it is used as a part of common land." Page last edited 15 November 2024.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Utilised_agricultural_area_(UAA)
• Statistics Explained – Glossary: Standard output (SO)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · "The standard output of an agricultural product (crop or livestock), abbreviated as SO, is the average monetary value of the agricultural output at farm-gate price, in euro per hectare or per head of livestock." The sum of the SO of a farm measures its economic size, in euro.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Standard_output_(SO)
• Statistics Explained – Glossary: Annual work unit (AWU)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · "Annual work unit (AWU) is the full-time equivalent employment, i.e. the total hours worked divided by the average annual hours worked in full-time jobs in the country."
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Annual_work_unit_(AWU)
• Crop production in EU standard humidity (apro_cpsh1) – main area, Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 28 September 2026). Main area (MAR), thousand ha: utilised agricultural area 2010 14,156.48, 2020 13,048.8, 2024 12,689.46; arable land 2010 9,146.46, 2024 8,380.66; permanent grassland 2010 4,546.68, 2024 3,907.82; permanent crops 2010 344.55, 2024 308.49; kitchen gardens 2024 92.5; fallow land 2024 199.13. No 2025 values for these aggregates.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_cpsh1/default/table?lang=en
• Agricultural land prices by region (apri_lprc), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 10 July 2026). Price of one hectare, national level. Arable land, RON per ha: 2011 5,789, 2015 9,063, 2017 9,526, 2018 22,871 (b = break in series), 2020 34,659, 2022 39,704, 2023 41,624, 2024 43,280; EUR per ha 2024 8,700. Permanent grassland RON per ha 2018 15,933 (b), 2024 31,124; EUR per ha 2024 6,257.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apri_lprc/default/table?lang=en
• Agricultural land renting prices for one year by region (apri_lrnt), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (updated 7 July 2026). Rent for one hectare for one year, national level. Arable land RON per ha 2018 434, 2020 462, 2022 660, 2023 698, 2024 706 (EUR 142 in 2024); permanent grassland RON per ha 2018 306, 2024 536 (EUR 108 in 2024).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apri_lrnt/default/table?lang=en
• Crop production in EU standard humidity (apro_cpsh1), Romania, 2010–2026verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/apro_cpsh1?geo=RO&sinceTimePeriod=2010&format=JSON&lang=en, data updated 28 September 2026). Harvested production at EU standard humidity (14% for cereals, 9% for rapeseed and sunflower seed), thousand tonnes, area in thousand ha and yield in t/ha. Wheat and spelt (C1100) production 2010–2025: 5,811.81, 7,131.59, 5,297.75, 7,296.37, 7,584.81, 7,962.42, 8,431.13, 10,034.96, 10,143.67, 10,297.11, 6,392.37, 10,433.75, 8,684.24, 9,624.07, 9,290.88, 13,011.07, first estimate 2026 13,118.29, area 2025 2,308.22, yield 2025 5.64. Grain maize (C1500): 9,042.03, 11,717.59, 5,953.35, 11,305.10, 11,988.55, 9,021.40, 10,746.39, 14,326.10, 18,663.94, 17,432.22, 10,096.69, 14,820.69, 8,037.13, 8,744.00, 5,971.85, 7,753.67 (no 2026 value), area 2025 1,969.17, yield 2024 2.83, 2025 3.94. Barley (C1300) 2025 3,440.93 on 629.23 thousand ha, 2026 3,917.28. Sunflower seed (I1120) 2025 1,807.93 on 1,205.13 thousand ha, peak 3,569.15 in 2019. Rapeseed (I1110) 2025 2,492.64 on 788.09 thousand ha, 2026 2,726.63. Soya (I1130) 2025 174.24. Potatoes (R1000) 2025 1,157.89, area 2019 174.12 and 2020 101.03. Fresh vegetables (V0000) 2021 2,323.37, 2022 1,433.27, 2025 1,186.28. Plums (F1250) 2025 565.94, apples (F1110) 447.39, grapes for wine (W1100) 767.15, table grapes (W1200) 41.39, walnuts (F4100) 50.88, tomatoes (V3100) 240.91, cabbages (V1300) 289.19, watermelons (V3520) 146.06. The dataset carries no observation flags for these Romanian values.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_cpsh1/default/table?lang=en
• Crop production in EU standard humidity (apro_cpsh1), EU-27 member states, 2024–2025verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 for all member states and the EU27_2020 aggregate, harvested production (HPRD_HUMD_EU_THS_T) and area (AR_THS_HA), 2024 and 2025. Own ranking of the 27 member states, 2025 production (thousand t), Romania against the EU-27 total: wheat and spelt 13,011.07 of 144,590.59 (9.0%, 4th after France, Germany and Poland), grain maize 7,753.67 of 60,092.95 (12.9%, 3rd after France and Poland), barley 3,440.93 of 56,227.44 (6.1%, 5th), sunflower seed 1,807.93 of 8,508.11 (21.2%, 1st, ahead of Hungary 1,721.41 and Bulgaria 1,600.78), rapeseed 2,492.64 of 20,026.38 (12.4%, 4th), soya 174.24 of 2,794.79 (6.2%, 5th), potatoes 1,157.89 of 56,983.12 (2.0%, 9th), sugar beet 668.51 of 117,111.74 (0.6%, 15th), plums 565.94 of 1,335.42 (42.4%, 1st), walnuts 50.88 of 202.91 (25.1%, 1st among reporting member states, Germany not reported, Greece 49.17), grapes for wine 767.15 of 20,094.84 (3.8%, 6th). Area 2025: grain maize 1,969.17 of 8,458.58 thousand ha (23.3%, 1st), sunflower 1,205.13 of 4,663.64 (25.8%, 1st).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_cpsh1/default/table?lang=en
• Footnotes on crop production statistics (annex to the apro_cp metadata)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Spreadsheet opened on 20 October 2026. The footnotes for Romania concern lucerne (G2100) and green maize (G3000) from 2025, which 'have been reported at 0% humidity'. There is no footnote for Romanian potatoes or fresh vegetables.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/Annexes/apro_cp_esms_an_Footnotes_on_crop_production_i.xlsx
• Bovine population (apro_mt_lscatl), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 1 October 2026). Thousand head, November–December survey. Live bovine animals (A2000): 2010 2,001.1, 2015 2,092.4, 2020 1,875.2, 2024 1,809.4, 2025 1,813.0. Dairy cows (A2300F): 2010 1,178.6, 2015 1,190.7, 2020 1,121.9, 2024 1,052.0, 2025 1,053.8. EU-27 total December 2025 71,583.23 (Romania 2.5%, 10th, own calculation).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mt_lscatl/default/table?lang=en
• Pig population (apro_mt_lspig), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 7 October 2026). Thousand head, November–December survey. Live swine (A3100): 2010 5,428.3, 2015 4,926.9, 2018 3,925.3, 2020 3,784.5, 2023 3,154.1, 2024 3,257.5, 2025 3,319.2. Breeding sows (A3120) December 2025 324.7.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mt_lspig/default/table?lang=en
• Sheep population (apro_mt_lssheep), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 31 July 2026). Live sheep (A4100), November–December, thousand head: Romania 2010 8,417.4, 2015 9,809.5, 2020 10,281.5, 2024 10,443.4, 2025 10,761.0. December 2025: Spain 12,810.32, Romania 10,761.0, France 6,695.6, Greece 6,439.15, EU-27 total 55,290.0 (Romania 19.5%, own calculation). Ten member states with few sheep (BE, CZ, DK, EE, LV, LU, PL, SK, FI, SE) show no 2025 value.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mt_lssheep/default/table?lang=en
• Goat population (apro_mt_lsgoat), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 31 July 2026). Live goats (A4200), November–December, thousand head: 2010 1,240.8, 2015 1,440.2, 2020 1,611.8, 2024 1,426.1, 2025 1,466.5. EU-27 total December 2025 10,230.0, Romania 3rd after Greece and Spain (own calculation).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mt_lsgoat/default/table?lang=en
• Slaughtering in slaughterhouses – annual data (apro_mt_pann), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 6 October 2026). Slaughterings (SLAUGHT), carcass weight, thousand tonnes. Poultry meat (B7000): 2010 287.47, 2015 374.79, 2020 462.32, 2024 545.83, 2025 586.80. Pigmeat (B3100): 234.20, 330.47, 331.37, 288.26, 307.84. Bovine meat (B1000): 28.32, 44.47, 32.19, 35.35, 43.40. Sheepmeat (B4100): 4.42, 9.21, 6.89, 8.23, 16.68. Values for 2018–2024 carry flag p (provisional).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mt_pann/default/table?lang=en
• Estimates of slaughtering, other than in slaughterhouses – annual data (apro_mt_sloth), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 3 September 2026). Slaughterings other than in slaughterhouses, thousand tonnes, 2025: bovine meat (B1000) 37.85, pigmeat (B3100) 57.74, sheepmeat (B4100) 55.56. 2024: 45.65, 59.65, 65.58.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mt_sloth/default/table?lang=en
• Production and utilization of milk on the farm – annual data (apro_mk_farm), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 7 July 2026, latest year 2024). Thousand tonnes, products obtained. Raw milk, total available on farms (D1100A): 2010 5,173.0, 2015 4,676.6, 2020 4,362.5, 2023 4,318.4, 2024 4,406.1. Raw cows' milk (D1110A): 2010 4,500.0, 2024 3,724.1. Ewes' milk (D1120A) 2024 434.4, goats' milk (D1130A) 232.5. Raw milk delivered to dairies (D1100D, utilisation of whole milk) 2024 1,274.3, so 28.9% of the milk available on farms (own calculation).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mk_farm/default/table?lang=en
• Production of main cows' milk products – annual data (apro_mk_cola), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 5 October 2026). Raw cows' milk delivered to dairies (D1110D), thousand tonnes: 2010 900.89, 2015 915.95, 2020 1,134.90, 2023 1,204.55, 2024 1,260.10, 2025 1,207.10 (2016 and 2018–2024 flagged p). Cheese from cows' milk 2025 106.53 (p), drinking milk 386.53 (p).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mk_cola/default/table?lang=en
• Production of eggs for consumption (apro_ec_eggcon), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 3 September 2026). Hens' eggs (D8210), million: 2014 5,548.3, 2015 5,584.2, 2020 4,957.6, 2024 5,184.1, 2025 5,085.8. The table shows identical values for 2022 and 2023 (5,531.378).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_ec_eggcon/default/table?lang=en
• Cereal balance items for the main cereals (apro_cbs_cer), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 7 January 2026, latest year 2024). Thousand tonnes, 2024 (2023 in brackets). Common wheat: usable production 9,259 (9,602), imports 1,265, exports 7,171, of which extra-EU 5,770, domestic uses 3,539 (2,586). Grain maize: 5,972 (8,744), imports 546, exports 3,121, domestic uses 4,326 (5,032), of which animal feed 3,490. Barley: 2,203 (1,998), imports 381, exports 1,848, domestic uses 748 (804).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_cbs_cer/default/table?lang=en
• Oilseed balance items for the main oilseeds (apro_cbs_oil), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 7 January 2026, latest year 2024). Thousand tonnes, 2024 (2023 in brackets). Sunflower seed: usable production 1,508 (2,016), imports 350, exports 1,231, domestic uses 893 (1,255), of which crushing 884. Rapeseed: 1,181 (1,790), imports 77, exports 1,139, domestic uses 222 (408). Soya: 299 (303), imports 135, exports 223, domestic uses 265 (306).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_cbs_oil/default/table?lang=en
• Crop balances – reference metadata (apro_cbs_esms)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Opened on 20 October 2026. States that 'the reference period for both cereals and oilseeds Crop Balances is a calendar year: 1st January – 31st December', that domestic use 'includes all possible uses of cereals or oilseeds (excluding exports and closing stock)', and that Romania provides the data under the 2017 ESS agreement on crop balance data.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/apro_cbs_esms.htm
• Price indices of agricultural products, output – annual data (apri_pi_outa), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 10 September 2026). Nominal index 2020 = 100, 2021–2025: agricultural goods (AM140000) 112.86, 155.02, 144.16, 140.68, 149.81, change on previous year +12.86%, +37.36%, −7.01%, −2.41%, +6.49%. Cereals (AM010000) 122.17, 180.85, 145.88, 119.91, 128.96, change on previous year +22.17%, +48.04%, −19.34%, −17.80%, +7.55%. Sunflower (AM021200) 130.61, 190.88, 131.56, 131.04, 157.82. Fruit (AM060000) 104.56, 115.32, 122.78, 129.57, 181.13. Animal goods (AM130000) 102.62, 130.01, 156.31, 158.18, 160.09, change on previous year +2.62%, +26.69%, +20.22%, +1.20%, +1.21%. Milk (AM121000) 105.38, 133.79, 160.90, 160.33, 167.25.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apri_pi_outa/default/table?lang=en
• Price indices of the means of agricultural production, input – annual data (apri_pi_ina), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 10 September 2026). Nominal index 2020 = 100, 2021–2025: goods and services currently consumed (AM200000) 113.74, 147.13, 145.85, 139.92, 141.66. Fertilisers and soil improvers (AM203000) 126.78, 214.14, 216.31, 165.31, 187.94, change on previous year +26.78%, +68.91%, +1.01%, −23.58%, +13.69%. Energy and lubricants (AM202000) 119.45, 164.85, 172.60, 159.72, 166.16. Animal feedingstuffs (AM206000) 127.64, 176.92, 140.28, 112.89, 125.88. Seeds (AM201000) 96.47, 106.37, 126.04, 154.86, 131.89.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apri_pi_ina/default/table?lang=en
• Selling prices of crop products (absolute prices) – annual price (apri_ap_crpouta), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 15 May 2025, latest year 2024). RON per 100 kg, 2015–2024. Soft wheat (01110000): 74, 63, 65, 68, 73, 79, 96, 149, 110, 90 (EUR 18.09 in 2024). Maize (01500000): 76, 74, 68, 71, 72, 81, 101, 138, 114, 86. Barley (01300000): 86, 80, 77, 82, 88, 89, 100, 136, 114, 85. Rapeseed (02110000): 164, 157, 158, 144, 153, 162, 214, 298, 212, 207. Sunflower (02120000): 150, 151, 137, 132, 129, 150, 199, 288, 198, 198. Soya (02130000): 133, 139, 134, 135, 130, 148, 203, 247, 201, 198.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apri_ap_crpouta/default/table?lang=en
• Selling prices of animal products (absolute prices) – annual price (apri_ap_anouta), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (data updated 15 May 2025, latest year 2024). RON, 2020–2024. Raw cows' milk 3.7% fat per 100 kg (12111000): 147, 157, 200, 237, 236. Raw sheep milk per 100 kg: 282, 320, 429, 529, 523. Pig carcasses grade I per 100 kg: 1,011, 944, 1,185, 1,465, 1,386. Chickens live per 100 kg live weight: 409, 428, 562, 644, 587. Fattening lambs per 100 kg live weight: 1,032, 1,295, 1,562, 1,679, 2,003. Fresh eggs per 100 items: 36, 37, 54, 72, 66.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apri_ap_anouta/default/table?lang=en
• EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8 (DS-045409), extra-EU exports of cereals and oilseeds by member state, 2021–2025verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Comext API on 20 October 2026 (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/comext/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/DS-045409?freq=A&partner=EXT_EU27_2020&product=1001&product=1005&product=1003&product=1206&product=1205&flow=2&indicators=QUANTITY_IN_100KG&indicators=VALUE_IN_EUROS&time=2021…2025, data updated 16 October 2026). Exports to partners outside the EU-27, thousand tonnes (own conversion from 100 kg). Wheat and meslin (1001), Romania 2021–2025: 5,904.1, 4,835.9, 7,078.0, 5,915.5, 7,036.5, EU-27: 29,043.7, 31,431.6, 32,861.7, 30,969.6, 27,306.2. 2025 France 6,111, Bulgaria 4,001, Germany 2,680. Maize (1005), Romania: 3,716.0, 2,394.5, 3,353.4, 1,788.9, 1,173.8, EU-27: 5,386.7, 3,862.8, 5,425.5, 3,434.2, 2,575.5 (France 2025 585). Barley (1003), Romania: 1,903.0, 1,199.1, 1,168.6, 2,037.7, 2,664.2, EU-27 2025 8,934.4 (France 3,569). Sunflower seed (1206), Romania: 199.6, 119.4, 244.3, 129.7, 703.4, EU-27 2025 1,217.1 (Bulgaria 461). Rapeseed (1205), Romania: 1.7, 103.6, 173.6, 32.4, 280.2, EU-27 2025 643.1 (France 178). The EU27_2020 reporter total equals the sum of member states.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ds-045409/default/table?lang=en
• EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8 (DS-045409), Romania, agri-food trade (HS 01–24) with intra-EU and extra-EU partners, 2015–2025verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Comext API on 20 October 2026 (reporter=RO, partner=INT_EU27_2020 and EXT_EU27_2020, products 01–24, flows 1 and 2, VALUE_IN_EUROS, 2015–2025). Own sums of chapters, EUR million. Exports intra-EU / extra-EU: 2015 3,753.2 / 2,166.6, 2018 4,292.6 / 2,208.5, 2023 6,902.1 / 5,357.7, 2024 6,398.0 / 4,418.3, 2025 7,225.9 / 5,369.4. Imports intra-EU / extra-EU: 2015 4,861.3 / 1,193.8, 2022 10,089.0 / 3,164.4, 2025 12,305.4 / 2,512.8. Intra-EU shares (own calculation): exports 63.4% (2015), 66.0% (2018), 56.3% (2023), 57.4% (2025), imports 80.3% (2015), 76.1% (2022), 83.0% (2025).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ds-045409/default/table?lang=en
• EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8 (DS-045409), Romania, exports of cereals and oilseeds to all partners, 2023–2025verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Comext API on 20 October 2026 (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/comext/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/DS-045409?reporter=RO&partner=WORLD&product=1001&product=1005&product=1003&product=1206&product=1205&flow=2&indicators=QUANTITY_IN_100KG&indicators=VALUE_IN_EUROS&freq=A, dataset updated 16 October 2026). Exports, quantity in 100 kg for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Wheat and meslin (1001): 81,719,208, 74,609,587, 84,883,340. Maize (1005): 53,493,618, 28,816,655, 19,024,587. Barley (1003): 22,627,943, 24,835,635, 28,833,830. Rape or colza seeds (1205): 24,045,645, 11,390,756, 24,385,104. Sunflower seeds (1206): 15,273,074, 12,305,006, 13,500,469. Value in euros, 2025: wheat 1,841,258,614, maize 646,855,422, barley 547,444,013, rapeseed 1,207,029,670, sunflower seeds 824,091,504.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DS-045409/default/table?lang=en
• Crop production in EU standard humidity (apro_cpsh1), Romania, cereals, wheat, barley and grain maizeverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 28 September 2026). Harvested production in EU standard humidity, thousand tonnes. Wheat and spelt: 2020 6,392.37, 2021 10,433.75, 2022 8,684.24, 2023 9,624.07, 2024 9,290.88, 2025 13,011.07, 2026 13,118.29. Barley: 2024 2,203.26, 2025 3,440.93. Grain maize and corn-cob-mix: 2021 14,820.69, 2022 8,037.13, 2023 8,744.00, 2024 5,971.85, 2025 7,753.67. Cereals for the production of grain: 2021 27,791.26, 2022 18,860.68, 2023 20,784.66, 2024 17,864.54 (no 2025 total yet).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_cpsh1/default/table?lang=en
• Enterprises by detailed NACE Rev. 2 activity and special aggregates (sbs_ovw_act), Romania, manufacturing (C), food products (C10) and beverages (C11), 2021–2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026. Values 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 (2021 carries flag b, break in time series, for counts and employment). C10 food products: enterprises 13,129, 13,033, 13,545, 13,414; persons employed 164,650, 164,415, 168,832, 174,704; net turnover EUR million 13,705.46, 16,760.61, 16,460.03, 17,035.94; value added EUR million 2,107.79, 2,574.14, 2,242.32, 3,290.51; share of manufacturing net turnover 12.08, 11.91, 12.38, 12.64%; share of manufacturing employment 14.44, 14.68, 15.23, 16.29%; share of manufacturing value added 7.90, 8.26, 7.44, 10.20%. C11 beverages: enterprises 1,779, 1,721, 1,716, 1,697; persons employed 22,786, 22,483, 21,996, 22,309; net turnover EUR million 3,117.92, 3,650.32, 4,062.88, 4,475.75; value added EUR million 864.16, 854.82, 1,086.52, 1,460.73; share of manufacturing net turnover 2.75, 2.59, 3.06, 3.32%; employment 2.00, 2.01, 1.98, 2.08%; value added 3.24, 2.74, 3.60, 4.53%. C manufacturing: net turnover EUR million 113,451.84, 140,752.59, 132,939.17, 134,777.14; persons employed 1,140,612, 1,119,714, 1,108,269, 1,072,454. Apparent labour productivity 2024, thousand euro per person employed: C10 18.83, C11 65.48, C 30.08.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sbs_ovw_act/default/table?lang=en
• Enterprises by detailed NACE Rev. 2 activity and special aggregates (sbs_ovw_act), Romania, food and beverage manufacturing by NACE group, 2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026, Romania, 2024. Enterprises / persons employed / net turnover EUR million / value added EUR million. C101 meat 1,044 / 51,184 / 5,469.55 / 898.43. C102 fish 41 / 1,369 / 202.78 / 18.78. C103 fruit and vegetables 873 / 6,064 / 789.36 / 203.07. C104 vegetable and animal oils and fats 163 / 3,482 / 1,542.03 / 152.24. C105 dairy 760 / 11,612 / 2,019.94 / 267.04. C106 grain mill products and starches 1,054 / 8,314 / 1,079.07 / 196.33. C107 bakery and farinaceous products 7,770 / 76,384 / 3,396.20 / 1,059.68. C108 other food products 1,270 / 13,891 / 1,389.47 / 392.98. C109 prepared animal feeds 439 / 2,404 / 1,147.54 / 101.95. C1101 spirits 845 / 2,448 / 214.40 / 69.40. C1102 wine from grape 305 / 2,524 / 287.52 / 89.51. C1105 beer 84 / 5,181 / 1,338.53 / 389.00. C1107 soft drinks and bottled waters 436 / 11,967 / 2,550.13 / 899.09.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sbs_ovw_act/default/table?lang=en
• Enterprises by detailed NACE Rev. 2 activity and special aggregates (sbs_ovw_act), EU-27, food products (C10) and beverages (C11), 2023–2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026. EU-27 (from 2020), 2024: C10 enterprises 273,223, persons employed 4,367,211, net turnover EUR 1,352,370.11 million, value added EUR 267,090.31 million, apparent labour productivity EUR 61.16 thousand per person employed. C11 persons employed 448,409, labour productivity 111.51 (estimate). Manufacturing (C) labour productivity 83.76. Own calculations: Romania accounted for 4.0% of persons employed and 1.3% of net turnover in EU-27 food manufacturing (C10) in 2024.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sbs_ovw_act/default/table?lang=en
• Organic crop area by agricultural production methods and crops (org_cropar), Romania, 2012–2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026. Utilised agricultural area excluding kitchen gardens, hectares, 2012–2024. Total fully converted and under conversion: 288,261, 286,896, 289,252, 245,924, 226,309, 258,471, 326,260, 395,228, 468,887, 578,727, 644,520, 693,998, 781,397. Fully converted: 103,093, 138,125, 190,430, 175,571, 149,613, 149,106, 171,594, 211,487, 275,965, 344,550, 422,777, 521,465, 555,032. Under conversion: 185,168, 148,771, 98,822, 70,353, 76,696, 109,365, 154,666, 183,741, 192,922, 234,177, 221,743, 172,534, 226,365. Share of total UAA, total organic: 2020 3.59, 2021 4.42, 2022 5.08, 2023 5.46, 2024 6.16%. 2024 by land use (total organic): arable land 400,352 ha, permanent crops 21,943 ha. Romania reports no further crop breakdown for 2022–2024.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/org_cropar/default/table?lang=en
• Area under organic farming (sdg_02_40), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 6 October 2026). Share of total utilised agricultural area, %. Romania 2018 2.43, 2019 2.86, 2020 3.59, 2021 4.42, 2022 5.08, 2023 5.46, 2024 6.16. EU-27: 2018 8.0, 2019 8.49, 2020 9.1 (estimates, flag e). The dataset shows no EU-27 value after 2020.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_02_40/default/table?lang=en
• Organic operators by status of the registration process (org_coptyp), Romania, 2012–2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026. Registered at the end of the year, number. All operators: 2014 14,479, 2015 12,232, 2016 10,562, 2017 8,434, 2018 9,008, 2019 9,821, 2020 10,210, 2021 12,231, 2022 13,260, 2023 14,061, 2024 15,330. Agricultural producers: 2012 15,280, 2014 14,151, 2017 7,908, 2020 9,647, 2021 11,562, 2022 12,598, 2023 13,413, 2024 14,643. Processors: 2020 201, 2023 278, 2024 275. Importers 2024 56. Exporters 2024 48.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/org_coptyp/default/table?lang=en
• Production and utilization of milk on the farm – annual data (apro_mk_farm), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026. Raw cows' milk from farm, products obtained, thousand tonnes: 2015 3,981.0, 2016 3,934.0, 2017 3,797.7, 2018 3,797.6, 2019 3,663.2, 2020 3,679.6, 2021 3,637.0, 2022 3,621.8, 2023 3,618.8, 2024 3,724.1. Raw milk (all species) total available on farms 2024 4,406.1. Raw milk delivered to dairies (all species, utilisation of whole milk) 2024 1,274.3.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mk_farm/default/table?lang=en
• Production of main cows' milk products – annual data (apro_mk_cola), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026. Raw cows' milk delivered to dairies, thousand tonnes: 2015 915.95, 2016 953.41 p, 2017 1,028.33, 2018 1,109.31 p, 2019 1,122.33 p, 2020 1,134.90 p, 2021 1,125.66 p, 2022 1,133.80 p, 2023 1,204.55 p, 2024 1,260.10 p, 2025 1,207.10 (p = provisional). Products obtained 2024 (provisional): drinking milk 374.90, acidified milk (yoghurts and other) 218.08, cheese from cows' milk 102.28, butter 11.94. 2025: drinking milk 386.53, cheese 106.53. Own calculation: deliveries equalled 33.8% of cows' milk produced on farms in 2024 (1,260.1 of 3,724.1 thousand tonnes, the latter from apro_mk_farm).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/apro_mk_cola/default/table?lang=en
• HICP – annual data, average index and rate of change (prc_hicp_aind, ECOICOP, archived), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026. Annual average rate of change, %, 2015–2025. Romania, food and non-alcoholic beverages (CP01): −3.5, −2.4, 2.6, 4.0, 5.6, 4.8, 2.8, 16.4, 14.6, 2.9, 6.8. Romania, all items (CP00): −0.4, −1.1, 1.1, 4.1, 3.9, 2.3, 4.1, 12.0, 9.7, 5.8, 6.8. EU-27, CP01: 0.3, 0.5, 2.1, 1.9, 2.1, 2.5, 1.6, 11.9, 12.6, 2.3, 3.3. EU-27, all items: 0.1, 0.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1.4, 0.7, 2.9, 9.2, 6.4, 2.6, 2.5. The ECOICOP dataset was archived and frozen with the 2025 data [vc-hicp-note].
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_hicp_aind/default/table?lang=en
• HICP – ECOICOP ver. 2 – indices and rates of change, monthly data (prc_hicp_minr), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 16 October 2026). Annual rate of change (RCH_A), %, January 2025 to September 2026. Romania, food and non-alcoholic beverages (CP01): 4.4, 4.4, 5.1, 5.6, 6.8, 7.8, 8.1, 9.1, 7.8, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, then 2026 7.9, 8.0, 7.7, 7.3, 6.7, 5.5, 4.6, 2.1, 2.6. Romania, all items (TOTAL): 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 4.9, 5.4, 5.8, 6.6, 8.5, 8.6, 8.4, 8.6, 8.6, then 8.5, 8.3, 9.0, 9.5, 9.7, 9.2, 8.2, 6.3, 6.5. EU-27, CP01: 2.3, 2.9, 3.3, 3.3, 3.6, 3.6, 3.9, 3.9, 3.5, 3.0, 2.7, 2.8, then 2.9, 2.7, 2.4, 2.3, 1.6, 1.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.6. Romania, food (CP011), September 2026: 2.2.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_hicp_minr/default/table?lang=en
• Information note – Harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) datasets, 27 January 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. 'With the release of January 2026 data, HICP will adopt the European Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose, version 2 (ECOICOP ver. 2), aligned with the UN COICOP 2018 classification.' The index reference period changes to 2025=100, and 'The ECOICOP classification datasets, used from 1996 to 2025, are now archived and frozen.' prc_hicp_minr replaces the monthly datasets and prc_hicp_ainr replaces prc_hicp_aind.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser-backend/api/public/explanatory-notes/get/Info_note_HICP_COICOP18_20260128.pdf
• Final consumption expenditure of households by consumption purpose (nama_10_co3_p3), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 20 October 2026). Food and non-alcoholic beverages (CP01), percentage of total household final consumption expenditure (unit PC_TOT, published by Eurostat). Romania: 2010 27.2, 2015 26.1, 2019 25.2, 2020 25.0, 2021 24.8 p, 2022 25.0 p. EU-27: 2010 13.0, 2015 13.2, 2019 13.1, 2020 14.8, 2021 14.1, 2022 13.6. Romania, CP01 at current prices, 2022: RON 216,973.7 million (provisional). The dataset shows no Romanian value after 2022.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_co3_p3/default/table?lang=en
• Inability to afford a meal with meat, chicken, fish (or vegetarian equivalent) every second day – EU-SILC survey (ilc_mdes03), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (dataset updated 17 September 2026). Percentage of the population, all household types. Romania, total: 2015 19.7, 2016 21.8, 2017 19.2, 2018 16.3, 2019 14.2, 2020 14.7, 2021 19.2, 2022 22.1, 2023 23.3, 2024 16.3, 2025 18.1. Romania, below 60% of median equivalised income: 2025 35.8. EU-27, total: 2015 8.8 e, 2016 8.8 e, 2017 8.4 e, 2018 7.4 e, 2019 6.8, 2020 8.1, 2021 7.3, 2022 8.3, 2023 9.5, 2024 8.5, 2025 8.5 (e = estimate).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes03/default/table?lang=en
• Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector (env_air_gge), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/env_air_gge?geo=RO&unit=MIO_T&airpol=GHG&format=JSON&lang=en), dataset updated 2 June 2026, million tonnes CO2-equivalent, 1990–2024. Total excluding LULUCF and memo items (TOTX4_MEMO) 1990 254.86, 2005 141.91, 2010 114.11, 2015 106.70, 2020 100.85, 2023 95.76, 2024 95.59. Agriculture (CRF3) 1990 32.86, 2005 20.28, 2010 17.33, 2015 18.21, 2020 18.08, 2023 17.38, 2024 17.31, of which enteric fermentation (3A) 2024 8.37, manure management (3B) 1.47, managed agricultural soils (3D) 6.62, field burning of residues (3F) 0.70, rice 0.01, liming 0.06, urea 0.08. Energy (CRF1) 2024 63.67, industrial processes (CRF2) 8.29, waste (CRF5) 6.32. LULUCF (CRF4) 2024 −31.01, of which forest land −24.55, cropland +4.85, grassland −12.09. By gas, agriculture 2024: CH4 9.60 of a national CH4 total of 20.46 (CO2e), N2O 7.57 of 8.61 (CO2e). EU-27 2024 for comparison: total 3,017.19, agriculture 359.09. Agriculture shares (18.1% for Romania, 11.9% for the EU-27 in 2024) are own calculations. The values match the 2026 national inventory submission (cl-nir-2026).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table?lang=en
• Irrigable and irrigated area (ef_fsi_irri), Romania, farm structure surveys and agricultural censuses 2005–2023verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026, dataset updated 17 June 2026. Irrigable utilised agricultural area, ha (share of UAA): 2005 808,370 (5.8%), 2007 615,330 (4.5%), 2010 418,720 (3.1%), 2013 230,390 (1.8%), 2016 334,670 (2.7%), 2020 555,540 (4.4%), 2023 490,600 (3.9%). Irrigated UAA, ha (share): 2005 89,330 (0.6%), 2007 173,450 (1.3%), 2010 133,460 (1.0%), 2013 152,840 (1.2%), 2016 240,020 (1.9%), 2020 not available, 2023 443,870 (3.5%). Irrigable area is the area that could be irrigated in the reference year with the equipment available on the holding, irrigated area the area actually irrigated at least once in the 12 months before the survey (Eurostat definitions).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_fsi_irri/default/table?lang=en
• Share of irrigable and irrigated areas in utilised agricultural area (tai03), EU Member States, 2023verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API, table updated 21 July 2026, irrigated UAA as % of UAA, 2023: Greece 20.3 (i), Italy 17.9 (i), Portugal 15.2, Spain 11.7 (i), France 5.6, EU-27 6.5 (i), Romania 3.5, Germany 3.4, Hungary 2.9, Bulgaria 1.7 (i), Slovakia 1.5, Poland 0.8 (i). Flag i means see metadata.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tai03/default/table?lang=en
• Irrigation methods and source of irrigation water of agricultural holdings by NUTS 2 region (ef_mp_irri), Romania, 2010 and 2023verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API, updated 17 June 2026. 2023: irrigated UAA 443,870 ha on 55,560 holdings (2010 133,460 ha on 17,330), volume of water used 345.5 million m³. Irrigated area by method: sprinkler 397,070 ha, drip 60,510 ha, surface 48,610 ha. By source: off-farm water supply networks 263,830 ha, on-farm groundwater 63,700 ha, surface water 56,860 ha, other 68,540 ha, reused treated wastewater 2,610 ha. Method and source areas overlap and sum to more than the total.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ef_mp_irri/default/table?lang=en
• Area at risk of severe soil erosion by water (sdg_15_50), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API, updated 19 March 2026. Agricultural, forest and semi-natural areas at risk of severe erosion, Romania, % (km²): 2000 8.09 (17,289), 2010 7.51, 2016 7.31 (15,696), 2023 7.33 provisional (15,753).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_15_50/default/table?lang=en
• Nitrate in groundwater (sdg_06_40), Romania, 2007–2023verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API, updated 20 January 2026, mg NO3 per litre: 2007 13.79, 2010 13.40, 2015 13.81, 2020 14.19, 2021 14.51, 2022 14.94, 2023 15.51.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_06_40/default/table?lang=en
• Area under organic farming (sdg_02_40) and organic crop area by agricultural production methods (org_cropar), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API on 20 October 2026 (sdg_02_40?geo=RO&geo=EU27_2020, unit PC_UAA; org_cropar?geo=RO&crops=UAAXK0000&agprdmet=TOTAL&unit=HA, dataset updated 6 October 2026). Utilised agricultural area excluding kitchen gardens, fully converted and under conversion. Romania, % of UAA: 2015 1.77, 2016 1.67, 2017 1.93, 2018 2.43, 2019 2.86, 2020 3.59, 2021 4.42, 2022 5.08, 2023 5.46, 2024 6.16. Hectares: 2015 245 924, 2016 226 309, 2017 258 471, 2018 326 260, 2019 395 228, 2020 468 887, 2021 578 727, 2022 644 520, 2023 693 998, 2024 781 397. EU-27 share last published for 2020 (9.1%, estimate).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_02_40/default/table?lang=en
• Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector (env_air_gge), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API (env_air_gge?geo=RO&airpol=GHG&unit=THS_T, dataset updated 2 June 2026). Agriculture (CRF 3), thousand tonnes CO2 equivalent: 2015 18 207.15, 2020 18 077.99, 2022 17 496.30, 2023 17 375.51, 2024 17 309.89. Total excluding LULUCF and memo items 2024: 95 587.78. Agriculture was 18.1% of the total in 2024 (own calculation).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat (FAO data)

• Area of wooded land (FAO) (for_area) and Forest area (sdg_15_11), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API. for_area (updated 24 October 2025), forest, thousand ha: 1990 6,371, 2000 6,366, 2010 6,515, 2015 6,901, 2020 6,929, 2025 6,957. sdg_15_11 (updated 9 March 2026), forest as % of land area 29.1 (2015), 29.3 (2020), 29.3 (2023, estimate).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/for_area/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat (data from the EEA and the JRC European Drought Observatory)

• Drought impact area on ecosystems (sdg_15_42), Romania, 2000–2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API, updated 28 April 2026. Annual value, % of total area (km²): 2000 28.5 (66,738), 2003 27.0 (63,338), 2007 19.8 (46,318), 2012 30.8 (72,164), 2015 5.9, 2020 15.6 (36,584), 2022 20.1 (47,017), 2023 4.4, 2024 17.5 (41,011), and 0.0 in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2018. Metadata (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sdg_15_42_esmsip2.htm): area with negative anomalies in vegetation productivity in areas with a severe soil moisture deficit during the growing season, from the Copernicus European Drought Observatory, covering agricultural droughts only.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_15_42/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat (data from the JRC)

• Estimated soil erosion by water, by erosion level, land cover and NUTS 3 region (aei_pr_soiler), Romania and EU-27verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Eurostat API, updated 19 March 2026, RUSLE2015 model estimates for 2000, 2010 and 2016. Agricultural areas excluding pastures (CLC2X23), Romania, share with severe erosion (more than 10 t/ha/yr) 13.57% (2000), 12.44% (2010), 12.04% (2016), moderate or severe (more than 5 t/ha/yr) 27.83%, 27.36%, 26.93%, mean erosion rate 4.5, 4.2, 4.1 t/ha/yr. EU-27 severe 10.06%, 8.50%, 8.49%. Bulgaria severe 8.45%, 4.88%, 5.58%, Hungary 4.28%, 3.80%, 3.76%. Erosion levels as defined in the metadata (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/aei_pr_soiler_esms.htm).
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/aei_pr_soiler/default/table?lang=en

Eurostat / National Institute of Statistics (INS)

• Methodological summary on back calculation of LFS series – Romania (Internet Archive copy, 5 July 2022)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Original at ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1978984/13018421/RO.pdf now returns 404, read from the Internet Archive copy. States that for the Romanian Labour Force Survey "the most relevant change concerns the exclusion from employment of persons producing agricultural goods intended exclusively or mainly for self-consumption", which makes "unfeasible the direct comparison of data published from the first quarter of 2021 onwards with those relating to previous periods", and that the series for 2009–2020 were back-calculated.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20220705113536/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1978984/13018421/RO.pdf
• Integrated farm statistics 2023 – national reference metadata, Romania (ef_simsif23_ro)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Compiling agency National Institute of Statistics. Item 3.6.1.2 'Lowered and/or additional thresholds compared to Regulation (EU) 2018/1091' = Yes. Land use reference period 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023, livestock reference day 31 December 2023. Core data collected by stratified one-stage random sampling (sample survey), with full coverage of units with legal status.
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/EN/ef_simsif23_ro.htm

Exim Banca Românească

• Informații generale despre EximBank (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Founded in 1992 (registered 8 April 1992 as Banca de Export-Import a României EximBank SA). Shareholders: the Romanian State through the Ministry of Finance 99.56%, minority shareholders 0.44%; share capital RON 2,022,528,336. Completed the acquisition of Banca Românească in 2020 and the merger in 2022, and changed its name to Exim Banca Românească in 2023. From 30 September 2025 the bank ended its mandate to grant state-backed financing and guarantees for infrastructure, regional development, SMEs and other purposes, following a change in the legal framework, and keeps its mandate as Romania's export credit agency; state-account products are approved by the Interministerial Committee for Financing, Guarantees and Insurance (CIFGA) at the Ministry of Finance.
  https://www.eximbank.ro/informatii-generale-despre-eximbank/

FNGCIMM, FGCR and FRC (IMM Invest portal)

• IMM INVEST portal, home page noticeverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Notice on the home page read on 20 October 2026: 'Programul IMM Invest s-a încheiat la data de 30.06.2024. În prezent, FNGCIMM nu derulează programe guvernamentale destinate persoanelor juridice.' The portal is run jointly by FNGCIMM, FGCR and the Romanian Counter-Guarantee Fund (FRC).
  https://imminvest.ro/

Fondul Național de Garantare a Creditelor pentru IMM (FNGCIMM)

• Despre noi (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · FNGCIMM SA-IFN operates under Government Decision No. 1211/2001 on its establishment; non-bank financial institution providing guarantees and financing, in particular for SMEs.
  https://www.fngcimm.ro/despre-noi
• Proiect de fuziune prin absorbție FNGCIMM – Fondul Local de Garantare Focșani, 17 March 2026 (PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Merger project of 17 March 2026 by which FNGCIMM absorbs its branch Fondul Local de Garantare Focșani (Craiova and Sfântu Gheorghe local funds were to be absorbed by 31 December 2020). FNGCIMM: registered 21 December 2001, share capital RON 940,507,600, shareholder the Romanian State through the Ministry of Finance (100%).
  https://www.fngcimm.ro/attachment/a6Z1k_Proiect%20fuziune%202026%20site.pdf

Fondul Național de Garantare a Creditelor pentru IMM S.A.-IFN (FNGCIMM)

• Proiect de fuziune prin absorbție FNGCIMM SA-IFN cu Fondul Local de Garantare Focșani – Filiala FNGCIMM SA-IFN, 17 March 2026 (PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Merger project of 17 March 2026 by which FNGCIMM absorbs its subsidiary, the Focșani local guarantee fund (reference date 31 December 2024, approved by shareholders' decision 234 of 19 February 2025); FNGCIMM is a joint-stock IFN, 100% owned by the Romanian State through the Ministry of Finance, share capital RON 940,507,600, operating under Government Decision 1211/2001. The Craiova and Sfântu Gheorghe local funds were absorbed with effect from 31 December 2020.
  https://www.fngcimm.ro/attachment/a6Z1k_Proiect%20fuziune%202026%20site.pdf
• Despre noi (About us)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · The page states that FNGCIMM SA-IFN operates under Government Decision 1211/2001 and provides guarantees mainly to SMEs. Its product menu lists 'Garantii acordate in baza OUG43/2013' and 'Garantii acordate in baza adeverintelor APIA' (guarantees based on APIA certificates) and 'Scrisori de garantie in favoarea AFIR in baza OUG 79/2009'.
  https://www.fngcimm.ro/despre-noi

Fondul de Garantare a Creditului Rural IFN S.A. (FGCR)

• Situații financiare pentru anul încheiat la 31 decembrie 2025, întocmite conform IFRS (audited financial statements, PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Note 1: FGCR was set up in February 1994 under Law 31/1990 following negotiations between the Commission of the European Communities and the Romanian Government; registered as an IFN in 2006 and in the BNR Special Register from 30 July 2007; shareholders at the end of 2025 and 2024 CEC Bank SA (majority shareholder, 99.993% of the share capital) and MADR (0.007%); administers MF state aid schemes (AGRO IMM INVEST, RURAL INVEST, IMM INVEST PLUS components AGRO IMM INVEST and RURAL INVEST, IMM PLUS components AGRO PLUS and RURAL PLUS) and the MADR scheme Creditul Fermierului; guarantees up to 80% of financing for private beneficiaries and 100% of the advance for public beneficiaries of EAFRD contracts with AFIR; under OG 19/2025 six refinancing guarantee conventions were signed in 2025 but no guarantees were granted under them in 2025, the first being granted in 2026. Note on financial guarantees: at 31 December 2025 and 2024 the Fund had granted no guarantees from own sources, only guarantees under normative acts on public sources. Note 29: total guarantee commitments RON 2,134,936,234 at 31 December 2025 (3,293 items, of which 3,210 active guarantees of RON 2,097,574,171 and 83 payment claims of RON 37,362,063), against RON 2,409,218,803 at end-2024 and RON 1,466,614,064 at end-2023; by source at end-2025 (end-2024): OUG 43/2013 RON 1,393,119,829 (1,519,909,947), OUG 43/2013 art. 3 NRDP beneficiaries 109,118,816 (125,258,249), Creditul Fermierului OUG 7/2024 275,642,382 (353,372,860), OUG 79/2009 218,328,120 (307,563,933), Law 329/09 69,130,335 (62,869,941), INVESTALIM OUG 65/2023 50,173,253 (0); active guarantees 26.03% for investment loans and 73.97% for production loans; by lender, CEC Bank RON 889,345,791, Banca Transilvania 553,812,975, AFIR 212,569,617, Vista Bank 166,748,947, Patria Bank 91,939,536, Eximbank 79,629,955. In 2025 FGCR analysed 218 payment claims of RON 152,089,977 and paid 66 guarantees of RON 55,479,486 (of which 49 claims of RON 43,779,132 paid by the Ministry of Finance under state aid programmes); in 2024, 27 claims of RON 19,393,519 and 12 payments of RON 9,660,887. Note 30: Creditul Fermierului (OUG 7/2024 as amended by OUG 121/2024) for primary agriculture, grant and/or guarantee of up to 100% of the loan, up to EUR 280,000 per beneficiary under the Temporary Crisis Framework, MADR guarantee ceiling RON 80,000,000, ran until 31 December 2024; at 31 December 2025, 3,308 agreements in force with loans of RON 2,759,859,842, interest grants of RON 567,700,658, guarantees of RON 345,071,160 and guarantee premium grants of RON 5,104,313 (Banca Transilvania 1,486 agreements and RON 1,148,498,067 of loans; CEC Bank 558 and RON 522,712,484). Note 31: guarantee balances administered in the name and on behalf of the State (MF) at 31 December 2025 (31 December 2024): AGRO IMM Invest (OUG 110/2017) RON 76,519,325 (147,970,033); Rural Invest (OUG 24/2022) 76,743,028 (463,325,539); IMM INVEST PLUS AGRO IMM Invest (OUG 99/2022) 9,439,820 (26,246,266); IMM INVEST PLUS Rural Invest 1,080,826,422 (2,548,102,270); IMM PLUS Rural Plus (OUG 18/2024) 1,549,602,217 (2,374,561,477); total RON 2,793,130,814 on 3,998 guarantees (RON 5,560,205,585 on 5,993); under OUG 99/2022 contracts were concluded until 31 December 2023. The note text calls the 2024–2025 change in commitments an increase of RON 274 million and a decrease of 11.39%; the figures show a decrease.
  https://fgcr.ro/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/02.IFRS-Financial-Statements-31.12.2025_signed.pdf
• Despre noi (About us)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · FGCR shareholders are CEC Bank (majority) and the Romanian State through the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; object is guarantee commitments, including from public funds provided mainly by MADR, for farm and fish production, agricultural processing and investment and NRDP and POPAM projects; first guarantee fund in Romania dedicated to agriculture, set up in February 1994; member of AECM since 2002. The page also gives cumulative undated totals (over 131,374 guarantees of RON 23.15 billion), which are not used in the profile.
  https://fgcr.ro/despre-noi/
• Garanții acordate pentru creditele dedicate finanțării capitalului de lucru pe baza adeverințelor emise de APIA (guarantees for working-capital loans based on APIA certificates)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Under Law 329/2009 and OUG 43/2013, FGCR guarantees loans for current activity and working capital in agriculture granted on the basis of certificates (adeverințe) issued by APIA for land, animal welfare and other support; the guarantee may cover up to 80% of the loan, the rest of the loan and interest being secured by the borrower or third parties; as a rule the main security is the assignment of the amounts to be received from APIA.
  http://fgcr.ro/produse/garantii-acordate-pentru-creditele-dedicate-finantarii-capitalului-de-lucru-pe-baza-adeverintelor-emise-de-apia/
• Garanții dedicate fermierilor „DE TREI ORI SUBVENȚIA” (three times the subsidy)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Under OUG 43/2013, guarantees for working-capital loans to beneficiaries of APIA area payments (SAPS); the loan may not exceed three times the value of the APIA certificate weighted by the maximum share that may be financed (currently 90%); term up to three years with possible extension.
  http://fgcr.ro/produse/de-trei-ori-subventia/
• Garanții dedicate fermierilor „DE CINCI ORI SUBVENȚIA” (five times the subsidy)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Under OUG 43/2013 as amended, guarantees of up to 80% of new non-revolving working-capital loans to crop and livestock farmers based on APIA certificates, of up to five times the maximum share admitted of the certificate value (four times if an advance or full payment has been received); crop loans up to five years with annual extension, livestock loans up to two years and not beyond 31 December 2028. The APIA amounts in the certificates or in the APIA–AFIR–lender–FGCR agreements are used exclusively for the partial or full repayment of the loan or for covering the related debts.
  https://fgcr.ro/produse/de-cinci-ori-subventia/
• Media – news items 'Credite pentru fermieri DE TREI ORI SUBVENȚIA' and 'Programul Rural Invest a devenit operațional' (22 July and 7 June 2022)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · News of 22 July 2022: the 'De trei ori subvenția' product became operational on 22 July 2022 at the initiative of MADR, with CEC Bank and FGCR; farmers can obtain 2.7 times the annual APIA subsidy on the basis of the APIA certificate (first year) with the FGCR guarantee. News of 7 June 2022: the European Commission approved the state aid scheme of the Rural Invest programme, run through FGCR, which gives farmers state-guaranteed investment and working-capital loans through the Ministry of Finance.
  https://fgcr.ro/media/
• Transparență și guvernanță corporativă (financial statements and shareholder decisions)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Lists the IFRS financial statements for 2023, 2024 and 2025 and half-year accounting reports to 30 June 2026. The 2023 and 2024 statements are scanned images; the 2025 statements are text and give 2024 comparatives.
  https://fgcr.ro/transparenta/

Fondul de Garantare a Creditului Rural IFN SA (FGCR)

• Despre noi (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Shareholders: CEC Bank (majority) and the Romanian State through MADR. Set up in February 1994 as a joint-stock company following negotiations between the European Commission and the Government; registered as a non-bank financial institution with the BNR from 30 July 2007. The page states (undated, cumulative) more than 131,374 guarantees worth RON 23.15 billion for financing of RON 30.63 billion, and over 3,000 guarantees for NRDP 2007-2013 beneficiaries worth RON 4 billion. Member of AECM since 2002.
  https://fgcr.ro/despre-noi/
• Garanții în cadrul Programului RURAL INVEST și AGRO IMM INVEST (IMM INVEST PLUS) (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · State-aid guarantees for agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture and food businesses under the RURAL INVEST and AGRO IMM INVEST components of IMM INVEST PLUS (OUG 99/2022). Total guarantee ceiling for FGCR in 2022 and 2023: RON 4,400,000,000 for RURAL INVEST and RON 100,000,000 for AGRO IMM INVEST. Scheme validity extended to 31 December 2023, last date for guarantee requests 22 December 2023.
  http://fgcr.ro/garantii-in-cadrul-programului-rural-invest-plus/
• Garanții dedicate fermierilor «De cinci ori subvenția» (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Under OUG 43/2013, FGCR guarantees up to 80% of non-revolving working-capital loans granted against APIA certificates (crop area payments, welfare measures and coupled livestock support), up to five times the maximum allowed share of the certificate value. Crop-sector loans up to 5 years, renewable annually; livestock loans up to 2 years and not beyond 31 December 2028.
  https://fgcr.ro/produse/de-cinci-ori-subventia/
• Credite pentru refinanțare (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Under Article IX of Government Ordinance No. 19/2025, beneficiaries of state-guaranteed loans under RURAL INVEST (OUG 24/2022), AGRO IMM INVEST and RURAL INVEST (OUG 99/2022) and AGRO PLUS and RURAL PLUS (OUG 18/2024) may refinance them with non-revolving RON loans that MADR may guarantee through FGCR for up to 80%.
  https://fgcr.ro/produse/credite-pentru-refinantare/

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

• FAOSTAT Crops and livestock products (QCL), bulk download, all data (normalized)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Bulk file downloaded and read on 20 October 2026 (files dated 23 December 2025, latest year 2024). Own ranking for 2024 over countries with production above zero (area codes below 5000, 'China' total excluded). Romania (all flag A): plums and sloes 602,570 t, 2nd of 88 after China, mainland (6,900,813 t, flag E), 4.7% of the world. Raw milk of sheep 434,400 t, 8th of 77. Sunflower seed 1,508,000 t, 9th of 74 (Russian Federation, 1st, flag X). Rapeseed 1,180,840 t, 11th of 64. Walnuts 52,700 t, 11th of 55. Barley 2,203,260 t, 17th of 100. Wheat 9,290,880 t, 18th of 122, 1.2%. Maize 5,971,850 t, 21st of 162. Grapes 704,160 t, 22nd of 92. In 2023 Romania ranked 7th for sunflower seed (2,015,620 t). Flags: A official figure, E estimated value, I value imputed by a receiving agency, X figure from external organization.
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip

Guvernul României (text reproduced by ANAF)

• Ordonanța de urgență nr. 18 din 7 martie 2024 privind aprobarea schemei de ajutor de stat IMM PLUS (PDF on the ANAF legislation page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of the official text hosted by the National Agency for Fiscal Administration. Components include AGRO PLUS and RURAL PLUS (FGCR administers RURAL PLUS and, with FNGCIMM, AGRO PLUS). Guarantees up to 90% of the financing. Article 17: guarantee contracts and financing agreements to be issued until 30 June 2024; interest payments until 31 July 2026; total scheme budget up to RON 12,499,375,483.08 (about €2.5 billion), guarantees within a total ceiling of RON 11,100,000,000 and grants up to RON 1,399,375,483.08; Article 18: up to 11,500 beneficiaries. The aid provider is the Ministry of Finance.
  https://static.anaf.ro/static/10/Anaf/legislatie/OUG_18_2024.pdf
• Hotărârea nr. 325 din 3 aprilie 2025 – schema de minimis pentru Programul de susținere a producției de legume cultivate în spații protejate, 2025-2027 (PDF on the ANAF legislation page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Published in Monitorul Oficial No. 304 of 7 April 2025. De minimis scheme for 2025-2027 for peppers, cucumbers, green onions, green beans, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes, cabbage and aubergines grown in protected spaces. Support €1.5 per m² (€1,500 per 1,000 m²) for at least 1,000 m², capped at €50,000 per undertaking over three years (Art. 6). Budget for 2025 RON 342,400 thousand, from the MADR budget through the county agricultural directorates (Art. 8). Applications at the county directorates.
  https://static.anaf.ro/static/10/Anaf/legislatie/HG_325_2025.pdf

Guvernul României – Portal Legislativ (Internet Archive copy)

• Hotărârea nr. 30 din 18 ianuarie 2017 privind organizarea și funcționarea Ministerului Agriculturii și Dezvoltării Ruraleverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (7 June 2026) of legislatie.just.ro, which could not be reached directly from the research environment. Published in Monitorul Oficial No. 56 of 19 January 2017. Article 1: MADR is the central public authority responsible for national sectoral strategies in agriculture and food production, rural development, land improvement and related fields, financed entirely from the state budget. The annex lists subordinate bodies including APIA, the National Agency for Zootechnics, the State Domains Agency, AFIR, the county agricultural directorates (deconcentrated public services) and the National Office for Vine and Wine Products. Consolidated versions listed up to 07.04.2025.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260607224244/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/187485
• Ordonanța nr. 42 din 29 ianuarie 2004 privind organizarea activității sanitar-veterinare și pentru siguranța alimentelor (consolidated)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (9 June 2026), latest consolidation 01.01.2026. Annex 1 point 1 (as amended by Law No. 166 of 10 July 2018, Monitorul Oficial No. 594 of 12 July 2018): ANSVSA is the regulatory and control authority for veterinary health and food safety, a specialised central public administration body with legal personality, subordinated to the Government and coordinated by the Prime Minister.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260609202938/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/244583
• Ordonanța de urgență nr. 85 din 28 iunie 2024 privind unele măsuri pentru reorganizarea Ministerului Agriculturii și Dezvoltării Rurale și a unor instituții aflate în subordinea acestuiaverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (25 September 2024) of the base text, published in Monitorul Oficial No. 609 of 29 June 2024. Article 6 dissolved the National Agency for Zootechnics (later repealed by Law 314/2024). Articles 7-8: the territorial seed inspectorates and the soil and agrochemical study offices are absorbed by the county agricultural directorates. Article 9: the Bucharest agricultural directorate is absorbed by MADR. The preamble records the ceiling of RON 322,985,100 of the state aid scheme for pig and poultry farmers under OG 12/2024 (valid until 30 June 2024), of which RON 141,360.8 thousand (€28.7 million) for pigs before the adjustment. Article 19 point 1 sets Article 4(6) of OG 12/2024 at RON 141,344.80 thousand (€28.650 million) for pigs, moving RON 16,000 to the poultry scheme to pay all 235 poultry beneficiaries.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20240925161223/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/284683

Institutul Național de Cercetare-Dezvoltare Agricolă Fundulea (INCDA)

• Pagina principală (home page)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · National agricultural research and development institute working on cereals, industrial and forage crops; annual reports 2019-2024 and a strategic plan 2025-2030 are published on the site.
  https://www.incda-fundulea.ro/

Institutul Național de Statistică (INS) (Internet Archive copy)

• Despre INS – misiune și viziune (web page)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (29 August 2025); insse.ro could not be reached directly. INS collects, produces and disseminates official statistics under Law No. 226/2009 on the organisation and functioning of official statistics, Regulation (EC) No. 223/2009 and the European Statistics Code of Practice, and coordinates the production of European statistics nationally. The page announces that the press release of 12 October 2023 on GDP in the second quarter of 2023 will publish the quarterly series with base year 2020.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250829152005/https://insse.ro/cms/ro/content/despre-ins

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• IMF, Exchange Rates (ER) dataset – Romania, domestic currency per US$verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through the IMF SDMX API (dataset page https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:ER). Lei per US dollar, end of period (XDC_USD.EOP_RT) and period average (XDC_USD.PA_RT), as published by the National Bank of Romania. The IMF series runs to August 2026, so no central bank rate was needed. Year-end rates used for stocks: 2010 3.2045, 2011 3.3393, 2012 3.3575, 2013 3.2551, 2014 3.6868, 2015 4.1477, 2016 4.3033, 2017 3.8915, 2018 4.0736, 2019 4.2608, 2020 3.9660, 2021 4.3707, 2022 4.6346, 2023 4.4958, 2024 4.7768, 2025 4.3417. Month-end 2026 rates: March 4.4463, August 4.5335 (used for 2026 amounts). Annual averages used for full-year flows: 2019 4.2379, 2023 4.5743, 2024 4.5984, 2025 4.4705. Euro amounts are converted with the IMF euro rate published in the same dataset for Montenegro, which uses the euro (MNE.XDC_USD), annual average 2021 0.8454, 2022 0.9509, 2023 0.9247, 2024 0.9244 and 2025 0.8871 euro per US$, end-August 2026 0.8624. Annual averages are identical to World Bank WDI series PA.NUS.FCRF. All conversions are own calculations.
  https://api.imf.org/external/sdmx/2.1/data/IMF.STA,ER/ROU.XDC_USD.EOP_RT+PA_RT.A?startPeriod=2009

Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)

• Partial Acquisition of Publicly Offered Samurai Green Bonds Issued by Government of Romania (press release, 11 October 2024)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · JBIC partially acquired the JPY 33 billion of Samurai green bonds issued by the Government of Romania under its GATE facility. 'In December 2023, the Romanian government formulated the Green Bond Framework, which is aligned with the Green Bond Principles of the International Capital Market Association (ICMA).' Proceeds go to eligible projects under the framework.
  https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/information/press/press-2024/press_00085.html

Ministerul Finanțelor (Internet Archive copy)

• Despre minister (home page)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (16 October 2026); mfinante.gov.ro could not be reached directly. Press release of 15 October 2026 on extending the temporary 25% reduction of the excise duty on standard diesel for 16-31 October 2026 under the mechanism of Law No. 162/2026. The figures cited in the profile come from this press release of 15 October 2026 as shown on the home page, not from a permanent page.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20261016151637/https://mfinante.gov.ro/ro/web/site

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR), Romania

• Registrul Național al Cooperativelor Agricole (RNCA), compiled from National Trade Register Office (ONRC) data, September 2020 (XLS, Internet Archive copy of 29 April 2021)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Opened on 20 October 2026 through the Internet Archive because madr.ro does not respond from this environment. The register states that it was compiled from data supplied by the National Trade Register Office (ONRC) in September 2020. Sheet RNCA lists 1,696 agricultural cooperatives (own count): 1,485 in operation ('funcţiune'), 138 deregistered ('radiată'), 35 temporarily inactive and the rest in dissolution, liquidation or insolvency. Of those in operation, 934 are registered as first-degree ('gradul 1') and 551 as second-degree ('gradul 2') agricultural cooperatives. Registrations by year (all entries): 2005 30, 2006 27, 2007 77, 2008 48, 2009 122, 2010 109, 2011 87, 2012 103, 2013 87, 2014 42, 2015 79, 2016 165, 2017 110, 2018 280, 2019 218, 2020 (to September) 112. Sheet bilant_2019: 673 cooperatives filed 2019 financial statements, with combined turnover of RON 1,624.2 million and 988 average employees (own sums); 398 of the filers report a NACE division 01 (crop and animal production) activity and 209 division 46 (wholesale trade).
  https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185638/https://www.madr.ro/docs/agricultura/2020/cooperative/registrul-national-cooperativelor-agricole.xls

Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests (Romania), via Climate Policy Radar

• Romania’s First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR1) to the UNFCCC under the Enhanced Transparency Framework, January 2026 (PDF, Climate Policy Radar copy)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy listed on https://climate-laws.org/document/romania-biennial-transparency-report-btr1_a970, cover dated Bucharest, January 2026 (edition closed January 2026). The inventory data in BTR1 are from the 2025 submission (2023 total excluding LULUCF 103,862.45 kt CO2e, agriculture 17.2%), which the 2026 submission revised. PDF pages: p.13 ESR target for Romania −12.7% against 2005, p.14 LULUCF net removals target of −25,665 kt CO2e in 2030, WEM projection of ESR emissions 68,688 kt in 2030 against the target of 68,299.811 kt (not on track), WAM 60,197 kt (on track), National Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change 2024–2030 approved by Government Decision No. 1010/2024 (p.15). p.25 Danube Delta total surface 4,178 km², UNESCO World Heritage List 1991. p.29 scorching-heat intensity (sum of Tmax ≥32 °C, June–August) multi-year average 13 units in 1961–1990 and 44 units in 2011–2020. p.30 average precipitation on agricultural areas 583.0 mm (1961–1990), 569.8 mm (1971–2000), 575.1 mm (1981–2010), Dobrogea 400.9/397.7/410.2 mm, frequency of years with low annual precipitation from 37.4% (Banat-Crișana) to 91.2% (Dobrogea), the 2021–2022 agricultural year below 400 mm, Table III-3 extreme droughty years 1901–2022. p.31 arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas about 30% of the total surface. p.50 enteric fermentation 87.84% of agricultural methane in 2023. p.69 (printed p.68) Table III-22 annual emission allocations 2021–2030 and ESR emissions 2021–2023, 2005 base 78,235.7 kt. p.149 ANM data for 2025 (fourth warmest year since 1901, 12.0 °C, June the driest month on record with a 78% deficit, severe to extreme soil drought over almost the entire country by end-August). p.152 EURO-CORDEX projections of about +2 °C (RCP4.5) and up to +4 °C (RCP8.5) by 2071–2100 against 1971–2000. p.155 no single framework law dedicated to climate change yet. p.156 Long-Term Strategy (Government Decision No. 1215/2023) targets climate neutrality by 2050 with a 99% reduction in net emissions against 1990. Other decisions cited: No. 1076/2021 (NECP 2021–2030), No. 1227/2022 (National Strategy for Forests 2030), Law No. 331/2024 (Forestry Code, in force from 2025).
  https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/ROU/2026/romania-biennial-transparency-report-btr1_857d9bf3e1e7d3f27316a4cd6330db6a.pdf

Ministry of Justice of Romania – Portal Legislativ

• Strategia națională privind adaptarea la schimbările climatice pentru perioada 2024-2030, cu perspectiva anului 2050 (National Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change), approved by Government Decision No. 1010/2024, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-21 · Copy of 7 May 2026, read on 21 October 2026 from the copy saved when the profile was built (web.archive.org reset the connection from this environment on 21 October 2026). The strategy of 14 August 2024 was published in Monitorul Oficial No. 823 bis of 19 August 2024 and states that it was approved by Government Decision No. 1,010 of 14 August 2024, published in Monitorul Oficial Part I No. 823 of 19 August 2024.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260507172536/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/287810
• Legea fondului funciar nr. 18 din 19 februarie 1991, republicată (Land Fund Law), Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 5 February 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 18 of 19 February 1991, published in Monitorul Oficial Part I No. 37 of 20 February 1991, republished in Monitorul Oficial No. 1 of 5 January 1998 under Law 169/1997. Art. 123(1) of the original text: in force on publication. Art. 1: all land of any kind forms the land fund of Romania. Art. 8: private ownership of land held by agricultural production cooperatives is established by reconstitution or constitution of the right. Consolidated versions listed up to 20 July 2025 (latest amendments include Law 123/2023 and Law 136/2025).
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260205220952/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/1459
• Legea nr. 1 din 11 ianuarie 2000 pentru reconstituirea dreptului de proprietate asupra terenurilor agricole și celor forestiere, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 22 January 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 1 of 11 January 2000, Monitorul Oficial No. 8 of 12 January 2000. Art. 3(2) as amended by Law 247/2005: reconstitution for natural persons up to the difference between 10 ha per family and land brought into the cooperative, but no more than 50 ha per dispossessed owner. Art. 3(2^1), added by Law 193/2007: for pastures and hayfields, 50 ha per family, no more than 100 ha per owner. Consolidated versions from 9 July 2002 to 19 May 2022.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260122073914/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/255133
• Legea nr. 17 din 7 martie 2014 privind unele măsuri de reglementare a vânzării terenurilor agricole situate în extravilan, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 15 January 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 17 of 7 March 2014, Monitorul Oficial No. 178 of 12 March 2014. Final provisions of Title I: the law enters into force 30 days after publication. Consolidated versions 16 May 2014, 19 October 2014, 9 February 2015, 11 June 2017, 13 October 2020, 30 June 2022 and 3 May 2024. Art. 3(1): extra-urban farmland within 30 km of the state border and the Black Sea coast, or within 2,400 m of special sites, may be sold only with the specific opinion of the Ministry of National Defence. Art. 4(1), as amended by Emergency Ordinance 104/2022: sale subject to pre-emption at the offered price, rank I co-owners, spouses, relatives and in-laws up to the third degree. Art. 4^1 (Law 175/2020): if no pre-emptor buys, natural persons may buy if resident in Romania, carrying out agricultural activities in Romania and registered with the Romanian tax authorities for at least 5 years before the offer. Art. 4^2(1): sale within 8 years of purchase carries an 80% tax on the positive difference between the sale and purchase values (notarial reference values).
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260115155416/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/156290
• Legea nr. 175 din 14 august 2020 pentru modificarea și completarea Legii nr. 17/2014, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 15 August 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 175 of 14 August 2020, Monitorul Oficial No. 741 of 14 August 2020. Art. III(1): in force 60 days after publication (the consolidated Law 17/2014 marks the changes from 13 October 2020). Set pre-emption ranks (rank I co-owners, first-degree relatives, spouses, relatives and in-laws to the third degree, rank II owners of orchard, vineyard, hop and private irrigation investments and/or lessees) and introduced the residence, activity and tax-registration conditions and the 8-year rule.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250815121037/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/229148
• Legea cadastrului și a publicității imobiliare nr. 7 din 13 martie 1996, republicată, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 16 February 2026 read on 20 October 2026 (also the copy of 2 November 2025 of document 7798). Law No. 7 of 13 March 1996, republished in Monitorul Oficial No. 720 of 24 September 2015 under Law 150/2015 (earlier republication in Monitorul Oficial No. 83 of 7 February 2013). Consolidated versions listed up to 11 December 2025 (checked again on the saved copy on 21 October 2026). The original 1996 Monitorul Oficial reference was not shown on the copy read.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260216182354/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/69491
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 294 din 29 aprilie 2015 privind aprobarea Programului național de cadastru și carte funciară, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 11 December 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 294 of 29 April 2015, Monitorul Oficial No. 309 of 6 May 2015, issued under Art. 9 of Law 7/1996. Title and Art. 1(1) amended by Government Decision 836 of 29 June 2022 (Monitorul Oficial No. 670 of 5 July 2022), which made the programme multiannual. Art. 1(1): programme managed by the National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration (ANCPI). Art. 2(1): purpose is the free registration of all properties in the integrated cadastre and land book system. Annual funding is allocated until systematic registration is completed in each commune, town and Bucharest sector. Consolidated versions 19 June 2017, 1 November 2017 and 5 July 2022.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251211150631/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/167731
• Legea nr. 36 din 30 aprilie 1991 privind societățile agricole și alte forme de asociere în agricultură, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 17 May 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 36 of 30 April 1991, Monitorul Oficial No. 97 of 6 May 1991. Art. 1: owners of farmland under Law 18/1991 and other owners may farm in forms of association. Art. 2: simple associations between two or more families. Consolidated versions 29 December 2006, 26 May 2007, 23 March 2015, 1 April 2017 and 14 October 2019.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260517082839/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/1493
• Legea nr. 566 din 9 decembrie 2004 a cooperației agricole, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 12 August 2024 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 566 of 9 December 2004, Monitorul Oficial No. 1236 of 22 December 2004. Consolidated versions from 21 May 2006 to 10 January 2022, including Law 164/2016 (Monitorul Oficial No. 564 of 26 July 2016), Law 21/2019 (Monitorul Oficial No. 29 of 10 January 2019) and changes to Art. 76 tax measures in force from 1 January 2021. Art. 6 lists service, purchasing and sales, processing and other agricultural cooperatives. Branch unions may be formed by at least 5 agricultural cooperatives of the same profile.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20240812134743/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/58004
• Ordonanța Guvernului nr. 37 din 14 iulie 2005 privind recunoașterea și funcționarea grupurilor și organizațiilor de producători, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 3 October 2024 read on 20 October 2026. Government Ordinance No. 37 of 14 July 2005, Monitorul Oficial No. 652 of 22 July 2005, title amended by Law 338 of 29 November 2005 (Monitorul Oficial No. 1,098 of 6 December 2005). Covers recognition of producer groups and organisations for marketing agricultural and forestry products. Consolidated versions 9 December 2005, 22 December 2014, 30 August 2015 and 11 March 2016.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20241003201123/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/63439
• Legea nr. 283 din 28 decembrie 2010 privind camerele pentru agricultură, industrie alimentară, piscicultură, silvicultură și dezvoltare rurală, republicată, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 5 April 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 283 of 28 December 2010, first published in Monitorul Oficial No. 15 of 7 January 2011, republished in Monitorul Oficial No. 553 of 7 August 2012 under Law 122/2012 (Monitorul Oficial No. 472 of 11 July 2012). Art. 1–2: county agricultural chambers and a National Agricultural Chamber, private non-profit institutions of public interest with legal personality, representing farmers. Law 122/2012 repealed the regional level. The page lists consolidated versions up to 12 June 2013.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250405211404/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/140314
• Legea nr. 37 din 11 martie 2015 privind clasificarea fermelor și exploatațiilor agricole, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 6 April 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 37 of 11 March 2015, Monitorul Oficial No. 172 of 12 March 2015, consolidated version 26 November 2015. Classes by economic size: under EUR 1,999 subsistence farms producing wholly for own consumption; EUR 2,000–7,999 semi-subsistence farms; EUR 8,000–49,999 small commercial farms selling more than 50% of output; EUR 50,000–999,999 medium commercial farms or holdings; over EUR 1,000,000 large commercial farms or holdings. Art. 1(1): framework for implementing programmes financed from the national budget and EU funds.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250406233220/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/166318
• Legea nr. 150 din 14 mai 2004 privind siguranța alimentelor și a hranei pentru animale, republicată, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 12 February 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 150 of 14 May 2004, first published in Monitorul Oficial No. 462 of 24 May 2004, republished in Monitorul Oficial No. 959 of 29 November 2006 under Law 412/2004. Art. 25 of the republished text: in force 30 days after publication.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260212041422/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/52134
• Ordonanța Guvernului nr. 42 din 29 ianuarie 2004 privind organizarea activității sanitar-veterinare și pentru siguranța alimentelor, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 13 November 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Government Ordinance No. 42 of 29 January 2004, Monitorul Oficial No. 94 of 31 January 2004, approved with amendments by Law 215 of 27 May 2004 (Monitorul Oficial No. 531 of 14 June 2004). Sets up the single veterinary system headed by the National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority (ANSVSA). Consolidated versions from 17 June 2004 to 26 July 2021, including Emergency Ordinance 117/2020 approved by Law 291/2020.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251113171143/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/49511
• Ordonanța de urgență nr. 53 din 2 octombrie 2025 privind ... produsele de protecție a plantelor pe teritoriul României, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 30 December 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Emergency Ordinance No. 53 of 2 October 2025 on the manufacture, packaging, labelling, repackaging, storage, marketing, import, export and use of plant protection products and related services, Monitorul Oficial No. 908 of 2 October 2025. Art. 72: Art. 66 enters into force 30 days after publication. Art. 73 repeals Government Ordinance 4/1995 (Monitorul Oficial No. 18 of 30 January 1995, approved by Law 85/1995), except its Art. 38, which is repealed when the order under Art. 70 enters into force, and Government Ordinance 41/2007 with listed exceptions.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251230024549/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/302716
• Legea nr. 266 din 15 mai 2002 privind producerea, prelucrarea, controlul și certificarea calității, comercializarea semințelor și a materialului săditor, republicată, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 27 April 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 266 of 15 May 2002, republished in Monitorul Oficial No. 7 of 4 January 2011 and again in Monitorul Oficial No. 239 of 3 April 2014 (under Law 187/2012). Consolidated versions 5 December 2010, 1 February 2014 and 12 July 2021. Official authorities are the National Inspection for Seed Quality (INCS) and the State Institute for Variety Testing and Registration.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250427235302/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/36141
• Legea nr. 81 din 11 aprilie 2022 privind practicile comerciale neloiale dintre întreprinderi în cadrul lanțului de aprovizionare agricol și alimentar, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 27 October 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 81 of 11 April 2022, Monitorul Oficial No. 363 of 12 April 2022. Prohibits paying more than 14 calendar days after the contractual due date for perishable products and more than 30 calendar days for other products, and cancelling orders with less than 30 working days' notice. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development monitors and reports to the European Commission and is the single contact point. The Competition Council enforces and sanctions.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251027165512/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/253842
• Legea nr. 145 din 21 octombrie 2014 pentru stabilirea unor măsuri de reglementare a pieței produselor din sectorul agricol, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 14 December 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 145 of 21 October 2014, Monitorul Oficial No. 794 of 31 October 2014. Defines the producer certificate (atestat de producător) issued by the mayor and the sales booklet (carnet de comercializare) used to sell produce from one's own farm, valid 7 years and issued within 5 working days. Consolidated versions 8 May 2016 to 10 October 2019.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251214190850/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/162616
• Legea îmbunătățirilor funciare nr. 138 din 27 aprilie 2004, republicată, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 10 November 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 138 of 27 April 2004, first published in Monitorul Oficial No. 369 of 28 April 2004, republished in Monitorul Oficial No. 88 of 13 February 2009 under Law 167/2008. Consolidated versions up to 18 April 2025. Covers irrigation, drainage and flood and erosion works. Water users' organisations for irrigation use water supplied by the National Land Improvement Agency (ANIF), which also authorises local irrigation systems.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251110020928/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/102329
• Legea nr. 1 din 16 februarie 2004 privind înființarea, organizarea și funcționarea Agenției de Plăți și Intervenție pentru Agricultură, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 20 January 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 1 of 16 February 2004, Monitorul Oficial No. 162 of 25 February 2004. Art. 1(1) as first published set up the Paying and Intervention Agency for Agriculture, Food Industry and Rural Development under the ministry, with legal personality, wholly financed from the state budget. Consolidated versions from 3 September 2004 to 31 October 2011.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260120220013/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/49972
• Ordonanța de urgență nr. 41 din 18 iunie 2014 privind înființarea, organizarea și funcționarea Agenției pentru Finanțarea Investițiilor Rurale, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 15 September 2019 read on 20 October 2026 (consolidated versions shown up to 1 July 2017, later changes not seen). Emergency Ordinance No. 41 of 18 June 2014, Monitorul Oficial No. 472 of 26 June 2014, set up the Agency for the Financing of Rural Investments (AFIR) by reorganising the Paying Agency for Rural Development and Fisheries.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20190915164437/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/159336
• Legea nr. 101 din 8 iulie 2014 privind măsuri de reglementare a depozitării semințelor de consum și a regimului certificatelor de depozit pentru acestea (updated to 26 March 2015), Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 7 April 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 101 of 8 July 2014, version updated to 26 March 2015. The page read does not show the Monitorul Oficial reference. Warehouses may issue deposit certificates for at most 90% of the quantity delivered. A certificate is valid until the goods are returned and for no more than 12 months, and must be renewed at the request of financial institutions for financing longer than 12 months. Art. 47 repeals Emergency Ordinance 141/2002 (Monitorul Oficial No. 828 of 18 November 2002, approved by Law 149/2003).
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250407174526/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/172937
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 1.174 din 29 decembrie 2014 privind instituirea unei scheme de ajutor de stat pentru reducerea accizei la motorina utilizată în agricultură, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 26 February 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 1,174 of 29 December 2014, Monitorul Oficial No. 965 of 30 December 2014, block-exempted under Art. 44 of Regulation (EU) 651/2014. Application period extended to 31 December 2026 by Government Decision 1,228 of 8 December 2023 (Monitorul Oficial No. 1109 of 11 December 2023). Reduced excise is the EU minimum of EUR 21 per 1,000 litres, set in lei each year: 2021 RON 102.354, 2022 RON 103.887, 2023 RON 103.9059, 2024 RON 104.47, 2025 RON 104.49 per 1,000 litres. The difference to the standard excise is refunded by APIA. Annual amounts allocated (RON thousand): 2015 377,472.250; 2016 765,328.803; 2017 553,893.907; 2018 487,593.579; 2019 595,606.000; 2020 806,651.00; 2021 757,002.234; 2022 817,000.00; 2023 665,000.00; 2024 462,500.00; 2025 815,258.00 (last set by Government Decision 1,106 of 18 December 2025). Maximum quantity 410,000,000 litres a year, with per-hectare norms (for example cereals 78 l/ha).
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260226130743/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/164301
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 61 din 20 februarie 2025 pentru modificarea și completarea HG nr. 1.174/2014, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 13 June 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 61 of 20 February 2025, Monitorul Oficial No. 153 of 20 February 2025. Sets the 2025 reduced excise rate (RON 104.49 per 1,000 litres at RON 4.9759 per euro of 1 October 2024) and names APIA through its county centres as the competent authority.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250613033127/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/294854
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 1.342 din 30 octombrie 2024 – ajutor de minimis pentru legume cultivate în spații protejate, 2024–2025, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 7 December 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 1,342 of 30 October 2024, Monitorul Oficial No. 1095 of 1 November 2024, under Regulation (EU) 1408/2013. Support up to EUR 1,000 per 1,000 m2 cultivated with one eligible crop. Art. 8(1): total resources RON 124,337.50 thousand, equivalent to EUR 25,000 thousand.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251207043130/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/290242
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 325 din 3 aprilie 2025 – ajutor de minimis pentru legume cultivate în spații protejate, 2025–2027, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 25 November 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 325 of 3 April 2025, Monitorul Oficial No. 304 of 7 April 2025, amended by Government Decision 854 of 9 October 2025. Art. 6(2): EUR 1.5 per m2 (EUR 1,500 per 1,000 m2) for at least 1,000 m2. Art. 2: applies across Romania for 2025–2027 to peppers, cucumbers, green onions, green beans, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes, cabbage and aubergines grown in protected spaces. Art. 8(1): 2025 resources RON 342,400 thousand from the ministry's budget. Art. 20: in force on the first working day after publication.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251125212434/https://legislatie.just.ro/public/DetaliiDocument/296454
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 393 din 4 mai 2023 – ajutor de minimis pentru producția de usturoi în anul 2023, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 6 July 2024 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 393 of 4 May 2023, Monitorul Oficial No. 398 of 9 May 2023. EUR 3,000 per ha paid in lei at RON 4.9490 per euro, minimum 3,000 m2 of garlic. As amended by Government Decision 1,288 of 18 December 2023 (Monitorul Oficial No. 1149 of 19 December 2023), resources RON 41,200.49 thousand, equivalent to at most EUR 8,325 thousand.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20240706043859/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/270044
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 401 din 16 aprilie 2025 – ajutor de minimis pentru crescătorii de porci de reproducție din rasele Bazna și/sau Mangalița, 2025, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 13 December 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 401 of 16 April 2025, Monitorul Oficial No. 363 of 24 April 2025. RON 2,300 per sow per year, de minimis ceiling EUR 50,000 per undertaking over 3 years, total RON 1,500 thousand from the ministry's 2025 budget.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251213061350/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/296861
• Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 793 din 26 octombrie 2016 pentru aprobarea Programului național de reabilitare și/sau înființare a infrastructurii principale de irigații și infrastructurii de desecare și drenaj, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 18 February 2026 read on 20 October 2026. Government Decision No. 793 of 26 October 2016, Monitorul Oficial No. 879 of 2 November 2016. Title changed by Government Decision 988 of 3 August 2022 (Monitorul Oficial No. 783 of 5 August 2022) to add drainage. Consolidated versions 2 August 2018, 2 August 2019, 5 August 2022, 16 December 2022 and 7 March 2025.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20260218062541/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/183283
• Programul național de reabilitare a infrastructurii principale de irigații din România (annex to HG 793/2016, version amended by HG 557/2018), Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 6 April 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Implementation period 2016–2020, carried out by the ministry through ANIF. About 3.1 million ha equipped for irrigation, of which 1.5 million ha viable or marginally viable, of which about 823,000 ha viable at the time of drafting. EUR 1.015 billion planned for 2016–2020, starting with EUR 145 million in 2016 and rising about 17% a year.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250406184931/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/202997
• Legea nr. 57 din 10 aprilie 2017 pentru ratificarea Acordului de la Paris, Internet Archive copyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy of 13 December 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Law No. 57 of 10 April 2017, Monitorul Oficial No. 276 of 20 April 2017. Single article ratifying the Paris Agreement concluded on 12 December 2015 and signed by Romania in New York on 22 April 2016.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20251213095216/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/188442

Modernisation Fund (European Commission and EIB)

• Investments – list of confirmed and recommended investment proposalsverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Table read on 20 October 2026 (column 'Confirmed / Disbursed amount in EUR (tranche)'); the page shows EUR 23.2 billion of disbursements to Member States and 345 confirmed or recommended proposals. Romania (BMS 'RO'), 78 rows summed by year of the MF reference (own calculation, EUR million): 2021 23.0, 2022 1 391.6, 2023 2 169.0, 2024 1 955.6, 2025 1 237.1, 2026 (March round) 636.9, total 7 413.1. Agriculture-related rows: 'Supporting investments in new renewable electricity (solar and wind) generation capacities for self-consumption of enterprises in the agricultural and food sectors', MF 2023-1 RO 0-006 (16 March 2023, EUR 100 000 000) with subsequent tranches MF 2024-2 RO 0-006 (7 October 2024, EUR 50 000 000), MF 2025-1 RO 0-005 (17 March 2025, EUR 100 000 000) and MF 2025-2 RO 0-005 (6 October 2025, EUR 50 000 000), for at least 584 MW (28 MW wind, 556 MW solar); 'Rehabilitation of the Sarichioi Irrigation System, Tulcea County', MF 2025-2 RO 0-009 (6 October 2025, EUR 8 262 314.49).
  https://www.modernisationfund.eu/investments-2/

National Agency for Environmental Protection and Protected Areas / Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests (Romania), via Climate Policy Radar

• Romania’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1989–2024, National Inventory Document, April 2026 (PDF, Climate Policy Radar copy of the UNFCCC submission)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Copy listed on Climate Change Laws of the World (https://climate-laws.org/document/romania-national-inventory-report-nir-2026_84ae), original on unfccc.int (document 656458), which blocks automated access. Romania’s base year is 1989. PDF p.100: total GHG emissions in 2024, excluding removals by sinks, 95,587.78 kt CO2e, 68.90% below 1989, net emissions 77.76% below 1989. PDF p.104: agricultural emissions in 2024 were 53.02% lower than in 1989, attributed to the decline of livestock, of the rice area, of crop production levels and of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser use, and 18.11% of total GHG emissions came from agriculture. PDF p.50: forest land about 6,991 thousand ha in 2024, and the document foresees a considerable drop in forest productivity in the lower and hilly areas after 2040 due to higher temperatures and lower precipitation.
  https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/ROU/2026/romania-national-inventory-report-nir-2026_8b0ac6eee1f5c4900b498e7c74f12c9d.pdf

National Agency for Fiscal Administration (ANAF)

• Ordinul ministrului finanțelor nr. 85 din 12 ianuarie 2024 pentru reglementarea aspectelor referitoare la raportarea privind durabilitatea (text)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Text of the order hosted by ANAF (legislatie.just.ro and mfinante.gov.ro did not answer from this environment). Dated 12 January 2024. Article I amends the accounting regulations approved by OMFP 1802/2014, cites Directive (EU) 2022/2464 (OJ L 322, 16.12.2022) and adds chapters 7^1–7^3 on sustainability reporting (scope point 9(4), definitions referring to Regulation (EU) 2019/2088, content of the sustainability report in the management report).
  https://static.anaf.ro/static/10/Anaf/legislatie/OMF_85_2024.pdf

National Agency for Land Improvement (ANIF)

• Campania de irigații 2025 – situation at 28 November 2025verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Totals for ANIF at 28.11.2025: area prepared for irrigation 1,823,300.34 ha, contracted area 996,904.94 ha, irrigation canals filled 2,988.80 km serving 1,023,877.23 ha, irrigated area 2,944,663.83 ha (a cumulative figure larger than the contracted area, read as the sum of areas watered across successive waterings), 163 base and repumping stations started, 457 pressurisation stations, 5,636 motor pumps on canals, 353 water user organisations (OUAI) served, 221 OUAI and 486 other beneficiaries requested irrigation water.
  https://www.anif.ro/campania-de-irigatii/
• Raport de activitate al ANIF pentru anul 2019 (activity report 2019, PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · PDF p.24 (printed p.23): Government Decision No. 793/2016 approved the National Programme for the Rehabilitation of the Main Irrigation Infrastructure (PNI), covering 89 viable schemes in the public domain on 1.8 million ha. In 2019 RON 375.02 million was allocated to 134 irrigation investment objectives and works of RON 373.91 million executed. PDF p.37 (printed p.36): more than 1,200,000 ha prepared for the 2019 campaign. Table of contracted area (ha): 2014 323,027, 2015 315,290, 2016 349,789, 2017 635,169, 2018 872,713, 2019 837,639. Area watered, total (cumulative over waterings): 2014 261,032, 2015 441,497, 2016 306,890, 2017 508,299, 2018 622,772, 2019 747,745.
  http://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Raport%20de%20activitate%202019.pdf
• Raport de activitate ANIF 2020 (PDF, scanned)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Scanned report, read page by page. p.4: 1,053,838 ha prepared for the 2020 campaign. p.5: 1,281 contracts (911 multiannual, 370 seasonal) on 935,130 ha, the most contracts on the largest area in the previous six years. Text: 1,484,577.3 thousand m³ described as delivered in 2020 through 154 base and re-pumping stations and 2,651 km of filled canals. p.24: PNI objectives received RON 234.96 million initially and RON 303.403 million after the last budget revision in 2020, and works of RON 292.632 million were executed (96.45%).
  https://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Raport-de-activitate-2020.pdf
• Raportul de activitate al ANIF 2023 (PDF, scanned)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Scanned report, read page by page. p.4: 1,416,824 ha prepared for the 2023 campaign, 1,533 contracts (1,243 multiannual, 290 seasonal) on 903,462 ha, water requests and actual irrigation about 3% above 2022, 1,187,899.7 thousand m³ delivered through 161 pumping stations and 2,704 km of canals. p.20: PNI objectives received RON 524.932 million in 2023 and works of RON 523.195 million were executed (99.67%).
  https://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Raportul-de-activitate-al-ANIF-2023.pdf
• Raport de activitate al Agenției Naționale de Îmbunătățiri Funciare pentru anul 2021 (PDF, scanned)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Scanned report, read page by page. p.3: 1,063,187 ha prepared for the 2021 campaign. Contracted area (ha): 2016 349,789, 2017 635,169, 2018 872,713, 2019 837,639, 2020 935,130, 2021 860,332. Area watered, total: 2016 306,890, 2017 508,299, 2018 622,772, 2019 706,560 (revised from 747,745 in the 2019 report), 2020 1,591,668, 2021 904,333. p.5: area effectively irrigated (first watering): 2016 153,014, 2017 205,484, 2018 266,465, 2019 283,794, 2020 510,934, 2021 374,111. 1,154 contracts in 2021 (940 multiannual, 214 seasonal). The text gives 1,484,577.3 thousand m³ as delivered in 2021, the same figure as the 2020 report's text, through 124 pumping stations and 2,161 km of filled canals. p.6 chart (page image checked on 21 October 2026), thousand m³, 2016–2021: volume contracted 563,978, 954,098, 1,312,134, 1,342,836, 1,484,577, 1,738,300; volume delivered 255,389, 299,181, 359,336, 432,380, 906,945, 561,840. Investment chapter: PNI objectives received RON 284.903 million in 2021 and works of RON 252.009 million were executed (88.45%).
  https://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Raport-de-activitate-al-Agentiei-Nationale-de-Imbunatatiri-Funciare-pentru-anul-2021.pdf
• Raportul de activitate al ANIF 2022 (PDF, scanned)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Scanned report, read page by page. p.4: under Law No. 133/2017 ANIF bears the cost of water and of the electricity for pumping irrigation water for beneficiaries who request it. 1,335,963 ha prepared for the 2022 campaign, 1,281 contracts (1,000 multiannual, 281 seasonal) on 842,155 ha, 1,194,796.5 thousand m³ delivered through 140 pumping stations and 2,725 km of canals, water requests and actual irrigation about 27% above 2020. p.5: ANIF operates 443 drainage schemes on 3.086 million ha and 650 anti-erosion schemes on 2.226 million ha. Investment chapter: PNI objectives received RON 375.572 million in 2022 and works of RON 374.840 million were executed (99.80%). Government Decision No. 988/2022 amended Decision No. 793/2016 so that the PNI covers 155 viable schemes on 2.3 million ha.
  https://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Raportul-de-activitate-al-ANIF-2022-2.pdf
• Raport de activitate al ANIF pentru anul 2024 (PDF, scanned)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Scanned report, read page by page. p.4: main irrigation infrastructure prepared for 1,606,848 ha in 2024, 1,576 contracts (1,281 multiannual, 295 seasonal) on 1,047,301.55 ha, 1,812,000 thousand m³ delivered through 161 pumping stations and 2,827.33 km of canals. ANIF also implements CAP Strategic Plan interventions DR-25 (modernisation of irrigation infrastructure) and DR-26 (new irrigation systems) under delegation agreement No. 20394 of 2 October 2023.
  https://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Raport-de-activitate-al-ANIF-pentru-anul-2024.pdf
• Raport de activitate al ANIF pentru anul 2025 (PDF, scanned, 141 pages)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Scanned report, read page by page. p.9: the PNI is to rehabilitate the Siret-Bărăgan main canal and the main infrastructure of 155 viable schemes serving 2.6 million ha (the same report gives 2.3 million ha on p.77). Current state of the stage I infrastructure: pumping-station efficiency 40%, degradation of canal lining and hydraulic structures 80%, water losses on transport canals 60%, after rehabilitation 75% efficiency and 30% losses. p.76: in 2025 the 123 investment objectives received RON 1,243.184 million after budget revisions (RON 876.23 million initially) and works of RON 1,205.985 million were executed, of which PNI objectives RON 1,198.275 million allocated and RON 1,161.551 million executed (96.94%). p.89: infrastructure prepared for 1,823,300 ha, 1,592 contracts (1,270 multiannual, 322 seasonal) on 996,905 ha. p.90: about 1,910,967 thousand m³ delivered through 163 pumping stations and 2,988.80 km of canals.
  https://www.anif.ro/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Raport-de-activitate-al-ANIF-pentru-anul-2025.pdf

National Bank of Romania (BNR)

• Interactive database – Central Credit Register – Loans granted by credit institutions, by sector of activity of the borrower (series CRBCL_CAASP, CRBCL_CAT, CRBCL_CAPFA, CRBCL_CAI, CRBCL_CAS, CRBCL_CAC, CRBCL_CAFB, CRBCL_CAAP), RON million, monthlyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · HTML export of the BNR interactive database (https://www.bnr.ro/1074-baza-de-date-interactiva, domain 'Indicatori de risc bancar – Centrala Riscului de Credit – Credite acordate de instituţiile de credit'), read on 20 October 2026. Series 'Credite acordate de instituţiile de credit; agricultură, silvicultură și pescuit' (CRBCL_CAASP), RON million, end of December: 2010 7,030; 2011 9,244; 2012 10,473; 2013 10,850; 2014 11,650; 2015 12,444; 2016 13,070; 2017 14,803; 2018 15,715; 2019 17,767; 2020 19,526; 2021 22,641; 2022 26,461; 2023 28,905; 2024 31,325; 2025 31,958; August 2026 31,961. Total loans granted by credit institutions (CRBCL_CAT): 2010 254,650; 2020 426,163; 2025 693,321; August 2026 744,289. Of which to individuals (CRBCL_CAPFA): 2010 90,583; 2025 258,835; August 2026 275,146. August 2026 by sector: industry 109,045; services 191,204; construction 30,839; financial intermediation and insurance 49,337; public administration, education, health and social work 56,757. December 2025: industry 103,882; services 182,503; construction 28,242; financial intermediation 39,596; public administration 48,305. Exposures of one reporting institution to one borrower of RON 20,000 or more; the amount is the loan granted under the contract, not the outstanding balance. Series from January 2000.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNpzDnJy9ol3dnQMDtBxhrJD4KwAN0c42xPOCoaznOEsNyc40zFABwAO9Rew
• Interactive database – Central Credit Register – Loans granted and commitments assumed by credit institutions, and amounts owed, agriculture, forestry and fishing (series CRBL_CAASP, CRBL_CAT, CRBL_SASP, CRBL_SRG), RON million, monthlyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · HTML export of the BNR interactive database, read on 20 October 2026. 'Credite acordate şi angajamente asumate de instituţiile de credit; agricultură, silvicultură și pescuit' (CRBL_CAASP): December 2010 7,550; 2020 20,657; 2024 32,677; 2025 33,511; August 2026 33,432, out of a total (CRBL_CAT) of 858,259 in August 2026. 'Sume datorate; agricultură, silvicultură și pescuit' (CRBL_SASP): December 2010 5,956; 2020 16,106; 2024 25,924; 2025 24,893; August 2025 26,084; August 2026 25,267; total amounts owed, global risk (CRBL_SRG), 709,721 in August 2026. The database note on CRBL_SRG reads 'Suma datorată include partea neutilizată a liniilor de credit şi creditele evidenţiate în afara bilanţului' (the amount owed includes the unused part of credit lines and off-balance-sheet loans). The page states that the series for the last 84 months are updated every month.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNpzDnLyiQ92DA7QcQazgtwhDGdHuJizY4gOAOGDCxw
• Interactive database – Central Credit Register – Loans granted by non-bank financial institutions, agriculture, forestry and fishing and total (series CRCL_CAASP, CRCL_CAT), RON million, monthlyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · HTML export read on 20 October 2026. 'Credite acordate de instituţiile financiare nebancare; agricultură, silvicultură și pescuit' (CRCL_CAASP), end of December: 2010 1,655; 2011 2,142; 2012 2,848; 2013 3,541; 2014 4,005; 2015 4,765; 2016 5,986; 2017 7,254; 2018 8,809; 2019 10,396; 2020 11,275; 2021 12,462; 2022 14,701; 2023 16,452; 2024 16,843; 2025 18,584; August 2026 19,695. Total (CRCL_CAT): 2010 30,549; 2020 50,016; 2025 94,586; August 2026 100,861. The same values appear in table 11.7 of the August 2026 Monthly Bulletin, which labels the reporters 'IFN + IEME + IP' (non-bank financial institutions, electronic money institutions and payment institutions that lend). Exposures of RON 20,000 or more, amounts granted under the contract.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNpzDnL2iXd2dAwO0HGGMEN0ADvyBZ8
• Metadata sheet – Central Credit Register (CRC), aggregate indicators on credit risk information reported to the CRC (PDF, last updated 11 February 2025)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Linked as 'Descarcă metadate' from the interactive database. Section 3.1: the indicators cover loans granted and commitments assumed by reporting institutions towards a debtor, for exposures of one reporting institution to one debtor of RON 20,000 or more; indicator types are amounts granted, amounts owed and amounts overdue. Section 3.3: sectors are defined by grouping divisions of CAEN Rev.3. Section 3.4: the borrower's activity follows Order 377/2024 of the President of the National Institute of Statistics updating CAEN; reporting institutions are credit institutions, branches of foreign credit institutions, non-bank financial institutions in the Special Register and lending electronic money and payment institutions. Sectors listed: agriculture, forestry and fishing; industry; construction; financial intermediation and insurance; public administration, education, health and social work; services; individuals (persoane fizice). Time series 2000 to date, monthly, RON million. Section 11.2 (comparability over time): reporting under BNR Regulation 1/1999 from 2000 to July 2004, Regulation 4/2004 from August 2004 to December 2011 and Regulation 2/2012 (republished) from January 2012.
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/editor/1625934175.pdf
• Monthly Bulletin, August 2026 (statistical section), no. 394, data available on 8 October 2026 (PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Table 11.1 (prudential indicators, PDF p.55, footnote 2 to the NPL column: the indicators cover only banks that are Romanian legal entities): non-performing loan ratio under the EBA definition 2.65% (2022), 2.37% (2023), 2.48% (2024), 2.71% (December 2025), 2.89% (August 2026); total capital ratio 25.82% (2025). Table 11.3 (loans and commitments of credit institutions, RON million): agriculture, forestry and fishing 27,825 (2022), 30,334 (2023), 32,677 (2024), 33,511 (2025), 33,432 (August 2026) out of 858,259. Table 11.4 (loans granted by credit institutions): agriculture 26,461 (2022), 28,905 (2023), 31,325 (2024), 31,958 (2025), 31,961 (August 2026) out of 744,289. Tables 11.6 and 11.7 (IFN + IEME + IP): loans to agriculture 18,584 (2025) and 19,695 (August 2026) out of 100,861. Table 9.1 (non-bank financial institutions in the General Register): loans granted RON 65,682.1 million (December 2025) and RON 69,622.0 million (June 2026, provisional). Footnote to tables 11.2–11.4: exposure to a single debtor of RON 20,000 or more, the amount granted is the loan or commitment under the contract and is not updated for foreign-currency loans reported in previous months; BNR Regulation 4/2025 on the Central Credit Register in force from 1 December 2025. Methodological notes (PDF pp. 87–88): borrower activity per INS Order 377/2024 (CAEN update); series for the last 84 months are updated monthly.
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/2026-10buletinlunar-august_documentpdf_545_1791454719.pdf
• Raport asupra stabilității financiare (Financial Stability Report), June 2026 (PDF, Romanian)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Box 1 'Analiza companiilor din sectorul agricol românesc' (PDF pp. 44–46): agricultural firms generated 2% of the gross value added of non-financial companies (December 2024), 2.4% of turnover and 3% of employees; ROE 9.6% in June 2025, about 2 percentage points lower than in June 2024, ROA 3.8% (1 point lower), making agriculture the second least profitable segment; indebtedness (debt to equity) up 6 points to 153%; inventory period 197 days and receivables collection period 148 days, against 86 days for all non-financial companies (mid-2025); in 2024 agricultural firms bought RON 53.6 billion of goods and services (3.3% of national deliveries). PDF p. 46: 'Sectorul agriculturii contractează 8,2 la sută din creditarea companiilor nefinanciare (respectiv 17,7 miliarde lei)', of which 48.2% treasury (working-capital) loans and 23.6% equipment loans; the agricultural NPL ratio was 2.7% in October 2024 and 9.8% in March 2026, above the 5.6% of all non-financial companies, driven mainly by a 115% rise in one month (December 2025) of the unlikely-to-pay component, reflecting banks' expectations of deteriorating financial conditions in the sector. PDF p. 48: NPL ratio of exposures to non-financial companies 5.6% at end-March 2026 (+1.2 points year on year); highest NPL ratio in agriculture (9.8%), followed by construction (9%) and industry (6.4%), lowest in real estate (1.1%); microenterprises 7.2%, corporations 4.7%. PDF p. 35: 15% of firms reported frequent use of trade credit in September 2025, against 11% a year earlier, with higher use among corporations (39%) and agricultural companies (29%). PDF p. 51: major payment incidents April 2025 – March 2026 about RON 1.8 billion, 43% generated by agricultural companies. A sentence on PDF p. 48 gives the agricultural ratio as '+0.6 percentage points vs. March 2025', which is not consistent with the 2.7% of October 2024 in the box; only the March 2026 level and the October 2024 level are used in the profile.
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/2026-07-06raportasuprastabilitatiifinanciare-iunie2026_documentpdf_545_1783339608.pdf
• Raport asupra stabilității financiare (Financial Stability Report), December 2025 (PDF, Romanian)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · PDF p. 46: the financial health indicator of agriculture and real estate remained in the risk zone in 2024. PDF p. 56: NPL ratio of non-financial companies 5.2% at end-September 2025, up 1.3 percentage points year on year. Box 3 on government credit guarantee programmes (PDF pp. 57–59): 27% of companies with bank loans had state-guaranteed loans in June 2025, about a third of which had not borrowed from banks in the previous five years; over 70% of guaranteed loans were treasury loans and investment loans averaged 15% of the guaranteed portfolio in June 2020 – June 2025; the NPL ratio of state-guaranteed loans rose from 4.9% to 9% between September 2024 and September 2025; the working group of the National Committee for Macroprudential Oversight (CNSM) identified food security among four strategic sectors. Box 5 (PDF p. 67): 71% of people aged over 15 had an account in 2024 (69% in 2021), 81% in urban and 67% in rural areas.
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/2025-12-09raportasuprastabilitățiifinanciare-decembrie2025_documentpdf_545_1774336471.pdf
• Interactive database – Interest rates applied by credit institutions – New loans to non-financial corporations in lei (series N14RL_CSN), % a year, monthlyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. December values, % a year: 2010 9.40; 2011 9.74; 2012 9.76; 2013 6.84; 2014 5.87; 2015 4.36; 2016 3.72; 2017 4.94; 2018 5.84; 2019 5.79; 2020 4.64; 2021 4.58; 2022 9.93; 2023 8.69; 2024 8.26; 2025 8.57; August 2026 8.49. No series by economic activity is published.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNrzMzQJ8ol3DvbTAQAPHQLB
• Interactive database – Interest rates applied by credit institutions – New loans to non-financial corporations in euro (series N14EL_CSN), % a year, monthlyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. December values, % a year: 2010 5.02; 2011 5.64; 2012 4.62; 2013 4.89; 2014 3.93; 2015 3.20; 2016 3.05; 2017 2.57; 2018 2.54; 2019 2.74; 2020 3.01; 2021 2.69; 2022 4.55; 2023 6.59; 2024 5.27; 2025 4.57; August 2026 4.31.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNrzMzRx9Yl3DvbTAQAOwgK0
• Interactive database – BNR interest rates – Monetary policy rate by date of validity (series BNRDOBO_DPM), % a yearverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Changes: 1.25% from 18 January 2021; 1.50% from 6 October 2021; 1.75% from 10 November 2021; 2.00% from 11 January 2022; 2.50% from 10 February 2022; 3.00% from 6 April 2022; 3.75% from 11 May 2022; 4.75% from 7 July 2022; 5.50% from 8 August 2022; 6.25% from 6 October 2022; 6.75% from 9 November 2022; 7.00% from 11 January 2023; 6.75% from 8 July 2024; 6.50% from 8 August 2024 (latest entry). Earlier: 2.50% from 8 May 2018, 2.00% from 23 March 2020, 1.75% from 2 June 2020, 1.50% from 6 August 2020. Year-end levels taken from the monthly series BNRDOBL_DPM: 2010 6.25; 2011 6.00; 2012 5.25; 2013 4.00; 2014 2.75; 2015 1.75; 2016 1.75; 2017 1.75; 2018 2.50; 2019 2.50; 2020 1.50; 2021 1.75; 2022 6.75; 2023 7.00; 2024 6.50; 2025 6.50; August 2026 6.50.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNpz8gty8Xfyj3cJ8NUBABbXA3M
• Hotărâri ale CA al BNR pe probleme de politică monetară (Monetary policy decisions of the BNR Board), 8 October 2026verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · The Board decided on 8 October 2026 to keep the monetary policy rate at 6.50% a year, the lending (Lombard) facility rate at 7.50% and the deposit facility rate at 5.50%, and to keep minimum reserve requirement ratios unchanged. Annual CPI inflation fell to 8.16% in July and 6.17% in August 2026, from 10.42% in June.
  https://www.bnr.ro/25929-2026-10-08-hotarari-ale-ca-al-bnr-pe-probleme-de-politica-monetara
• Interactive database – Interbank money market – ROBOR 3 months (series BBZ_BOR3M), daily, % a yearverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Last fixing of each year, % a year: 2009 10.65; 2010 6.17; 2011 6.05; 2012 6.05; 2013 2.44; 2014 1.70; 2015 1.02; 2016 0.90; 2017 2.05; 2018 3.02; 2019 3.18; 2020 2.03; 2021 3.01; 2022 7.57; 2023 6.22; 2024 5.92; 2025 6.14; 31 August 2026 5.84; 20 October 2026 6.09.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNpzcoqKd_IPMvbVAQAQFwLN
• Interactive database – Reference index for consumer loans (IRCC), quarterly series PMRT_IR, % a yearverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. IRCC 5.90% (Q4 2023), 5.55% (Q4 2024), 5.58% (Q4 2025), 5.56% (Q1 2026), 5.57% (Q2 2026).
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNoL8A0KifcM0gEAC1oCag
• Interactive database – Aggregate indicators on credit institutions – Non-performing loan ratio under the EBA definition (series IAICT_RCNNABE), quarterly, %verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Fourth-quarter values: 2014 20.71; 2015 13.51; 2016 9.62; 2017 6.41; 2018 4.96; 2019 4.09; 2020 3.83; 2021 3.35; 2022 2.65; 2023 2.37; 2024 2.48; 2025 2.69; Q2 2026 2.89. No values before 2014. The Monthly Bulletin gives 2.71% for December 2025, a later monthly figure.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNrzdPR0DokPcvbzc3Ry1QEAHoQD7w
• Interactive database – Aggregate indicators on credit institutions – Number of credit institutions (series IAICT_NR), quarterlyverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · HTML export of series IAICT_NR from the interactive database (https://www.bnr.ro/1074-baza-de-date-interactiva), read on 20 October 2026: 29 credit institutions in Q4 2025, Q1 2026 and Q2 2026.
  https://www.bnr.ro/report?i=eNrzdPR0Don3C9IBAA0NApY
• Baza de date interactivă (interactive database)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Landing page of the BNR interactive database, which holds the Central Credit Register, interest-rate, money-market and prudential series used in this section; series are selected by code and exported as HTML, Excel, XML or CSV.
  https://www.bnr.ro/1074-baza-de-date-interactiva
• Rapoarte asupra stabilității financiare (Financial Stability Reports)landing page verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · List page linking the June 2026, December 2025 and earlier editions of the Financial Stability Report (two editions a year).
  https://www.bnr.ro/12050-rapoarte-asupra-stabilitatii-financiare
• Climate risk dashboard for the banking sector in Romania, 2024 (Year IV, No. 4)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Prepared under measure 12 of NCMO Recommendation R/6/2021. Overview: brown companies about half the stock of bank credit to non-financial corporations; green bank loans to non-financial corporations RON 5.7 billion at end-September 2024, 2.9% of the stock of loans to firms and 4.3% of the annual flow, 54% of them for green buildings, by sector 50% real estate, 18% utilities, 10% manufacturing; household green loans about RON 10 billion (5.7% of household loans) in September 2024. Physical risk (2023 data): firms in sectors vulnerable to drought (agriculture and utilities) in 31 counties with medium or high drought risk produced 2.3% of gross value added, and bank exposure to them was 7% (+2 pp); flood-exposed firms (agriculture, manufacturing, services) 12.7% of GVA and 19% of bank exposure. Chart 4.2 and text: seven green bond issues in Romania in 2024 totalling EUR 8.1 billion, all by the Government (Refinitiv data to end-November 2024).
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/2024-climateriskdashboardforthebankingsectorinromania2024_documentpdf_545_1739368332.pdf
• Raport asupra stabilității financiare, iunie 2025verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Overview, section D. Brown companies (half-year 2024 financial statements) generated 40.3% of aggregate gross value added, held 45.9% of total assets and employed 32.2% of employees of non-financial corporations. Bank loans to them were RON 85.2 billion at end-March 2025, 50.8% of loans to non-financial corporations. Green loans to households 7% of household loans (RON 12.8 billion, +57% year on year, March 2025). Green loans to non-financial corporations 4% of bank loans to firms (RON 8 billion, +58%, March 2025). The area affected by aridity rose from 10.9% in 1971–1980 to 40.8% in 2011–2020 and 41.5% in recent years.
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/editor/211457983.pdf
• Raport asupra stabilității financiare, decembrie 2025verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Approved on 9 December 2025. Section 1: bank exposures to brown non-financial corporations are more than half of exposures to non-financial corporations, below the EU aggregate of 63% (December 2024). Green asset ratio about 1%, against 7.2% in the EU (December 2024), from the EBA ESG dashboard (footnote 88: coverage about 50%, only 2 Romanian credit institutions included). 9% of household loans had a climate purpose, mostly mortgages (14% of mortgage credit green, September 2025), and 5% of bank financing to non-financial corporations were green loans.
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/2025-12-09raportasuprastabilit%C4%83%C8%9Biifinanciare-decembrie2025_documentpdf_545_1765290572.pdf
• Raport asupra stabilității financiare, iunie 2026verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Approved on 6 July 2026. Overview, section D: brown companies (mid-2025 financial statements) generated 36.8% of aggregate gross value added, held 44% of total assets and employed 30.2% of employees; bank loans to them RON 86.6 billion at end-March 2026, 49.4% of loans to non-financial corporations. 6.1% of the corporate loan portfolio had a climate purpose (+2.2 pp year on year, March 2026), about half for green buildings. 7.3% of bank loans to households were sustainable loans, 85% for green buildings. Section on agriculture: 8.2% of bank credit to non-financial corporations (RON 17.7 billion), NPL ratio 2.7% in October 2024 and 9.8% in March 2026 (5.6% for all non-financial corporations). Solvency stress test chapter: the methodology 'does not include ... the quantification of potential effects derived from emerging risks ... such as climate and cyber' (own translation).
  https://www.bnr.ro/uploads/2026-07-06raportasuprastabilitatiifinanciare-iunie2026_documentpdf_545_1783339608.pdf

National Committee for Macroprudential Oversight (NCMO/CNSM)

• Recommendation NCMO No. R/6/2021 on supporting green finance (list of 2021 recommendations)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Full text of the recommendation on the NCMO page. Section I asks the NBR and the Financial Supervisory Authority to communicate recommendations on a prudent approach to climate risk (governance, strategy, risk management, scenario analysis and stress testing, transparency) by 31 December 2021, and the Government to set up an interministerial group to compile a Sovereign Green Bond Framework by 31 May 2022. Section III asks the NBR to create a climate-risk dashboard for the banking sector, to run annual climate stress tests and publish the results (by 31 December 2021), and to add green-loan information, starting from the EU taxonomy, to the Central Credit Register (by 30 June 2022). The page does not give the date of adoption within 2021.
  https://cnsmro.ro/en/politica-macroprudentiala/lista-recomandarilor-2021/

National Institute of Statistics (INS)

• Press release No. 243 of 17 September 2021 – Employment and unemployment, second quarter of 2021 (Internet Archive copy)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · insse.ro does not respond from the build environment, read from the Internet Archive copy of 21 September 2021. "Apart from the 7843 thousand employed persons, another 780 thousand persons worked in their own agricultural household, in order to produce agricultural goods intended exclusively or mainly for self-consumption". These persons are, from the first quarter of 2021, considered inactive or unemployed.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20210921113419/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_tr2e_21.pdf

National Meteorological Administration (ANM), Romania

• Anul 2025 – caracterizare meteorologică (annual climate characterisation, 2025)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Mean temperature of the 29-station series 12.0 °C (11.95), +1.2 °C against the 1991–2020 median, fourth warmest year since 1901. 129-station series 10.9 °C, +1.1 °C. Table 2, ten warmest years 1961–2025 (129 stations, °C): 2024 11.62, 2023 11.38, 2019 11.00, 2025 10.88, 2020 10.78, 2022 10.64, 2015 10.58, 2018 10.53, 2007 10.48, 2014 10.35. Precipitation 2025, 128 stations, 578.3 mm, 13.4% below the 1991–2020 median, June 78.2% below. The page states that no conclusive climate signal of an increase or decrease can be identified in annual precipitation anomalies 1961–2025. Note that the 2025 page gives 2024 an anomaly of +1.79 °C against the 1991–2020 median for the 129-station series, while the 2024 page gave +1.99 °C.
  https://www.meteoromania.ro/clim/caracterizare-anuala/cc_2025.html
• Anul 2024 – caracterizare meteorologică (annual climate characterisation, 2024)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Mean temperature 11.6 °C, +2.0 °C against the 1991–2020 median, the warmest year in the 1961–2024 series (129 stations) and in the 1900–2024 series (29 stations, 13.10 °C). The warming trend is 1.5 °C over 1900–2024 and 2.3 °C over 1961–2024. In five months of 2024 (February, March, June, July, August) the national monthly mean was the highest in the series.
  https://www.meteoromania.ro/clim/caracterizare-anuala/cc_2024.html

Parlamentul României – Portal Legislativ (Internet Archive copy)

• Legea nr. 314 din 16 decembrie 2024 pentru aprobarea OUG nr. 85/2024verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy (6 April 2025). Published in Monitorul Oficial No. 1270 of 17 December 2024. Single article approves OUG 85/2024 with amendments, point 1: Article 6 (dissolution of the National Agency for Zootechnics) is repealed.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250406043042/https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/292395

Paying and Intervention Agency for Agriculture (APIA)

• Finalizarea Campaniei de depunere a Cererilor de plată pentru anul 2025 (press release, 16 June 2025, Internet Archive copy)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · apia.org.ro did not respond from the review environment, so the Internet Archive copy of 10 July 2025 was read on 20 October 2026. The 2025 campaign ran 3 March to 13 June 2025: 708,012 payment applications for 9,875,710.11 ha (the release writes 'milioane hectare'). In 2024: 730,395 payment applications for 9,962,885 ha. APIA reports a higher average area per holding and fewer parcels per farmer in 2025 than in 2024.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250710205551/https://apia.org.ro/comunicat-de-presa/finalizarea-campaniei-de-depunere-a-cererilor-de-plata-pentru-anul-2025/
• Situație plăți APIA în intervalul 16 octombrie 2023 – 11 ianuarie 2024 (press release, 12 January 2024, Internet Archive copy)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy of 21 May 2025 read on 20 October 2026. Between 16 October 2023 and 11 January 2024 APIA authorised EUR 1.66 billion, of which EUR 1.50 billion from EU and national funds for 714,041 farmers who applied in the 2023 campaign (EAGF EUR 1.16 billion, EAFRD and national co-financing EUR 254.52 million, EURI EUR 86.20 million), plus EUR 156.80 million for market measures, external trade, promotion and national state aid. APIA undertook to complete payments by 30 June 2024.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250521234929/https://apia.org.ro/comunicat-de-presa/situatie-plati-apia-in-intervalul-16-octombrie-2023-11-ianuarie-202/
• Stadiul Campaniei de plăți în avans aferentă anului 2024 (press release, 4 November 2024, Internet Archive copy)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy of 14 August 2025 read on 20 October 2026. From 16 October to 1 November 2024 APIA authorised advance payments for claim year 2024 to 571,110 farmers, EUR 601,274,241.70 (RON 2,991,537,895.42). In 2024, EAFRD and national co-financing payments for rural development interventions are made by AFIR. EAGF payments converted at RON 4.9753 per euro, EAFRD at RON 4.9756.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250814025145/https://apia.org.ro/comunicat-de-presa/stadiul-campaniei-de-plati-in-avans-aferenta-anului-2024-2/
• Stadiul autorizării plăților finale aferente anului de cerere 2024 (press release, 4 February 2025, Internet Archive copy)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Internet Archive copy of 18 July 2025 read on 20 October 2026. From 2 December 2024 to 3 February 2025 APIA authorised final payments for claim year 2024 to 658,651 farmers, EUR 478,882,609 (RON 2,382,612,198), of which EAGF EUR 387,722,404, EAFRD EUR 77,359,154 and national co-financing EUR 13,801,051, which APIA says is over 92.5% of the farmers declared eligible. The advance campaign for claim year 2024 paid EUR 1,283,042,988 (RON 6,383,586,787) from EAGF, EAFRD and national co-financing.
  https://web.archive.org/web/20250718234532/https://apia.org.ro/comunicat-de-presa/stadiul-autorizarii-platilor-finale-aferente-anului-de-cerere-2024-7/

Publications Office of the EU (EUR-Lex)

• Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment (Taxonomy Regulation), OJ L 198, 22.6.2020, p. 13verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy of the Official Journal (CELEX 32020R0852). Signed at Brussels on 18 June 2020, published in OJ L 198 of 22.6.2020. Article 27(1): in force on the twentieth day after publication (12 July 2020 in the Publications Office metadata). Article 27(2): Articles 4–7 and 8(1)–(3) apply from 1 January 2022 for climate change mitigation and adaptation and from 1 January 2023 for the other four objectives. Article 9 lists the six environmental objectives. Article 8 obliges undertakings subject to non-financial (now sustainability) reporting to disclose taxonomy-aligned shares of turnover, CapEx and OpEx.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/852/oj/eng
• Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 of 4 June 2021 establishing technical screening criteria for climate change mitigation and adaptation (Climate Delegated Act), OJ L 442, 9.12.2021, p. 1verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32021R2139). Adopted 4 June 2021, published 9.12.2021, in force 29 December 2021, applies from 1 January 2022 (Publications Office metadata). Recital 42: in view of the CAP negotiations 'the establishment of the technical screening criteria for agriculture should be delayed'. Annex I covers forestry (1.1 afforestation, 1.2 rehabilitation and restoration of forests, 1.3 forest management, 1.4 conservation forestry) but no crop or livestock production activity. The Environmental Delegated Act (EU) 2023/2486 (OJ L, 21.11.2023, CELEX 32023R2486) was also searched and contains no crop or livestock activity.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2021/2139/oj/eng
• Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/73 of 4 July 2025 simplifying taxonomy disclosures (amending Delegated Regulations 2021/2178, 2021/2139 and 2023/2486), OJ L, 2026/73, 8.1.2026verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32026R0073). Adopted 4 July 2025, published 8.1.2026, in force on the twentieth day after publication (28 January 2026 in the metadata), applies from 1 January 2026, with the option to apply the previous rules for financial year 2025 (Article 4). New Article 2(1a)–(1b) and 4(1a)–(1f) of Delegated Regulation 2021/2178: activities or exposures below 10% of the relevant total may be left out of the taxonomy assessment. New Article 7(3): 'All exposures to undertakings that are not obliged to include sustainability information in their management report pursuant to Article 19a or Article 29a of Directive 2013/34/EU ... shall be excluded from the denominator' of the key performance indicators (including the green asset ratio) of financial undertakings.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2026/73/oj/eng
• Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 of 27 November 2019 on sustainability-related disclosures in the financial services sector (SFDR), OJ L 317, 9.12.2019, p. 1verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32019R2088). Done at Strasbourg on 27 November 2019, published in OJ L 317 of 9.12.2019. Article 20: in force on the twentieth day after publication (29 December 2019 in the metadata) and applies from 10 March 2021, with some provisions from 29 December 2019 and Article 11(1)–(3) from 1 January 2022. Amended by the Taxonomy Regulation (2020/852) and by Regulation (EU) 2024/3005 on ESG rating activities.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2088/oj/eng
• Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of 14 December 2022 as regards corporate sustainability reporting (CSRD), OJ L 322, 16.12.2022, p. 15verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32022L2464). Adopted 14 December 2022, published in OJ L 322 of 16.12.2022, in force 5 January 2023 (metadata). Article 5(1): transposition by 6 July 2024. Article 5(2) as adopted: reporting for financial years from 1 January 2024 for large public-interest entities with more than 500 employees, from 1 January 2025 for other large undertakings and parents of large groups, and from 1 January 2026 for listed SMEs, small and non-complex institutions and captive insurers.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2464/oj/eng
• Directive (EU) 2025/794 of 14 April 2025 amending Directives 2022/2464 and 2024/1760 as regards the dates of application ('stop-the-clock'), OJ L, 2025/794, 16.4.2025verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32025L0794). Adopted 14 April 2025, published 16.4.2025, in force on the day after publication (17 April 2025). Moves the CSRD start for the second wave (other large undertakings) to financial years starting on or after 1 January 2027 and for the third wave (listed SMEs and others) to 1 January 2028. Transposition by 31 December 2025.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/794/oj/eng
• Directive (EU) 2026/470 of 24 February 2026 amending Directives 2006/43/EC, 2013/34/EU, (EU) 2022/2464 and (EU) 2024/1760 as regards certain corporate sustainability reporting and due diligence requirements (Omnibus I), OJ L, 2026/470, 26.2.2026verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32026L0470). Done at Brussels on 24 February 2026, published 26.2.2026, in force on the twentieth day after publication (18 March 2026 in the metadata). Limits mandatory sustainability reporting to undertakings and groups exceeding a net turnover of EUR 450 000 000 and an average of 1 000 employees, deletes the listed-SME wave, and lets Member States exempt undertakings below those thresholds for financial years 2025 and 2026. Introduces 'protected undertakings' (value-chain undertakings with no more than 1 000 employees) that may decline requests going beyond the voluntary standards, with reporting undertakings allowed to rely on self-declarations. Article 5: transposition of Articles 1–3 by 19 March 2027, of Article 4 (due diligence) by 26 July 2028.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2026/470/oj/eng
• Regulation (EU) 2023/2631 of 22 November 2023 on European Green Bonds and optional disclosures for bonds marketed as environmentally sustainable, OJ L, 2023/2631, 30.11.2023verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32023R2631). Adopted 22 November 2023, published 30.11.2023, in force 20 December 2023 (metadata). Article 70(2): applies from 21 December 2024, with listed provisions from 20 December 2023 and Articles 40, 42(1)–(8) and 43 from 21 June 2026. Use of the 'European Green Bond' or 'EuGB' label is voluntary and requires proceeds to be allocated to taxonomy-aligned activities.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2631/oj/eng
• Directive (EU) 2024/1619 of 31 May 2024 amending Directive 2013/36/EU as regards supervisory powers, sanctions, third-country branches, and ESG risks (CRD6), OJ L, 2024/1619, 19.6.2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32024L1619). Adopted 31 May 2024, published 19.6.2024, in force 9 July 2024 (metadata). New Article 87a of Directive 2013/36/EU: institutions must have strategies, policies, processes and systems to identify, measure, manage and monitor ESG risks over the short, medium and long term (a horizon of at least 10 years), test their resilience to ESG factors starting with climate, and prepare plans with quantifiable targets, which supervisors assess in the SREP. EBA to issue guidelines by 10 January 2026. Article 2: transposition by 10 January 2026, application from 11 January 2026.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1619/oj/eng
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1623 of 31 May 2024 amending Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR3), OJ L, 2024/1623, 19.6.2024verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy (CELEX 32024R1623). Adopted 31 May 2024, published 19.6.2024, in force 9 July 2024, most provisions applicable from 1 January 2025 (metadata). Amended Articles 433a–433c and 449a: ESG risk disclosures extend beyond large listed institutions, and small and non-complex non-listed institutions disclose ESG risks annually (new Article 433b(2)).
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1623/oj/eng
• Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 of 2 December 2021 establishing rules on support for CAP Strategic Plans, OJ L 435, 6.12.2021, p. 1verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read in the CELLAR copy of the original Official Journal text (CELEX 32021R2115). Done at Brussels on 2 December 2021, published 6.12.2021, in force the day after publication (7 December 2021). Article 93(1): at least 35% of the EAFRD contribution reserved for environmental and climate-related objectives and animal welfare. Article 97(1): at least 25% of the direct-payment allocations reserved each year 2023–2027 for eco-schemes.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/2115/oj/eng
• National transposition measures communicated by Romania for Directive (EU) 2022/2464 and Directive (EU) 2025/794verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Publications Office SPARQL endpoint (records 72022L2464ROU_* and 72025L0794ROU_*), as eur-lex.europa.eu returned a bot challenge. Order of the Minister of Finance No 85/2024, Monitorul Oficial No 75 of 26 January 2024 (notified 29 January 2024). BNR Order No 1/2024 amending BNR Orders 27/2010 and 6/2015, Monitorul Oficial No 499 of 30 May 2024, pp. 1–16, in force 30 May 2024. Order of the Minister of Finance No 1421/2025 'on the dates from which certain sustainability reporting requirements apply', Monitorul Oficial No 786 of 22 August 2025 (also listed against Directive 2025/794). BNR Order No 2 of 4 February 2026 amending BNR regulations, Monitorul Oficial No 107 of 10 February 2026, in force 10 February 2026 (listed against Directive 2025/794). ASF Norms 4/2024, 8/2024, 14/2024, 16/2024, 17/2024 and 2/2025 cover non-bank financial entities. On 20 October 2026 no Romanian measure was listed against Directive (EU) 2024/1619 (CRD6) or Directive (EU) 2026/470.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/NIM/?uri=CELEX:32022L2464

Publications Office of the EU (Official Journal)

• Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 of 2 December 2021 establishing rules on support for strategic plans under the CAP (CAP Strategic Plans), OJ L 435, 6.12.2021, p. 1verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through the Publications Office CELLAR copy of CELEX 32021R2115 (eur-lex.europa.eu returned an empty challenge page). Adopted 2 December 2021, published in OJ L 435 of 6 December 2021. Article 160: enters into force on the day following publication. Repeals Regulations (EU) No 1305/2013 and No 1307/2013.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/2115/oj/eng
• Regulation (EU) 2021/2116 of 2 December 2021 on the financing, management and monitoring of the CAP, OJ L 435, 6.12.2021, p. 187verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through the CELLAR copy of CELEX 32021R2116. Article 106: enters into force on the day following publication and applies from 1 January 2023 (Article 16 applies to EAGF expenditure from 16 October 2022). Repeals Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/2116/oj/eng
• Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products, OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 671verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through the CELLAR copy of CELEX 32013R1308. Article 232: enters into force on the day of publication (20 December 2013) and applies from 1 January 2014, with exceptions. The vine planting authorisation scheme applies from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2030 (Article 61).
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/1308/oj/eng
• Regulation (EU) 2022/870 of 30 May 2022 on temporary trade-liberalisation measures for Ukrainian products, OJ L 152, 3.6.2022, p. 103verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through the CELLAR copy of CELEX 32022R0870. Adopted 30 May 2022, published 3 June 2022. Article 8: enters into force on the day following publication and applies until 5 June 2023.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/870/oj/eng
• Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/903 of 2 May 2023 introducing preventive measures concerning certain products originating in Ukraine, OJ L 114 I, 2.5.2023, p. 1verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through the CELLAR copy of CELEX 32023R0903. Recitals 2–5 refer to the EU-Ukraine Solidarity Lanes (Communication COM(2022) 217) and to imports saturating storage and logistics in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Article 1: wheat, maize, rapeseed and sunflower seed originating in Ukraine may be released for free circulation only in Member States other than these five, except under contracts signed earlier, and transit is not affected. Article 2: in force on the day of publication, applies until 5 June 2023.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2023/903/oj/eng
• Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union, OJ L 157, 21.6.2005, p. 11verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 through the CELLAR copy of CELEX 12005S/TXT. Signed at Luxembourg on 25 April 2005. Article 4(2): the Treaty enters into force on 1 January 2007 provided all instruments of ratification have been deposited before that date.
  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12005S/TXT

Ramsar Convention Secretariat

• Danube Delta, Ramsar Sites Information Service, site no. 521verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Country Romania, area 647,000 ha, designation date 21 May 1991, also a World Heritage Site and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, national legal designation biosphere reserve, last publication date of the information sheet 1 January 1996. The summary describes the Romanian part of the delta as a fluvial zone, a transitional zone and a marine zone, and lists fishing, forestry, small-scale cultivation and tourism as human activities and 75 fish species.
  https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/521

Senate of Romania

• Bill L173/2014 on the storage of grain and oilseeds and warehouse receipts – legislative recordverified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-21 · Read on 21 October 2026. Government bill registered at the Senate as L173/2014 (Chamber of Deputies PLX164/2014). Status: became Law No. 101 of 8 July 2014, published in Monitorul Oficial No. 516 of 10 July 2014.
  https://www.senat.ro/legis/lista.aspx?nr_cls=L173&an_cls=2014
• Bill L11/2026 (PLX171/2026) approving Government Emergency Ordinance No. 92/2025 amending OUG 85/2024 on the reorganisation of MADR – legislative record, with the form adopted by the Senate (26L011FS.pdf) and the ordinance as sent to Parliament (26L011OG.pdf)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-21 · Record and PDFs read on 21 October 2026 (https://www.senat.ro/legis/PDF/2026/26L011FS.pdf and https://www.senat.ro/legis/PDF/2026/26L011OG.pdf). The form adopted by the Senate approves Emergency Ordinance No. 92 of 30 December 2025, published in Monitorul Oficial Part I No. 1225 of 31 December 2025. Procedure: registered at the Senate on 31 December 2025, adopted by the Senate on 2 March 2026 under Article 115(5) of the Constitution (tacit adoption), registered at the Chamber of Deputies on 11 March 2026, last step shown a committee opinion of 14 May 2026, status 'sent to the Chamber for debate'. Ordinance text: Art. I amends OUG 85/2024, new Art. 5^1 dissolves the National Agency for Zootechnics by total division, Art. 5^2 dissolves the National Mountain Area Agency by total division, Art. 5^3 and 5^4 merge the Central Laboratory for Seed and Planting Material Quality and the Central Laboratory for Wine Quality and Hygiene Control into the State Institute for Variety Testing and Registration (ISTIS), Art. 5^5 dissolves the National Agency for Fisheries and Aquaculture by merger by absorption, new Art. 7 merges the territorial seed inspectorates into ISTIS, Art. 8 merges the soil and agrochemical study offices into the county agricultural directorates, Art. 9 merges the Bucharest agricultural directorate into MADR. Art. II renames the State Domains Agency the National Authority for the Administration of State Domains, Fisheries and Aquaculture. Art. III moves the Băneasa sericulture research station under the Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. Art. IV repeals Law 133/2019 establishing the Agency for Quality and Marketing of Agri-food Products from 1 January 2026. The explanatory memorandum (26L011EM.pdf) states that the activity of the National Mountain Area Agency passes to the county agricultural directorates and that of the National Agency for Fisheries and Aquaculture to the State Domains Agency.
  https://www.senat.ro/legis/lista.aspx?nr_cls=L11&an_cls=2026

Senatul României

• Expunere de motive, bill L790/2022 on APIA (PDF)verified
  RO · accessed 2026-10-20 · Explanatory memorandum (2022). APIA operates under Law No. 1/2004 and was established in 2004 under MADR to manage EAGF direct payments and market measures, some EAFRD measures and national aid. Since 2007 average annual absorption above 96%; over €35 billion managed (EAGF €19.90 billion, EAFRD €6.44 billion, national budget €9.57 billion). On average 850,000 payment applications a year for more than 9 million ha; more than 2.3 million farms registered; LPIS with over 1.3 million physical blocks and about 6.5 million parcels; more than 100 schemes and measures. Budget to be managed under the 2023-2027 CAP about €12.76 billion, of which about €10.38 billion for direct payments and market measures.
  https://senat.ro/legis/PDF/2022/22L790EM.pdf

United Nations Statistics Division

• UN Comtrade – Romania, agri-food trade (HS chapters 01–24) by partner and chapter, 2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Retrieved on 20 October 2026 from https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&cmdCode=<01–24>&flowCode=X|M&partner2Code=0&customsCode=C00&motCode=0, one query per chapter and flow (the link shows exports of chapter 01, re-opened on 21 October 2026). Romania as reporter, 2025, the latest full year Romania reported. Exports US$14,289.9 million, imports US$16,140.7 million (own sums of chapters 01–24). Partner codes are converted to ISO 3166 numeric codes (Comtrade 842 United States to 840, 251 France to 250, 699 India to 356, 757 Switzerland to 756, 579 Norway to 578, 490 Other Asia n.e.s. to 158).
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&cmdCode=01&flowCode=X&partner2Code=0&customsCode=C00&motCode=0
• UN Comtrade – Romania, agri-food trade by HS chapter (01–24), world partner, 2015–2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026, one query per year and flow (change period 2015–2025 and flowCode X/M). Romania had reported 2025, the latest full year. Own sums of chapters 01–24, US$ million. Exports 2015–2025: 6,577.1, 6,827.7, 7,277.6, 7,645.6, 8,055.4, 7,967.0, 11,313.2, 12,637.9, 13,260.5, 11,726.2, 14,289.9. Imports: 6,705.5, 7,516.2, 8,345.1, 9,028.4, 9,435.1, 10,191.5, 11,975.1, 13,933.1, 14,660.8, 15,366.6, 16,140.7. Largest export chapters 2025: 10 cereals 3,478.3, 12 oilseeds 2,492.8, 24 tobacco 2,425.2, 02 meat 795.5, 01 live animals 659.4, 19 620.6, 21 565.8, 04 527.9, 15 504.5, 22 426.1. Largest import chapters 2025: 02 meat 1,567.3, 08 fruit and nuts 1,320.0, 04 dairy 1,247.8, 21 1,155.5, 19 1,124.6, 22 1,050.2, 23 925.6, 07 912.1, 18 774.6, 20 733.4. Export chapter 10 2015–2025: 2,225.9, 2,326.6, 2,247.1, 2,548.6, 2,897.4, 2,446.6, 4,283.2, 4,588.3, 4,460.8, 3,200.1, 3,478.3. Export chapter 24: 1,046.7, 851.9, 825.0, 819.3, 1,061.4, 1,566.2, 1,588.5, 1,557.1, 1,819.1, 2,220.2, 2,425.2. Import chapter 02: 631.2, 712.4, 865.9, 965.6, 1,052.7, 1,041.5, 1,151.8, 1,361.5, 1,659.6, 1,731.6, 1,567.3. Data classified in HS 2012 (2015–2016), HS 2017 (2017–2021) and HS 2022 (2022–2025).
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X&partnerCode=0&partner2Code=0&motCode=0&customsCode=C00
• UN Comtrade – Romania, total goods trade (all HS chapters), world partner, 2015, 2020, 2024 and 2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Total goods exports / imports, US$ million: 2015 60,605.0 / 69,857.7, 2020 71,046.4 / 92,056.3, 2024 100,370.9 / 136,519.4, 2025 109,066.4 / 145,955.2. Agri-food (HS 01–24) share of goods exports (own calculation): 10.9% (2015), 11.2% (2020), 11.7% (2024), 13.1% (2025), of imports 9.6%, 11.1%, 11.3%, 11.1%.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X&partnerCode=0&partner2Code=0&motCode=0&customsCode=C00
• UN Comtrade – Romania, agri-food trade by HS heading (4-digit), world partner, 2015–2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026, one query per year and flow, plus all 4-digit headings of chapters 01–24 for 2025. Exports, US$ million, 2015–2025. Wheat and meslin (1001): 769.3, 1,264.1, 1,129.4, 1,223.2, 1,272.2, 948.8, 1,820.1, 2,099.4, 2,227.7, 1,780.7, 2,089.7 (2025 net weight 8,487.5 thousand t, flagged estimated). Maize (1005): 1,066.7, 773.8, 826.2, 1,026.6, 1,390.7, 1,225.8, 1,936.2, 1,994.7, 1,679.1, 890.2, 718.2. Rapeseed (1205): 333.3, 609.3, 676.3, 554.6, 206.2, 268.9, 624.9, 734.5, 1,208.3, 580.9, 1,400.3. Sunflower seed (1206): 502.0, 539.2, 598.6, 753.6, 845.1, 698.7, 989.8, 1,166.1, 884.9, 724.1, 930.1. Barley (1003): 333.6, 215.0, 245.8, 275.1, 207.1, 243.6, 500.9, 451.5, 514.9, 492.3, 628.0. Cigarettes (2402): 1,018.3, 820.7, 743.9, 687.0, 742.8, 798.6, 730.9, 661.3, 720.9, 882.1, 865.5. Largest export headings 2025: 1001 2,089.7, 2404 (products for inhalation without combustion) 1,538.3, 1205 1,400.3, 1206 930.1, 2402 865.5, 1005 718.2, 1003 628.0, 1905 493.9, 0207 poultry meat 477.6. Largest import headings 2025: 0203 pork 992.4, 1905 773.5, 1806 chocolate 706.9, 2106 688.5, 2309 animal feed 640.0, 0901 coffee 628.9, 0406 cheese 620.0.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&cmdCode=1001,1005,1206,1205,1003,2402,1512,2401,0104,0207,0203,2204,1507,1201&flowCode=X&partnerCode=0&partner2Code=0&motCode=0&customsCode=C00
• UN Comtrade – Romania, exports of wheat, maize, barley, rapeseed, sunflower seed and cigarettes by partner, 2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026, one query per heading (change cmdCode). US$ million, 2025. Wheat (1001, total 2,089.7): Saudi Arabia 389.5, Egypt 201.0, Jordan 187.8, Italy 185.0, Algeria 138.6, Nigeria 91.4, Yemen 90.6. Maize (1005, 718.2): Italy 93.1, Lebanon 77.4, Türkiye 76.6, Poland 54.4, Israel 49.4. Barley (1003, 628.0): Jordan 107.2, Saudi Arabia 85.2, Iran 77.1, Lebanon 52.9. Sunflower seed (1206, 930.1): Türkiye 432.6 (46.5%), Bulgaria 176.0, Hungary 98.3, Netherlands 58.2. Rapeseed (1205, 1,400.3): Belgium 440.6, Netherlands 267.8, Germany 161.7, United Kingdom 103.7. Cigarettes (2402, 865.5): Italy 242.6, Bulgaria 106.7, Spain 59.2. Imports of pork (0203, flowCode M, total 992.4): Spain 378.4 (38.1%), Germany 202.1 (20.4%), Hungary 185.0 (18.6%), Poland 69.7.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&cmdCode=1001&flowCode=X&partner2Code=0&motCode=0&customsCode=C00
• UN Comtrade – Romania, agri-food trade (HS chapters 01–24) by partner, 2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026, one query per HS chapter and flow (the link shows exports of chapter 10, cereals; change cmdCode 01–24 and flowCode X/M). The 48 responses were downloaded by the profile's trade-map script and the chapter 24 export query was re-run and gave identical values. Own sums of partners equal the world rows, US$ million: exports 14,289.9, imports 16,140.7. Largest export partners: Italy 1,197.5, Bulgaria 1,018.9, Netherlands 771.5, Germany 760.3, Japan 695.0 (of which chapter 24 689.8), Hungary 666.5, Türkiye 645.7, Belgium 573.0, Saudi Arabia 534.6 (of which chapter 10 474.7), United Kingdom 515.2, Czechia 505.2, France 497.5. Largest import partners: Germany 2,392.3, Hungary 1,757.2, Poland 1,511.1, Netherlands 1,499.8, Italy 1,241.9, Bulgaria 888.4, Spain 867.0, Türkiye 675.7, Greece 576.2, France 555.7, Moldova 461.5, Ukraine 405.8. Cereal (chapter 10) exports: Saudi Arabia 474.7, Italy 317.7, Jordan 300.8, Egypt 232.4, Algeria 173.9, Lebanon 170.4. Meat (chapter 02) imports: Spain 404.9, Hungary 298.1, Germany 280.4. Own groupings: other EU-27 members 8,211.2 of exports (57.5%) and 13,315.0 of imports (82.5%), Middle East and North Africa (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen) 2,599.6 (18.2%) of exports, Türkiye 645.7 (4.5%).
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&cmdCode=10&flowCode=X&partner2Code=0&customsCode=C00&motCode=0&includeDesc=true
• UN Comtrade – Romania, exports of cereals (HS 10) and selected grains and oilseeds, world partner, 2015–2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026, one query per year 2015–2025 (change period). Romania as reporter, exports, partner World. Export value, US$ million, 2015–2025. HS 10 cereals: 2,225.9, 2,326.6, 2,247.1, 2,548.6, 2,897.4, 2,446.6, 4,283.2, 4,588.3, 4,460.8, 3,200.1, 3,478.3. HS 1001 wheat and meslin: 769.3, 1,264.1, 1,129.4, 1,223.2, 1,272.2, 948.8, 1,820.1, 2,099.4, 2,227.7, 1,780.7, 2,089.7. HS 1005 maize: 1,066.7, 773.8, 826.2, 1,026.6, 1,390.7, 1,225.8, 1,936.2, 1,994.7, 1,679.1, 890.2, 718.2. HS 1003 barley: 333.6, 215.0, 245.8, 275.1, 207.1, 243.6, 500.9, 451.5, 514.9, 492.3, 628.0. HS 1205 rape or colza seeds: 333.3, 609.3, 676.3, 554.6, 206.2, 268.9, 624.9, 734.5, 1,208.3, 580.9, 1,400.3. HS 1206 sunflower seeds: 502.0, 539.2, 598.6, 753.6, 845.1, 698.7, 989.8, 1,166.1, 884.9, 724.1, 930.1. Net weight of wheat exports, thousand tonnes: 3,555.3, 6,994.0, 5,847.8, 5,886.8, 6,189.5, 4,343.6, 6,941.1, 5,685.3, 8,171.2, 7,458.2, 8,487.5. The net weight of maize is missing for 2018 and 2025 in this API, so quantities in the profile come from Eurostat Comext [vc-comext-cereals].
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&flowCode=X&cmdCode=10,1001,1005,1003,1205,1206&motCode=0&customsCode=C00&partner2Code=0&partnerCode=0
• UN Comtrade – Romania, exports of wheat (HS 1001) and cereals (HS 10) by partner, 2025 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026 (change cmdCode to 10 for all cereals). Partner names from the Comtrade partner reference file. Wheat (HS 1001) exports 2025, total US$2,089.67 million and 8,487,459 t net weight, 68 partner rows. Largest partners, US$ million and thousand tonnes: Saudi Arabia 389.47 / 1,614.0, Egypt 200.98 / 836.0, Jordan 187.79 / 772.7, Italy 184.99 / 737.7, Algeria 138.57 / 587.7, Nigeria 91.44 / 378.9, Yemen 90.55 / 372.4, Djibouti 60.11 / 254.1, Mauritania 55.52 / 231.7, Spain 53.52 / 209.3, United Arab Emirates 43.78, Lebanon 40.11, Tunisia 37.79. Cereals (HS 10) exports 2025, total US$3,478.27 million: Saudi Arabia 474.69, Italy 317.69, Jordan 300.75, Egypt 232.41, Algeria 173.93, Lebanon 170.40, Türkiye 118.83, Israel 92.20. Own calculations: EU-27 partners took US$382.7 million (18.3%) of wheat exports and US$863.7 million (24.8%) of cereal exports.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=642&period=2025&flowCode=X&cmdCode=1001&motCode=0&customsCode=C00&partner2Code=0

United Nations Treaty Collection

• Chapter XXVII-7-d, Paris Agreement – status of signatures and ratificationsverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Romania signed on 22 April 2016 and ratified on 1 June 2017.
  https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en

World Bank

• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current US$) (NV.AGR.TOTL.CD), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API (api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ROU/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD?format=json&date=2005:2025) on 20 October 2026, lastupdated 2026-10-08. US$ 2010 8,804,650,870; 2015 7,873,070,827; 2020 10,205,042,413; 2021 13,159,912,508; 2022 11,275,333,262; 2023 11,560,063,835; 2024 10,755,545,407; 2025 12,865,227,603. The matching local-currency series (NV.AGR.TOTL.CN) gives RON 49.46 billion for 2024 and RON 57.51 billion for 2025, an earlier edition of the national accounts than Eurostat's release of 20 October 2026 (RON 45.70 billion and RON 52.78 billion).
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD?locations=RO
• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (annual % growth) (NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-21 · Read through the World Bank API on 21 October 2026, lastupdated 2026-10-08. Annual real growth, %: 2020 −15.33, 2021 15.80, 2022 −14.07, 2023 8.92, 2024 −5.73, 2025 6.58. The series rests on an earlier edition of the national accounts than Eurostat's release of 20 October 2026.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ROU/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG?format=json
• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current LCU) (NV.AGR.TOTL.CN), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API on 20 October 2026, lastupdated 2026-10-08. RON 2018 42,950,200,000; 2023 52,879,200,000; 2024 49,458,300,000; 2025 57,514,000,000. Identical to Eurostat up to 2017, different from 2018 onwards (earlier national-accounts edition).
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.CN?locations=RO
• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API on 20 October 2026, lastupdated 2026-10-08. 2010 5.18%, 2020 4.07%, 2023 3.32%, 2024 2.81%, 2025 3.00%. Based on the earlier national-accounts edition (see mac-wdi-agri-lcu).
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=RO
• World Development Indicators – Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) (SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API on 20 October 2026, lastupdated 2026-10-08. 2020 12.26%, 2021 11.75%, 2023 11.91%, 2025 10.95%.
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=RO
• World Development Indicators – Rural population (% of total population) (SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API on 20 October 2026, lastupdated 2026-10-08. Based on the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects and national definitions of rural areas: 2010 46.10%, 2020 47.39%, 2025 47.83%; rural population 2025 9,096,846.
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=RO
• World Development Indicators – Agricultural land (% of land area) (AG.LND.AGRI.ZS) and Arable land (% of land area) (AG.LND.ARBL.ZS), Romaniaverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API on 20 October 2026, lastupdated 2026-10-08. Agricultural land 2010 61.53%, 2024 55.15% of land area; arable land 2024 36.42% of land area.
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS?locations=RO
• Romania Country Climate and Development Report (October 2023, PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Found through the World Bank documents search API (document date 21 October 2023). PDF p.21: a 2016 National Risk Assessment found 48% of agricultural land vulnerable to drought, mainly in the south and south-east, Romania suffered an estimated EUR 12 billion of losses (99% uninsured) and more than 1,300 deaths from climatological and hydro-meteorological events since 1980, and a Europe-wide drought in summer 2022 had severe impacts on crop yields. PDF p.42–43: 2022 was the most severe drought ever recorded, disrupting water supplies in 220 localities and reducing hydropower production by one-third. PDF p.44: the updated irrigation strategy calls for 2.87 million ha with functional infrastructure, including 123,500 ha of new gravity-fed irrigation, gravity-supplied schemes (about 250,000 ha) are less than 15% utilised, and the CAP Strategic Plan 2023–2027 allocates EUR 400 million for modernising on-farm irrigation and EUR 85 million for new small farm-level systems.
  http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099102023152014402/pdf/P1790521dafa01af13ed514f2e181d91909000b7a3cd.pdf
• Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP), Romania (FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API v2 (last updated 8 October 2026). 2010 38.29; 2011 37.43; 2012 35.96; 2013 34.17; 2014 31.09; 2015 29.90; 2016 28.56; 2017 26.67; 2018 25.69; 2019 24.72; 2020 25.85; 2021 26.49; 2022 25.22; 2023 23.25; 2024 22.73; 2025 22.07.
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS?locations=RO
• Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+), Romania (FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API v2 (last updated 8 October 2026). 2011 44.59; 2014 60.84; 2017 57.75; 2021 69.12; 2024 71.34.
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS?locations=RO
• Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%), Romania (FB.AST.NPER.ZS)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank API v2 (last updated 8 October 2026). 2013 21.87; 2014 13.94; 2015 16.13; 2016 11.38; 2017 7.66; 2018 5.59; 2019 4.70; 2020 4.52; 2021 3.87; 2022 3.04; 2023 2.90; 2024 2.85; 2025 3.11. This IMF FSI-based series differs from the BNR ratio under the EBA definition and is not mixed with it.
  https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FB.AST.NPER.ZS?locations=RO
• Romania leverages climate financing to achieve national priorities (blog, 29 October 2024)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · In 2023 the Ministry of Finance amended the relevant government decisions to include green, social and sustainability bonds in its funding strategy and drafted a Green Bond Framework, a reform supported by the Fiscal Management and Green Growth DPL (P181517). In February 2024 Romania issued a EUR 2 billion twelve-year sovereign green bond, about 45% placed with investors with green or ESG mandates. On 4 October 2024 Romania announced a JPY 33 billion (about EUR 200 million) Samurai green bond. Green assets were about 3% of Romanian banks' portfolios.
  https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/climatechange/romania-leverages-climate-financing-to-achieve-national-prioriti
• Romania Fiscal Management and Green Growth Development Policy Loan (P181517), project recordverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the World Bank Projects API v3 (search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?id=P181517). Board approval 25 July 2024, status Active, closing date 31 December 2026, total commitment US$650 000 000.
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P181517
• Projects API v3, Romania projects sorted by approval date (JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026, 193 Romania records. Agriculture, irrigation and land operations (approval, closing, commitment): P179786 Rural Pollution Prevention and Reduction Project (RAPID) 2023-03-30, 2028-06-30, IBRD US$63.6 m; P093775 Integrated Nutrient Pollution Control Project 2007-10-30, 2023-12-31; P155594 INPCP Additional Financing 2016-03-28, 2023-12-31, IBRD US$52.39 m; P100638 CESAR 2007-11-27, 2014-09-30, IBRD US$59 m; P043881 Irrigation Rehabilitation and Reform 2003-07-31, 2012-06-30, IBRD US$80 m; P056891 Rural Finance Project 2001-03-29, 2007-11-30, IBRD US$80 m; P096937 Agriculture Development Policy Loan (dropped). No agriculture, irrigation or land operation was listed as pipeline. The 2026 entries (P508899 Contingent Emergency Response Project, P513191 First Fiscal and Growth DPF) are not agricultural.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=RO&rows=200&srt=boardapprovaldate&order=desc
• Romania Rural Pollution Prevention and Reduction Project (RAPID), P179786, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Projects API (id=P179786, fl=*): status Active, approved 30 March 2023, closing 30 June 2028, IBRD commitment US$63.6 million, borrower Ministry of Finance, implementing agency Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests. PDO: to strengthen the institutional capacity of selected public entities to monitor pollution from agriculture, and to transfer knowledge on agricultural pollution reduction for adoption by participating farmers.
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P179786
• Romania Integrated Nutrient Pollution Control Project, P093775 (with GEF grant P099528), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Projects API (id=P093775 and P099528, fl=*): status Closed, approved 30 October 2007, closing 31 December 2023, current IBRD commitment US$121.69 million (the API also shows a total commitment of US$127.62 million), GEF grant US$5.5 million (P099528). PDO: to support the Government of Romania towards meeting EU Nitrates Directive requirements at a national scale. Implementing agency Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests.
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P093775
• Integrated Nutrient Pollution Control Project – Additional Financing, P155594, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Projects API (id=P155594, fl=*): status Closed, approved 28 March 2016, closing 31 December 2023, IBRD US$52.39 million.
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P155594
• Complementing EU Support for Agricultural Restructuring Project (CESAR), P100638, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Projects API (id=P100638, fl=*): status Closed, approved 27 November 2007, closing 30 September 2014, IBRD US$59 million. Objective: to facilitate market-based farm restructuring, including completing the property title registration of land assets in rural areas.
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P100638
• Irrigation Rehabilitation and Reform Project, P043881, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Projects API (id=P043881, fl=*): status Closed, approved 31 July 2003, closing 30 June 2012, IBRD US$80 million. PDO: increasing agricultural productivity in the project area and more economic use of irrigation resources through changes in the behaviour of farmers and of the Land Reclamation Agency.
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P043881
• Rural Finance Project (APL #1), P056891, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read through the Projects API (id=P056891, fl=*): status Closed, approved 29 March 2001, closing 30 November 2007, IBRD US$80 million, to promote growth and reduce rural poverty through the provision of financial services.
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P056891

World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal

• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, annual temperature and precipitation, SSP2-4.5, Romania (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Anomaly against 1995–2014. 2040–2059 temperature +1.74 °C, precipitation −12.57 mm. 2080–2099 (same URL with 2080-2099) +2.84 °C, −22.95 mm. Seasonal query for 2040–2059 (…_anomaly_seasonal_2040-2059_median_ssp245…) gives June–August +2.33 °C and −19.27 mm.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2040-2059_median_ssp245_ensemble_all_mean/ROU?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, annual temperature and precipitation, SSP5-8.5, Romania (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Anomaly against 1995–2014. 2040–2059 +2.36 °C, −41.23 mm. 2080–2099 +5.27 °C, −95.79 mm.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2040-2059_median_ssp585_ensemble_all_mean/ROU?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, annual temperature and precipitation, SSP1-2.6, Romania (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Anomaly against 1995–2014. 2040–2059 +1.53 °C, −9.99 mm. 2080–2099 +1.57 °C, +12.36 mm.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2040-2059_median_ssp126_ensemble_all_mean/ROU?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, annual temperature and precipitation, SSP3-7.0, Romania (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Anomaly against 1995–2014. 2040–2059 +1.97 °C, −17.43 mm. 2080–2099 +4.03 °C, −63.05 mm.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2040-2059_median_ssp370_ensemble_all_mean/ROU?_format=json

World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CRU TS 4.10)

• Annual mean temperature, Romania, 1901–2025 (CRU TS 4.10, API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Country-average annual mean temperature, °C. 1991 8.98, 1994 10.63, 2000 10.64, 2007 11.03, 2012 10.54, 2015 11.13, 2018 11.27, 2019 11.67, 2020 11.24, 2021 10.30, 2022 11.18, 2023 11.89, 2024 12.29, 2025 11.31. Own averages: 1961–1990 9.15, 1991–2020 10.19, 2016–2025 11.24. Anomalies against 1961–1990 are own calculations (2024 +3.14 °C, the warmest year since 1901 in the series).
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cru-x0.5_timeseries_tas_timeseries_annual_1901-2025_mean_historical_cru_ts4.10_mean/ROU?_format=json
• Annual precipitation, Romania, 1901–2025 (CRU TS 4.10, API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Country-average annual precipitation, mm. 2000 446.07 (the lowest since 1901), 2010 830.67, 2011 478.06, 2019 555.90, 2022 511.37, 2024 618.65, 2025 560.38. Own averages: 1961–1990 633.5, 1991–2020 649.9.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cru-x0.5_timeseries_pr_timeseries_annual_1901-2025_mean_historical_cru_ts4.10_mean/ROU?_format=json

World Trade Organization

• Romania and the WTO (member information page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Read on 20 October 2026. Romania has been a WTO member since 1 January 1995 and a member of GATT since 14 November 1971, and an EU member State since 1 January 2007.
  https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/romania_e.htm

fi-compass (European Commission and EIB)

• Country data – Romania, facts and figures on financial instruments 2014–2020verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Facts and figures (data from before 1 January 2022, source Cohesion Policy Open Data Platform): EAFRD, 1 active financial instrument, total contributions EUR 93.88 million (ERDF 4 instruments, EUR 363.97 million). The EAFRD instrument is listed as 'Instrument financiar de imprumut cu partajarea riscului la nivel de portofoliu' (portfolio risk-sharing loan instrument).
  https://www.fi-compass.eu/financial-instruments/romania
• Factsheet – Financing gap in the agriculture and agri-food sectors in the EU (October 2023, PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-20 · Page 11: 'In 2022, the highest financing gaps were in Romania (EUR 11.4 billion), Italy (EUR 8.9 billion), Poland (EUR 7.8 billion)…'. Page 13: Romania has the highest financing gap to GVA ratio (89%), followed by Lithuania (79%) and Poland (55%). The gap is a model estimate based on the fi-compass farm survey.
  https://www.fi-compass.eu/sites/default/files/publications/FinancingGapAgricultureAgrifood_RTW_0.pdf

© 2026 prosperaimpactCC BY-NC 4.0All sourcesCookie settingsLinkedInDeveloped by

For more information and suggestions, please contact serkan.veziroglu@prosperaimpact.com.