Macro-economy & structure22 datasets
Real growth of gross value added in agriculture, forestry and fishing and of GDP, %, 2010–2025
Source: Eurostat GVA by industry · Eurostat GDP · WDI agricultural growth — Chain-linked volumes, percentage change on the previous year (Eurostat, release of 20 October 2026). 2025 provisional. The World Bank series, based on an earlier edition, shows −5.7% for agriculture in 2024 and 6.6% in 2025.
Agriculture, forestry and fishing, value added, current US$ billion, 2010–2025
Source: WDI agricultural value added, US$ · WDI agricultural value added, RON — World Bank WDI (NV.AGR.TOTL.CD, updated 8 October 2026). From 2018 the World Bank uses an earlier edition of the national accounts than Eurostat's release of 20 October 2026. Its RON series gives RON 57.51 billion of value added in 2025 against RON 52.78 billion in the Eurostat release, so the dollar values for recent years rest on higher leu values than the Eurostat release.
Economic accounts for agriculture, output at basic prices by component, RON billion, current prices, 2015–2025
Source: Eurostat EAA current prices — Eurostat aact_eaa01, edition of 13 May 2026. 2025 is an estimate. The four components add up to the output of the agricultural 'industry' (RON 117.77 billion in 2025, about US$26.3 billion at the 2025 average rate of RON 4.4705 per US$, own calculation).
Crop and animal output at basic prices, chain-linked volumes, RON billion at 2020 prices, 2015–2025
Source: Eurostat EAA volumes — Eurostat aact_eaa04, edition of 13 May 2026. 2025 is an estimate. Chain-linked volumes are not additive. In volume terms crop output fell by 23.8% in 2024 and rose by 19.4% in 2025, and animal output fell by 5.8% and 6.1% (own calculations from the previous-year-prices series).
Economic accounts for agriculture, RON billion, current prices, 2015–2025
Source: Eurostat EAA current prices — Eurostat aact_eaa01, edition of 13 May 2026. 2025 is an estimate. Other subsidies on production are subsidies not linked to products. Subsidies on products were zero in 2023–2025.
Annual work units in agriculture, thousand AWU, non-salaried and salaried, 2010–2025
Source: Eurostat agricultural labour input · Glossary AWU — Eurostat aact_ali01. One annual work unit is the full-time equivalent employment of one person. 2025 is an estimate (963,000 AWU in total).
Persons employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing, national accounts and Labour Force Survey (15–74), thousand, 2010–2025
Source: Eurostat employment by industry · Eurostat LFS employment by activity · LFS back-calculation note, Romania — Break in the Labour Force Survey in 2021. Since the first quarter of 2021 persons producing agricultural goods exclusively or mainly for self-consumption are no longer counted as employed. National accounts employment for 2025 is provisional.
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion by degree of urbanisation, % of population, 2015–2025
Source: Eurostat poverty by degree of urbanisation — EU-SILC, Europe 2030 definition of the population at risk of poverty or social exclusion. In 2025, 41.9% of Romanians lived in rural areas by the EU degree of urbanisation, against 24.5% in the EU-27.
Share of agricultural holdings and of utilised agricultural area by size of holding, 2023, %
Source: Eurostat farm size and legal form · Eurostat farms by UAA size — Integrated farm statistics 2023 (sample survey), 2,859,360 holdings and 12,550,330 ha, including holdings below the EU thresholds. Shares are own calculations, except the share of holdings under 2 ha, which Eurostat publishes.
Agricultural holdings (million) and average utilised agricultural area per holding (ha), 2005–2023
Source: Eurostat farm size and legal form · Eurostat farm structure metadata — Averages are own calculations (utilised agricultural area divided by all holdings, including those with no UAA). 2010 and 2020 are agricultural censuses, other years sample surveys.
Share of holdings, utilised agricultural area and standard output by economic size class, 2023, %
Source: Eurostat farm indicators by legal status and economic size · Glossary standard output — Eurostat classes "Zero euros or over to less than 2 000 euros" to "100 000 euros or over". Standard output is the average monetary value of agricultural output at farm-gate price per hectare or head of livestock. Shares are own calculations.
Holdings by age of the farm manager, % of all holdings, 2010, 2020 and 2023
Source: Eurostat farm managers by age and sex — Own calculation from the number of holdings in each age group. Women managed 36.3% of holdings in 2023, against 32.4% in 2010.
Utilised agricultural area, arable land, permanent grassland and permanent crops, thousand ha, 2010–2024
Source: Eurostat crop statistics land use — Annual crop statistics (main area). They differ from the farm structure statistics, which put utilised agricultural area at 12.55 million ha in 2023.
Average price of one hectare of arable land and of permanent grassland, RON thousand, 2011–2024
Source: Eurostat agricultural land prices — Eurostat flags a break in series in 2018, so prices before and after 2018 are not comparable. In 2024 one hectare of arable land cost EUR 8,700 on average.
Headline indicators, 2023–2025
| Indicator | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDP, current prices (RON billion) | 1,588.0 | 1,767.5 | 1,929.9* |
| GDP, current prices (€ billion) | 321.0 | 355.3 | 382.7* |
| Real GDP growth (%) | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.8* |
| Agriculture, forestry & fishing, gross value added (RON billion) | 52.8 | 45.7 | 52.8* |
| Agriculture, share of gross value added (%) | 3.6 | 2.9 | 3.0* |
| Agriculture, share of GDP (%, own calculation) | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.7* |
| Real growth of agriculture, forestry & fishing (%) | −1.6 | −23.8 | 6.9* |
| Agricultural value added (US$ billion, World Bank) | 11.56 | 10.76 | 12.87 |
| Employment in agriculture, national accounts (thousand) | 1,816.3 | 1,783.6 | 1,476.4* |
| Agriculture, share of employment, national accounts (%) | 21.4 | 20.6 | 17.7* |
| Population on 1 January (million) | 19.06 | 19.07 | 19.04 |
| HICP inflation, annual average (%) | 9.7 | 5.8 | 6.8 |
| RON per US$, annual average | 4.5743 | 4.5984 | 4.4705 |
| RON per €, annual average | 4.9467 | 4.9746 | 5.0424 |
Source: Eurostat GDP · Eurostat GVA by industry · Eurostat employment by industry · WDI agricultural value added, US$ · Eurostat population · Eurostat HICP · IMF ER · Eurostat euro exchange rates — * Provisional (Eurostat release of 20 October 2026, ESA 2010). The World Bank dollar series uses an earlier edition of the national accounts (RON 49.46 billion of value added in 2024 and RON 57.51 billion in 2025). Population figures are Eurostat estimates.
Economic accounts for agriculture, 2021–2025
| Indicator | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Output of the agricultural industry (RON billion) | 103.88 | 109.57 | 109.89 | 100.55 | 117.77 |
| of which crop output | 73.96 | 71.92 | 66.27 | 55.32 | 71.25 |
| of which animal output | 20.89 | 25.74 | 28.86 | 29.80 | 30.19 |
| of which agricultural services | 1.89 | 2.79 | 2.98 | 3.20 | 3.18 |
| of which inseparable non-agricultural secondary activities | 7.13 | 9.12 | 11.79 | 12.23 | 13.15 |
| Intermediate consumption (RON billion) | 54.05 | 60.60 | 60.36 | 56.05 | 63.55 |
| Gross value added at basic prices (RON billion) | 49.82 | 48.97 | 49.53 | 44.49 | 54.22 |
| Consumption of fixed capital (RON billion) | 18.57 | 24.18 | 27.05 | 27.53 | 27.22 |
| Net value added at basic prices (RON billion) | 31.25 | 24.78 | 22.49 | 16.97 | 27.00 |
| Compensation of employees (RON billion) | 5.56 | 6.27 | 7.25 | 8.16 | 9.02 |
| Other subsidies on production (RON billion) | 11.99 | 12.50 | 13.10 | 15.07 | 12.70 |
| Entrepreneurial income (RON billion) | 36.07 | 28.71 | 25.90 | 21.45 | 28.26 |
| Volume change of output on previous year (%, own calculation) | 20.8 | −5.9 | −10.7 | −16.5 | 8.6 |
| Indicator A, real factor income per AWU, change on previous year (%) | 16.9 | −21.8 | −21.1 | −16.8 | 28.5 |
| Agricultural labour input (thousand AWU) | 1,055 | 1,035 | 1,111 | 1,091 | 963 |
Source: Eurostat EAA current prices · Eurostat EAA volumes · Eurostat agricultural income indicators · Eurostat agricultural labour input — * Estimate. Eurostat economic accounts for agriculture, editions of May–June 2026, current prices unless stated. Output of the agricultural industry in 2025 was about US$26.3 billion at the 2025 average rate of RON 4.4705 per US$ (own calculation). Indicator A changes are the published index (previous year = 100) minus 100.
Farm employment and rural Romania
| Indicator | 2020 | 2021 | 2023 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employed in agriculture, forestry & fishing, national accounts (thousand) | 1,827.3 | 1,828.3 | 1,816.3 | 1,476.4* |
| Share of total employment, national accounts (%) | 21.6 | 21.4 | 21.4 | 17.7* |
| EU-27 share of employment, national accounts (%) | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.8 |
| Employed in agriculture, forestry & fishing, Labour Force Survey 15–74 (thousand) | 1,747.3 | 902.9 | 910.3 | 772.4 |
| Share of LFS employment (%, own calculation) | 20.5 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 10.0 |
| Women among LFS employed in agriculture (%, own calculation) | 41.4 | 32.1 | 33.3 | 31.1 |
| Agricultural labour input (thousand AWU) | 1,090 | 1,055 | 1,111 | 963** |
| Employment in agriculture, ILO modelled estimate (%) | 12.3 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 10.9 |
| Population living in rural areas, EU degree of urbanisation (%) | 42.8 | 41.8 | 41.6 | 41.9 |
| Rural population, UN-based World Bank series (%) | 47.4 | 47.8 | 47.8 | 47.8 |
| At risk of poverty or social exclusion, rural areas (%) | 50.4 | 50.1 | 45.1 | 39.8 |
| At risk of poverty or social exclusion, cities (%) | 19.9 | 16.1 | 18.5 | 13.7 |
Source: Eurostat employment by industry · Eurostat LFS employment by activity · LFS back-calculation note, Romania · Eurostat agricultural labour input · WDI employment in agriculture · Eurostat population by degree of urbanisation · WDI rural population · Eurostat poverty by degree of urbanisation — * Provisional. ** Estimate. The Labour Force Survey breaks in 2021, when persons producing agricultural goods exclusively or mainly for self-consumption ceased to be counted as employed. The national accounts, the survey, labour input in AWU and the ILO modelled estimate measure different things and should not be compared directly.
Farm structure, 2010–2023
| Indicator | 2010 | 2013 | 2020 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural holdings | 3,859,040 | 3,629,660 | 2,887,070 | 2,859,360 |
| of which above the EU survey thresholds | 1,327,980 | 1,264,040 | 984,730 | 968,320 |
| Utilised agricultural area (ha) | 13,306,130 | 13,055,850 | 12,762,830 | 12,550,330 |
| Average area per holding (ha, own calculation) | 3.45 | 3.60 | 4.42 | 4.39 |
| Standard output (€ million) | 9,875 | 11,990 | 12,094 | 14,755 |
| Labour force (AWU) | 1,417,930 | 1,573,190 | 1,178,660 | 1,168,900 |
| Livestock units | 4,970,160 | 4,592,880 | 4,419,960 | 4,213,210 |
| Holdings over 0 to less than 2 ha (% of holdings) | 70.8 | 71.4 | 70.8 | 70.7 |
| Holdings under 5 ha, share of UAA (%) | 29.7 | 28.5 | 22.8 | 22.9 |
| Holdings of 100 ha or over, share of UAA (%) | 48.9 | 48.3 | 47.8 | 46.6 |
| Holdings managed by people aged 65 or over (%) | 37.9 | 41.0 | 39.6 | 41.7 |
| Holdings managed by women (%) | 32.4 | 32.8 | 37.3 | 36.3 |
| Rented share of UAA (%) | 27.4 | 27.4 | 37.5 | 38.1 |
| Holdings consuming more than half of their production (%) | 93.0 | 87.6 | – | – |
Source: Eurostat farm size and legal form · Eurostat farm indicators by legal status and economic size · Eurostat farms by UAA size · Eurostat farm managers by age and sex · Eurostat tenure of UAA · Eurostat key variables by economic size (2005–2013) · IFS 2023 national metadata, Romania — 2010 and 2020 agricultural censuses, 2013 farm structure survey and 2023 integrated farm statistics survey, all including holdings below the EU thresholds (Romania applies lower or additional thresholds). Shares are own calculations except the share of holdings under 2 ha and the rented share of UAA, which Eurostat publishes. Self-consumption was not published after 2013.
Holdings, farmland and standard output by size of holding, 2023
| Size class (UAA) | Holdings | % of holdings | UAA (ha) | % of UAA | Standard output (€ million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero ha | 39,000 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 430.1 |
| Over 0 to less than 2 ha | 2,020,710 | 70.7 | 1,285,960 | 10.2 | 2,712.6 |
| 2 to 4.9 ha | 519,020 | 18.2 | 1,590,090 | 12.7 | 2,131.0 |
| 5 to 9.9 ha | 160,950 | 5.6 | 1,085,340 | 8.6 | 1,361.7 |
| 10 to 19.9 ha | 55,850 | 2.0 | 759,750 | 6.1 | 953.0 |
| 20 to 29.9 ha | 18,560 | 0.6 | 453,110 | 3.6 | 530.7 |
| 30 to 49.9 ha | 18,060 | 0.6 | 712,410 | 5.7 | 740.5 |
| 50 to 99.9 ha | 11,580 | 0.4 | 816,150 | 6.5 | 809.6 |
| 100 to 249.9 ha | 9,200 | 0.3 | 1,426,050 | 11.4 | 1,227.9 |
| 250 ha or over | 6,450 | 0.2 | 4,421,470 | 35.2 | 3,858.1 |
| Total | 2,859,360 | 100 | 12,550,330 | 100 | 14,755.3 |
Source: Eurostat farm size and legal form · Glossary UAA — Integrated farm statistics 2023. Size classes as published by Eurostat. Shares are own calculations. The size classes add up to 2,859,380 holdings, 20 more than the published total, owing to rounding in the source.
Holdings by economic size, 2020 and 2023
| Standard output class | Holdings 2020 | Holdings 2023 | % of holdings 2023 | UAA 2023 (ha) | Standard output 2023 (€ million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero euros or over to less than 2 000 euros | 2,092,470 | 1,854,780 | 64.9 | 1,339,280 | 1,521.7 |
| From 2 000 to 7 999 euros | 611,720 | 772,670 | 27.0 | 2,195,180 | 2,933.9 |
| From 8 000 to 24 999 euros | 128,780 | 164,180 | 5.7 | 1,447,680 | 2,161.0 |
| From 25 000 to 99 999 euros | 42,180 | 52,870 | 1.8 | 2,090,320 | 2,398.6 |
| 100 000 euros or over | 11,930 | 14,870 | 0.5 | 5,477,860 | 5,740.1 |
| Total | 2,887,070 | 2,859,360 | 100 | 12,550,330 | 14,755.3 |
Source: Eurostat farm indicators by legal status and economic size · Glossary standard output — Class labels as published by Eurostat. Standard output is "the average monetary value of the agricultural output at farm-gate price, in euro per hectare or per head of livestock". Average standard output per holding was €5,160 in 2023 and €4,189 in 2020 (own calculations).
Land use, tenure, prices and rents
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Utilised agricultural area, crop statistics (thousand ha) | 12,689.5 | 2024 |
| Arable land (thousand ha) | 8,380.7 | 2024 |
| Permanent grassland (thousand ha) | 3,907.8 | 2024 |
| Permanent crops (thousand ha) | 308.5 | 2024 |
| Kitchen gardens (thousand ha) | 92.5 | 2024 |
| Agricultural land (% of land area) | 55.2 | 2024 |
| Romania's share of EU-27 utilised agricultural area (%, own calculation) | 8.0 | 2023 |
| UAA farmed by its owner (%) | 47.2 | 2023 |
| UAA rented (%) | 38.1 | 2023 |
| Price of arable land (RON per ha) | 43,280 | 2024 |
| Price of permanent grassland (RON per ha) | 31,124 | 2024 |
| Rent of arable land (RON per ha per year) | 706 | 2024 |
| Rent of permanent grassland (RON per ha per year) | 536 | 2024 |
Source: Eurostat crop statistics land use · WDI agricultural land · Eurostat farm size and legal form · Eurostat tenure of UAA · Eurostat agricultural land prices · Eurostat agricultural land rents — In euro, arable land cost EUR 8,700 per ha and rented for EUR 142 per ha in 2024, as published by Eurostat. Land prices have a break in series in 2018.
Production, trade & prices25 datasets
Exports and imports of HS chapters 01–24 by partner country, US$ million (UN Comtrade, as reported by Romania)
Exports · All agri-food products14,289.9 US$ m
US$ m<0.20.20.8930200+no trade / n.a.Romania
Top 12 partners · share of total and US$ m
1
Italy
8.4%1,197.5
2
Bulgaria
7.1%1,018.9
3
Netherlands
5.4%771.5
4
Germany
5.3%760.3
5
Japan
4.9%695
6
Hungary
4.7%666.5
7
Türkiye
4.5%645.7
8
Belgium
4%573
9
Saudi Arabia
3.7%534.6
10
United Kingdom
3.6%515.2
11
Czechia
3.5%505.2
12
France
3.5%497.5
130 more partners · 5,909.2 US$ m (41.4%)
Source: UN Comtrade — Own sums of UN Comtrade partner data by HS chapter, as reported by Romania (reporter 642) for 2025, the latest full year reported. HS chapters 01–24 (live animals to tobacco). Partners without a map shape (areas not elsewhere specified and small territories) appear only in the ranked list and table.
Wheat, grain maize and barley, million tonnes, 2010–2025 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Harvested production at EU standard humidity (14% for cereals), Eurostat apro_cpsh1, edition of 28 September 2026. Wheat reached 13.01 million tonnes in 2025, the highest of 2010–2025, while grain maize ranged from 5.95 million tonnes (2012) to 18.66 million tonnes (2018). Eurostat's first estimates for 2026 are 13.12 million tonnes of wheat and 3.92 million tonnes of barley. No 2026 maize estimate had been published on 20 October 2026.
Sunflower seed, rapeseed and soya, million tonnes, 2010–2025 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Harvested production at EU standard humidity (9% for rapeseed and sunflower seed), Eurostat apro_cpsh1. Rapeseed reached 2.49 million tonnes on 788,100 ha in 2025, and Eurostat's first estimate for 2026 is 2.73 million tonnes. Sunflower seed peaked at 3.57 million tonnes in 2019.
Tonnes per hectare, 2010–2025 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Yield at EU standard humidity as published by Eurostat (apro_cpsh1). Maize yields ranged from 2.18 t/ha in 2012 and 2.83 t/ha in 2024 to 7.64 t/ha in 2018. Wheat gave 5.64 t/ha in 2025, against 2.97 t/ha in 2020.
Thousand tonnes, 2015–2025 (Eurostat)
Million head, November–December survey, 2010–2025 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apro_mt_lscatl, apro_mt_lspig, apro_mt_lssheep and apro_mt_lsgoat, November–December reference. The December 2025 sheep flock of 10.76 million head was 19.5% of the EU-27 total and the second-largest after Spain (own calculation, countries that report).
Carcass weight, thousand tonnes, 2010–2025 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Slaughtering in slaughterhouses, Eurostat apro_mt_pann. Values for 2018–2024 carry Eurostat's provisional flag (p). Slaughter outside slaughterhouses is reported separately and is not included. Eurostat estimates it at 57.7 thousand tonnes of pigmeat, 55.6 thousand tonnes of sheepmeat and 37.9 thousand tonnes of bovine meat in 202544.
Thousand tonnes, 2010–2024 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apro_mk_farm (production and utilisation of milk on the farm) and apro_mk_cola (cows' milk collection). Deliveries of cows' milk to dairies were 1,260.1 thousand tonnes in 2024 and 1,207.1 thousand tonnes in 2025. In 2024 dairies received 28.9% of the raw milk available on farms (all milk delivered to dairies, 1,274.3 thousand tonnes, own calculation). Ewes' milk was 434.4 thousand tonnes and goats' milk 232.5 thousand tonnes in 2024.
HS chapters 01–24, US$ million, 2015–2025
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, as reported by Romania, own sums of chapters 01–24 (world partner). The agri-food trade deficit was US$1,850.8 million in 2025 and US$3,640.4 million in 2024 (own calculation). Agri-food products were 13.1% of Romania's goods exports and 11.1% of its goods imports in 2025 (own calculation)48.
Largest HS chapters, US$ million, 2025
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, as reported by Romania, world partner. Cereals (10), oilseeds (12) and tobacco (24) together made up 58.8% of agri-food exports in 2025 (own calculation). Within chapter 24, heated tobacco products and other nicotine products for inhalation without combustion (HS 2404) earned US$1,538.3 million and cigarettes (HS 2402) US$865.5 million49.
Largest HS chapters, US$ million, 2025
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, as reported by Romania, world partner. Pork (HS 0203) was the largest single import heading, at US$992.4 million in 2025, followed by bread, pastry and biscuits (HS 1905) at US$773.5 million49.
US$ million, 2015–2025
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, as reported by Romania, world partner, HS 4-digit headings. Values are in current US dollars and follow world prices as well as volumes. In 2025 Romania exported 8.49 million tonnes of wheat for US$2,089.7 million (net weight flagged by UN Comtrade as estimated). Heading 2404 (heated tobacco and other nicotine products for inhalation without combustion), the second-largest export heading in 2025 with US$1,538.3 million, is not shown49.
Share of EU-27 extra-EU export volume, %, 2021–2025
Source: Eurostat Comext — Own calculation from Eurostat Comext (DS-045409), exports by EU member states to partners outside the EU-27, quantity in 100 kg. Romania shipped 7.04 million tonnes of wheat outside the EU in 2025, more than any other member state (France 6.11 million tonnes, Bulgaria 4.00 million tonnes), and was the largest extra-EU exporter of maize in each year 2021–2025.
Nominal index, 2020 = 100, 2020–2025 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apri_pi_outa, nominal price indices of agricultural products (output), 2020 = 100. Cereal prices rose by 48.0% in 2022 and fell by 19.3% in 2023 and 17.8% in 2024, then rose by 7.6% in 2025. The index for agricultural goods was 149.8 in 2025.
Nominal index, 2020 = 100, 2020–2025 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apri_pi_ina, nominal price indices of the means of agricultural production (input), 2020 = 100. Fertiliser prices rose by 68.9% in 2022, fell by 23.6% in 2024 and rose by 13.7% in 2025. The index for goods and services currently consumed in agriculture was 141.7 in 2025, against 149.8 for agricultural output (own comparison of the two Eurostat indices)52.
RON per 100 kg, 2015–2024 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apri_ap_crpouta, annual selling prices in national currency (RON) per 100 kg, edition of 15 May 2025, latest year 2024. Soft wheat sold for RON 149 per 100 kg in 2022 and RON 90 in 2024. The same table gives EUR 18.09 per 100 kg for soft wheat in 2024.
Selected field crops, 2024–2026
| Crop | Area 2025 (thousand ha) | Production 2024 (thousand t) | Production 2025 (thousand t) | Yield 2025 (t/ha) | Share of EU-27 production 2025 (%) | EU-27 rank 2025 | First estimate 2026 (thousand t) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat and spelt | 2,308.2 | 9,290.9 | 13,011.1 | 5.64 | 9.0 | 4 | 13,118.3 |
| Grain maize and corn-cob-mix | 1,969.2 | 5,971.9 | 7,753.7 | 3.94 | 12.9 | 3 | – |
| Barley | 629.2 | 2,203.3 | 3,440.9 | 5.47 | 6.1 | 5 | 3,917.3 |
| Sunflower seed | 1,205.1 | 1,508.0 | 1,807.9 | 1.50 | 21.2 | 1 | – |
| Rape and turnip rape seed | 788.1 | 1,180.8 | 2,492.6 | 3.16 | 12.4 | 4 | 2,726.6 |
| Soya | 126.0 | 316.8 | 174.2 | 1.38 | 6.2 | 5 | – |
| Potatoes | 77.8 | 1,053.3 | 1,157.9 | 14.88 | 2.0 | 9 | – |
| Sugar beet | 17.6 | 875.1 | 668.5 | 37.88 | 0.6 | 15 | – |
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apro_cpsh1, harvested production at EU standard humidity, edition of 28 September 2026. EU-27 shares and ranks are own calculations from the same table, ranking the 27 member states. 2026 values are Eurostat's first estimates, a dash means that no 2026 value had been published on 20 October 2026. Sugar beet yield is own calculation from area and production. Romania had the largest grain maize area in the EU-27 in 2025 (1.97 million ha, 23.3% of the EU total) and the largest sunflower area (1.21 million ha, 25.8%).
Fruit, grapes and vegetables, 2021–2025
| Product (thousand tonnes) | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plums | 807.2 | 665.7 | 645.1 | 602.6 | 565.9 |
| Apples | 593.7 | 543.4 | 534.1 | 487.1 | 447.4 |
| Cherries (sweet and sour) | 74.9 | 63.3 | 65.6 | 61.0 | 50.8 |
| Walnuts | 54.2 | 53.4 | 58.1 | 52.7 | 50.9 |
| Grapes for wine | 953.4 | 762.6 | 761.4 | 668.5 | 767.1 |
| Grapes for table use | 51.9 | 42.2 | 39.7 | 35.7 | 41.4 |
| Tomatoes | 500.2 | 298.9 | 271.5 | 241.7 | 240.9 |
| Cabbages | 548.3 | 387.1 | 357.2 | 289.1 | 289.2 |
| Watermelons | 300.0 | 145.6 | 148.2 | 130.3 | 146.1 |
| Fresh vegetables, total (including melons) | 2,323.4 | 1,433.3 | 1,376.8 | 1,181.2 | 1,186.3 |
| Potatoes | 1,397.8 | 1,345.8 | 1,183.5 | 1,053.3 | 1,157.9 |
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apro_cpsh1, harvested production. The published series for fresh vegetables falls from 2,323.4 thousand tonnes in 2021 to 1,433.3 thousand tonnes in 2022, and the potato area from 174,100 ha in 2019 to 101,000 ha in 2020. Eurostat's footnote file for crop statistics gives no explanation for either change, so the levels before and after should be compared with care. In 2025 Romania was the largest plum producer in the EU-27 (42.4% of EU production) and the largest walnut producer among the member states that reported (own calculations)38.
Livestock, meat, milk and eggs, 2010–2025
| Item | Unit | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | thousand head | 2,001.1 | 2,092.4 | 1,875.2 | 1,809.4 | 1,813.0 |
| of which dairy cows | thousand head | 1,178.6 | 1,190.7 | 1,121.9 | 1,052.0 | 1,053.8 |
| Pigs | thousand head | 5,428.3 | 4,926.9 | 3,784.5 | 3,257.5 | 3,319.2 |
| Sheep | thousand head | 8,417.4 | 9,809.5 | 10,281.5 | 10,443.4 | 10,761.0 |
| Goats | thousand head | 1,240.8 | 1,440.2 | 1,611.8 | 1,426.1 | 1,466.5 |
| Poultry meat (slaughterhouses) | thousand t | 287.5 | 374.8 | 462.3 | 545.8 | 586.8 |
| Pigmeat (slaughterhouses) | thousand t | 234.2 | 330.5 | 331.4 | 288.3 | 307.8 |
| Bovine meat (slaughterhouses) | thousand t | 28.3 | 44.5 | 32.2 | 35.4 | 43.4 |
| Raw milk available on farms | thousand t | 5,173.0 | 4,676.6 | 4,362.5 | 4,406.1 | – |
| Cows' milk delivered to dairies | thousand t | 900.9 | 916.0 | 1,134.9 | 1,260.1 | 1,207.1 |
| Hens' eggs for consumption | million | – | 5,584 | 4,958 | 5,184 | 5,086 |
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat. Animal numbers from the November–December surveys (apro_mt_lscatl, apro_mt_lspig, apro_mt_lssheep, apro_mt_lsgoat). Meat is slaughtering in slaughterhouses, carcass weight (apro_mt_pann), with 2018–2024 flagged provisional. Raw milk available on farms covers all species (apro_mk_farm) and was not yet published for 2025. Eggs for consumption from apro_ec_eggcon (2014 is the first year shown there, so 2010 is left blank).
Romania in world agricultural production, 2024
| Product | Production | World rank | Share of world (%) | Countries ranked above Romania with estimated (E), imputed (I) or external (X) values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plums and sloes | 602,570 t | 2 of 88 | 4.7 | China, mainland (E) |
| Raw milk of sheep | 434,400 t | 8 of 77 | 4.5 | China, mainland (I), Algeria (E) |
| Sunflower seed | 1,508,000 t | 9 of 74 | 2.9 | Russian Federation (X) |
| Rape or colza seed | 1,180,840 t | 11 of 64 | 1.3 | Russian Federation (X) |
| Walnuts, in shell | 52,700 t | 11 of 55 | 1.2 | China, mainland (X), Chile (X), Iran (I), Burkina Faso (I), Ukraine (E) |
| Barley | 2,203,260 t | 17 of 100 | 1.6 | Russian Federation (X), Iran (X), Ethiopia (I) |
| Wheat | 9,290,880 t | 18 of 122 | 1.2 | Russian Federation (X), Iran (X), Egypt (X) |
| Maize (corn) | 5,971,850 t | 21 of 162 | 0.5 | Russian Federation (X), Ethiopia (E), Nigeria (X), Pakistan (X), Egypt (X) |
| Grapes | 704,160 t | 22 of 92 | 0.9 | China, mainland (I) and five others (I) |
Source: FAOSTAT — Own ranking from the FAOSTAT bulk file Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data (Normalized), release of 23 December 2025, year 2024, ranking countries and excluding regional aggregates and the 'China' total ('China, mainland' kept). The rank counts countries reporting production above zero, and the share is of the sum of those countries. All Romanian values carry flag A (official figure) and equal Eurostat's apro_cpsh1 and apro_mk_farm values for 2024. Some higher-ranked countries' values are estimates (E), imputed (I) or from external organisations (X), as listed in the last column, so ranks are indicative.
Supply balance of cereals and oilseeds, 2024
| Crop | Usable production (thousand t) | Imports (thousand t) | Exports (thousand t) | Domestic uses (thousand t) | Self-sufficiency 2023 (%) | Self-sufficiency 2024 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common wheat and spelt | 9,259 | 1,265 | 7,171 | 3,539 | 371 | 262 |
| Grain maize | 5,972 | 546 | 3,121 | 4,326 | 174 | 138 |
| Barley | 2,203 | 381 | 1,848 | 748 | 249 | 295 |
| Sunflower seed | 1,508 | 350 | 1,231 | 893 | 161 | 169 |
| Rape and turnip rape seed | 1,181 | 77 | 1,139 | 222 | 439 | 532 |
| Soya | 299 | 135 | 223 | 265 | 99 | 113 |
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat crop balance sheets apro_cbs_cer and apro_cbs_oil, data updated on 7 January 2026. The reference period is the calendar year. Self-sufficiency is usable production divided by domestic uses (own calculation). Domestic uses exclude exports and closing stocks, so a ratio above 100% indicates a surplus available for export or storage.
Romania in EU exports of grain and oilseeds to non-EU countries, 2025
| Product (HS heading) | Romania 2024 (thousand t) | Romania 2025 (thousand t) | EU-27 2025 (thousand t) | Romania's share 2025 (%) | Rank among member states 2025 | Largest other member state 2025 (thousand t) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat and meslin (1001) | 5,916 | 7,037 | 27,306 | 25.8 | 1 | France (6,111) |
| Maize (1005) | 1,789 | 1,174 | 2,576 | 45.6 | 1 | France (585) |
| Barley (1003) | 2,038 | 2,664 | 8,934 | 29.8 | 2 | France (3,569) |
| Sunflower seed (1206) | 130 | 703 | 1,217 | 57.8 | 1 | Bulgaria (461) |
| Rapeseed (1205) | 32 | 280 | 643 | 43.6 | 1 | France (178) |
Source: Eurostat Comext — Eurostat Comext (DS-045409), exports of each member state to partners outside the EU-27 (EXT_EU27_2020), quantity in 100 kg converted to thousand tonnes. Shares and ranks are own calculations. The EU-27 total equals the sum of the member states. Comext records the member state that declares the export, and the data do not show which port the goods left from.
Selling prices of agricultural products, 2020–2024
| Product | Unit | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft wheat | RON per 100 kg | 79 | 96 | 149 | 110 | 90 |
| Maize | RON per 100 kg | 81 | 101 | 138 | 114 | 86 |
| Barley | RON per 100 kg | 89 | 100 | 136 | 114 | 85 |
| Sunflower seed | RON per 100 kg | 150 | 199 | 288 | 198 | 198 |
| Rapeseed | RON per 100 kg | 162 | 214 | 298 | 212 | 207 |
| Raw cows' milk, 3.7% fat | RON per 100 kg | 147 | 157 | 200 | 237 | 236 |
| Raw sheep milk | RON per 100 kg | 282 | 320 | 429 | 529 | 523 |
| Pig carcasses, grade I | RON per 100 kg | 1,011 | 944 | 1,185 | 1,465 | 1,386 |
| Chickens, live | RON per 100 kg live weight | 409 | 428 | 562 | 644 | 587 |
| Fattening lambs | RON per 100 kg live weight | 1,032 | 1,295 | 1,562 | 1,679 | 2,003 |
| Fresh eggs | RON per 100 eggs | 36 | 37 | 54 | 72 | 66 |
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat apri_ap_crpouta and apri_ap_anouta, annual absolute selling prices in national currency (RON), edition of 15 May 2025, latest year 2024.
Largest agri-food trade partners, 2025
| Rank | Export partner | US$ m | Share (%) | Import partner | US$ m | Share (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Italy | 1,197.5 | 8.4 | Germany | 2,392.3 | 14.8 |
| 2 | Bulgaria | 1,018.9 | 7.1 | Hungary | 1,757.2 | 10.9 |
| 3 | Netherlands | 771.5 | 5.4 | Poland | 1,511.1 | 9.4 |
| 4 | Germany | 760.3 | 5.3 | Netherlands | 1,499.8 | 9.3 |
| 5 | Japan | 695.0 | 4.9 | Italy | 1,241.9 | 7.7 |
| 6 | Hungary | 666.5 | 4.7 | Bulgaria | 888.4 | 5.5 |
| 7 | Türkiye | 645.7 | 4.5 | Spain | 867.0 | 5.4 |
| 8 | Belgium | 573.0 | 4.0 | Türkiye | 675.7 | 4.2 |
| 9 | Saudi Arabia | 534.6 | 3.7 | Greece | 576.2 | 3.6 |
| 10 | United Kingdom | 515.2 | 3.6 | France | 555.7 | 3.4 |
| Other EU-27 members | 8,211.2 | 57.5 | Other EU-27 members | 13,315.0 | 82.5 | |
| Total, HS 01–24 | 14,289.9 | 100.0 | Total, HS 01–24 | 16,140.7 | 100.0 |
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, as reported by Romania, own sums of partner values over HS chapters 01–24. Shares are own calculations. Tobacco products (HS chapter 24) made up US$689.8 million of Japan's purchases of US$695.0 million. The EU-27 row sums the 26 other member states.
Value chains & food security13 datasets
Export value by HS heading, US$ million, 2015–2025
Source: UN Comtrade · Eurostat — UN Comtrade, Romania as reporter, all partners. Cereal exports as a whole (HS 10) were worth US$3,478.3 million in 2025, against US$4,588.3 million in 2022. Maize exports were 1.90 million tonnes in 2025 against 5.35 million tonnes in 2023 (Eurostat Comext)63. Grain maize production was 5.97 million tonnes in 2024 and 7.75 million tonnes in 2025, against 14.82 million tonnes in 202164.
Traffic by commodity, million tonnes, 2017–2025
Source: CN APM Constanța — Port authority statistics for the maritime ports it administers, rounded from tonnes. The figures cover all traffic, Romanian exports and imports as well as transit, and the port authority does not publish the cereal traffic by origin. Total port traffic was 92.7 million tonnes in 2023, the highest on record, and 67.6 million tonnes in 2025. Transit of all goods rose from 15.3 million tonnes in 2019 to 40.1 million tonnes in 2023 and was 27.4 million tonnes in 202466. Cereals were 27.1% of total traffic in 2025 (own calculation).
Net turnover, EUR million, 2021–2024
Source: Eurostat · IMF ER — Eurostat structural business statistics in euro as published. 2021 marks a break in the series. The two industries had net turnover of EUR 21,511.7 million in 2024, about US$23.3 billion at the IMF 2024 average of EUR 0.9244 per US$ (own calculation), and accounted for 16.0% of manufacturing turnover and 18.4% of manufacturing employment (own sums of the published shares).
Utilised agricultural area farmed organically, thousand hectares, 2012–2024
Source: Eurostat — Utilised agricultural area excluding kitchen gardens, rounded from hectares. The organic area was 781,397 ha in 2024, 6.16% of the utilised agricultural area, against 3.59% in 2020, when the EU-27 share was an estimated 9.1%69. Registered organic operators numbered 15,330 at the end of 2024, of which 14,643 agricultural producers70.
Entries in the national register of agricultural cooperatives, September 2020
Source: MADR — Own count from the MADR register compiled from National Trade Register Office data in September 2020, so 2020 covers January to September. All 1,696 entries are counted, including the 138 cooperatives later deregistered. 1,485 cooperatives were in operation. No later edition of the register could be opened.
Thousand tonnes, 2015–2024
HICP, annual rate of change, %, January 2025 to September 2026
% of the population, EU-SILC, 2015–2025
Source: Eurostat — The indicator covers a meal with meat, chicken, fish or a vegetarian equivalent. EU-27 values for 2015–2018 are Eurostat estimates. In Romania 35.8% of people below 60% of median equivalised income could not afford such a meal in 2025.
Largest buyers of Romanian wheat, 2025
| Partner | US$ million | Thousand tonnes | Share of export value (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | 389.5 | 1,614.0 | 18.6 |
| Egypt | 201.0 | 836.0 | 9.6 |
| Jordan | 187.8 | 772.7 | 9.0 |
| Italy | 185.0 | 737.7 | 8.9 |
| Algeria | 138.6 | 587.7 | 6.6 |
| Nigeria | 91.4 | 378.9 | 4.4 |
| Yemen | 90.6 | 372.4 | 4.3 |
| Djibouti | 60.1 | 254.1 | 2.9 |
| Mauritania | 55.5 | 231.7 | 2.7 |
| Spain | 53.5 | 209.3 | 2.6 |
| All partners | 2,089.7 | 8,487.5 | 100.0 |
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade, wheat and meslin (HS 1001), Romania as reporter, net weight. Shares are own calculations. The ten partners shown took 69.5% of the export value, and EU-27 countries 18.3% (own calculations).
Exports of grain and oilseeds by volume, 2023–2025
| Product (HS heading) | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat and meslin (1001), thousand t | 8,171.9 | 7,461.0 | 8,488.3 |
| Maize (1005), thousand t | 5,349.4 | 2,881.7 | 1,902.5 |
| Barley (1003), thousand t | 2,262.8 | 2,483.6 | 2,883.4 |
| Rape or colza seeds (1205), thousand t | 2,404.6 | 1,139.1 | 2,438.5 |
| Sunflower seeds (1206), thousand t | 1,527.3 | 1,230.5 | 1,350.0 |
| Wheat harvest, thousand t (EU standard humidity) | 9,624.1 | 9,290.9 | 13,011.1 |
| Grain maize harvest, thousand t (EU standard humidity) | 8,744.0 | 5,971.9 | 7,753.7 |
| Cereals handled in the port of Constanța, thousand t | 36,227.1 | 26,964.3 | 18,335.3 |
Source: Eurostat · CN APM Constanța — Export quantities from Eurostat Comext, converted from units of 100 kg. Harvests from Eurostat crop statistics. Port traffic covers all cereal cargo handled in the ports administered by CN APM Constanța, including imports and transit, so it is not comparable with Romanian exports.
Food and beverage manufacturing by industry group, 2024
| NACE group | Enterprises | Persons employed | Net turnover (EUR million) | Value added (EUR million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meat processing and meat products (C101) | 1,044 | 51,184 | 5,469.6 | 898.4 |
| Bakery and farinaceous products (C107) | 7,770 | 76,384 | 3,396.2 | 1,059.7 |
| Dairy products (C105) | 760 | 11,612 | 2,019.9 | 267.0 |
| Vegetable and animal oils and fats (C104) | 163 | 3,482 | 1,542.0 | 152.2 |
| Other food products (C108) | 1,270 | 13,891 | 1,389.5 | 393.0 |
| Prepared animal feeds (C109) | 439 | 2,404 | 1,147.5 | 102.0 |
| Grain mill products and starches (C106) | 1,054 | 8,314 | 1,079.1 | 196.3 |
| Fruit and vegetable processing (C103) | 873 | 6,064 | 789.4 | 203.1 |
| Fish processing (C102) | 41 | 1,369 | 202.8 | 18.8 |
| Food products, total (C10) | 13,414 | 174,704 | 17,035.9 | 3,290.5 |
| Soft drinks and bottled waters (C1107) | 436 | 11,967 | 2,550.1 | 899.1 |
| Beer (C1105) | 84 | 5,181 | 1,338.5 | 389.0 |
| Wine from grape (C1102) | 305 | 2,524 | 287.5 | 89.5 |
| Spirits (C1101) | 845 | 2,448 | 214.4 | 69.4 |
| Beverages, total (C11) | 1,697 | 22,309 | 4,475.8 | 1,460.7 |
Source: Eurostat — Eurostat structural business statistics (sbs_ovw_act), in euro as published. Beverage groups not shown (cider, other fermented beverages, malt) make up the rest of C11. Meat processing had 32.1% of food-industry turnover and bakery 19.9% (own calculations). Value added per person employed was EUR 18.8 thousand in food products against EUR 61.2 thousand in the EU-2779.
Romanian names registered as geographical indications, October 2026
| Product type | PDO | PGI | GI (spirit drinks) | Total | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wine | 41 | 13 | – | 54 | Cotnari, Dealu Mare, Murfatlar, Jidvei (PDO), Dealurile Moldovei (PGI) |
| Agricultural products and foodstuffs | 1 | 15 | – | 16 | Telemea de Ibăneşti (PDO), Magiun de prune Topoloveni, Salam de Sibiu, Brânză frământată de Teaca (PGI) |
| Spirit drinks | – | – | 9 | 9 | Pălincă, Țuică Zetea de Medieșu Aurit, Vinars Murfatlar |
| Total | 42 | 28 | 9 | 79 | – |
| Published or applied for, not yet registered | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | Salam Poiana Mărului, Bere Sadu (published), Strunga (wine PDO application) |
Source: European Commission — Own count of register entries in eAmbrosia on 20 October 2026. The 54 wine entries cover 46 distinct names, because some names have more than one file. A PDO requires every stage of production, processing and preparation to take place in the region, a PGI, for most products, at least one stage, and a spirit-drink GI, for most products, at least one stage of distillation or preparation81.
Food prices and food security, 2019–2025
| Indicator | 2019 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HICP, food and non-alcoholic beverages, Romania (annual average change, %) | 5.6 | 2.8 | 16.4 | 14.6 | 2.9 | 6.8 |
| HICP, all items, Romania (annual average change, %) | 3.9 | 4.1 | 12.0 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 6.8 |
| HICP, food and non-alcoholic beverages, EU-27 (annual average change, %) | 2.1 | 1.6 | 11.9 | 12.6 | 2.3 | 3.3 |
| Food and non-alcoholic beverages, share of household consumption, Romania (%) | 25.2 | 24.8 | 25.0 | – | – | – |
| Food and non-alcoholic beverages, share of household consumption, EU-27 (%) | 13.1 | 14.1 | 13.6 | – | – | – |
| Unable to afford a meal with meat, chicken or fish every second day, Romania (% of population) | 14.2 | 19.2 | 22.1 | 23.3 | 16.3 | 18.1 |
| Unable to afford a meal with meat, chicken or fish every second day, EU-27 (% of population) | 6.8 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
Source: Eurostat — HICP on the ECOICOP classification used until 2025. Household consumption shares from national accounts (published as a percentage of the total), Romanian values for 2021 and 2022 provisional and none published after 2022. The meal indicator comes from the EU-SILC survey.
Climate & environment17 datasets
Area contracted and area effectively irrigated in ANIF schemes, thousand ha, 2014–2025
Source: ANIF activity report 2019 · ANIF activity report 2021 · ANIF activity report 2022 · ANIF activity report 2023 · ANIF activity report 2024 · ANIF activity report 2025 — Area covered by irrigation water delivery contracts in the schemes administered by the National Agency for Land Improvement (ANIF), from its annual activity reports (2014–2019 from the 2019 report, 2020–2021 from the 2021 report, later years from each year’s report). The area effectively irrigated, counted at the first watering, is published only for 2016–2021 in the 2021 report. ANIF also publishes a cumulative ‘area watered’ that counts each watering (1.59 million ha in 2020), which is not shown. Since Law No. 133/2017 ANIF bears the cost of water and pumping energy for beneficiaries who request it.
Utilised agricultural area of agricultural holdings, thousand ha, 2005–2023
Source: Eurostat irrigable and irrigated area — Eurostat farm structure surveys and agricultural censuses (2010, 2020). Irrigable area is the area that could be irrigated with the equipment available on the holding, irrigated area the area actually irrigated at least once in the 12 months before the survey. Irrigated area for 2020 is not published. In 2023 irrigated area was 3.5% of utilised agricultural area and irrigable area 3.9%. The survey counts irrigation on holdings, including irrigation from wells and off-farm networks, and is not directly comparable with ANIF contract data.
Irrigated area as % of utilised agricultural area, selected Member States, 2023
Source: Eurostat irrigated share EU — Eurostat table tai03, updated 21 July 2026. Values for Greece, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria, Poland and the EU-27 carry the Eurostat flag ‘i’ (see metadata).
National Programme for the Rehabilitation of the Main Irrigation Infrastructure (PNI), funds allocated and works executed, RON million, 2020–2025
Source: ANIF activity report 2020 · ANIF activity report 2021 · ANIF activity report 2022 · ANIF activity report 2023 · ANIF activity report 2024 · ANIF activity report 2025 · IMF ER — ANIF annual activity reports, investment chapter, PNI objectives only (Government Decision No. 793/2016 as amended). Current RON, not adjusted for inflation. Executed works in 2025 (RON 1,161.6 million) are worth about US$260 million at the 2025 annual average rate of 4.4705 RON per US$ (own calculation, fx-imf).
Drought impact area on ecosystems, % of total area, 2000–2024
Source: Eurostat drought impact area — Eurostat SDG indicator sdg_15_42, from the Copernicus European Drought Observatory (EEA and JRC). Area with reduced vegetation productivity where soil moisture during the growing season was more than one standard deviation below the long-term average. Agricultural drought only.
Annual mean temperature, difference from the 1961–1990 average (9.15 °C), °C, 1991–2025
Source: CCKP temperature — World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, CRU TS 4.10 gridded country average, anomalies are own calculations. 2024 was the warmest year in the series (12.29 °C). The national meteorological administration’s station series give different levels (11.62 °C for 2024 on 129 stations) but the same ranking of 2024 as the warmest year.
Annual precipitation, country average, mm, 1991–2025 (1961–1990 average 633 mm)
Source: CCKP precipitation · ANM 2025 — World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, CRU TS 4.10 gridded country average, rounded to whole millimetres. The 1961–1990 average is an own calculation. The national meteorological administration finds no conclusive trend in annual precipitation over 1961–2025.
Median change in annual mean temperature against 1995–2014, °C (CMIP6 ensemble)
Source: CCKP CMIP6 SSP1-2.6 · CCKP CMIP6 SSP2-4.5 · CCKP CMIP6 SSP3-7.0 · CCKP CMIP6 SSP5-8.5 — World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, CMIP6 multi-model ensemble median, 0.25° grid, country average. Median annual precipitation is projected to be lower than in 1995–2014 in every scenario and period except SSP1-2.6 in 2080–2099, by up to 96 mm under SSP5-8.5 in 2080–2099.
Million tonnes CO2-equivalent, excluding land use and forestry, 1990–2024
Source: Eurostat GHG by sector · NIR 2026 — Eurostat env_air_gge (updated 2 June 2026), consistent with the April 2026 national inventory. Total 95.59 MtCO2e in 2024, of which agriculture 18.1%. Land use, land-use change and forestry removed a net 31.01 MtCO2e in 2024. Romania’s inventory base year is 1989, which Eurostat does not show.
Million tonnes CO2-equivalent, 1990–2024
Source: Eurostat GHG by sector — Eurostat env_air_gge, CRF sector 3. The last series is the agriculture total minus the three main categories (own calculation). In 2024 agriculture emitted 47% of national methane and 88% of national nitrous oxide in CO2-equivalent terms (own calculations).
Emissions outside the EU emissions trading system and land use, million tonnes CO2-equivalent, 2005 and 2021–2030
Source: BTR1 · Regulation (EU) 2023/857 · NECP assessment — First Biennial Transparency Report, Table III-22 (allocations and emissions, kt CO2e, rounded here to Mt) and projections. The 2030 allocation of 68.3 Mt corresponds to the −12.7% target against 2005 set by Regulation (EU) 2023/857. Effort-sharing sectors cover domestic transport, buildings, agriculture, waste and small industry. Final effort-sharing emissions for 2021–2025 are set only after the EU comprehensive review in 2027.
Share of agricultural area (excluding pastures) with water erosion above 10 t/ha a year, %, model estimates
Source: Eurostat soil erosion — Eurostat aei_pr_soiler, JRC estimates with the RUSLE2015 model, not measurements. In 2016, 26.9% of Romania’s agricultural area excluding pastures lost more than 5 t/ha a year.
ANIF irrigation campaigns, 2020–2025
| Campaign | Area prepared (ha) | Contracts | Area contracted (ha) | Water volume (million m³) | Pumping stations in use | Canals filled (km) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1,053,838 | 1,281 | 935,130 | 906.9 | 154 | 2,651 |
| 2021 | 1,063,187 | 1,154 | 860,332 | 561.8 | 124 | 2,161 |
| 2022 | 1,335,963 | 1,281 | 842,155 | 1,194.8 | 140 | 2,725 |
| 2023 | 1,416,824 | 1,533 | 903,462 | 1,187.9 | 161 | 2,704 |
| 2024 | 1,606,848 | 1,576 | 1,047,302 | 1,812.0 | 161 | 2,827 |
| 2025 | 1,823,300 | 1,592 | 996,905 | 1,911.0 | 163 | 2,989 |
Source: ANIF activity report 2020 · ANIF activity report 2021 · ANIF activity report 2022 · ANIF activity report 2023 · ANIF activity report 2024 · ANIF activity report 2025 · ANIF irrigation campaign 2025 — National Agency for Land Improvement (ANIF) activity reports and campaign page. Area prepared is the area for which ANIF prepared the main irrigation infrastructure for contracting. Contracts include multiannual and seasonal contracts with water user organisations and other beneficiaries. Water volumes are converted from thousand m³. The 2020 and 2021 volumes are the delivered volumes in the chart of the 2021 report, which gives contracted volumes of 1,484.6 million m³ for 2020 and 1,738.3 million m³ for 2021. The 2022–2025 volumes are those the reports' texts call delivered. The 2020 text figure called delivered (1,484.6 million m³, repeated in the 2021 text) equals the contracted volume in the 2021 report's chart, so the 2022–2025 figures may also be contracted volumes.
Extreme drought and extreme precipitation years by decade, 1901–2022
| Decade | Extreme drought years | Years with extreme precipitation |
|---|---|---|
| 1901–1910 | 1907–1908 | 1910 |
| 1911–1920 | 1917–1918 | 1911, 1912, 1915, 1919 |
| 1921–1930 | 1923–1924, 1927–1928 | 1929 |
| 1931–1940 | 1934–1935 | 1937, 1939, 1940 |
| 1941–1950 | 1945–1946, 1947–1948, 1949–1950 | 1941, 1944, 1947 |
| 1951–1960 | 1952–1953 | 1954, 1955, 1957, 1960 |
| 1961–1970 | 1962–1963, 1964–1965 | 1969, 1970 |
| 1971–1980 | 1973–1974, 1975–1976 | 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976 |
| 1981–1990 | 1982–1983, 1985–1986, 1987–1988, 1989–1990 | 1981, 1990 |
| 1991–2000 | 1992–1993, 1999–2000 | 1991, 1997 |
| 2001–2010 | 2000–2001, 2001–2002, 2002–2003, 2006–2007, 2008–2009 | 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010 |
| 2011–2020 (includes 2021–2022, as in the source) | 2011–2012, 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2019–2020, 2021–2022 | 2013 |
Source: BTR1 — Romania’s First Biennial Transparency Report, Table III-3, as published, with two-year labels as in the source. The report notes an increasing number of droughts after 1981.
EU emergency support for Romanian farmers after adverse climatic events, 2024–2026
| Commission Implementing Regulation | Events in Romania | Maximum Union aid for Romania (EUR million) | Total for all Member States covered (EUR million) |
|---|---|---|---|
| (EU) 2024/2675 of 10 October 2024 | Heatwaves with violent storms and heavy hail in July 2024, followed by drought, damaging oilseeds and cereals | 21.6 | 119.7 |
| (EU) 2025/2061 of 10 October 2025 | Late spring frosts in April and May 2025, damaging fruit | 11.5 | 49.8 |
| (EU) 2026/1698 of 10 July 2026 | Extreme drought from June to August 2025 with repeated heatwaves, damaging maize and sunflower | 14.8 | 56.6 |
Source: Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2675 · Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2061 · Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1698 — Exceptional measures under Article 221 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013. The amounts are ceilings on Union expenditure, not payments. Together they allocate up to EUR 47.9 million to Romania (own calculation).
Romania’s climate targets and strategies
| Instrument | Target or objective | Latest position |
|---|---|---|
| Effort Sharing Regulation (EU) 2018/842, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2023/857 | Emissions from transport, buildings, agriculture, waste and small industry 12.7% below 2005 by 2030 (−2% before the amendment) | Effort-sharing emissions of 73.9 MtCO2e in 2023 against an allocation of 75.8 MtCO2e. The 2030 projection with existing measures (68.7 Mt) misses the 68.3 Mt allocation and the projection with additional measures (60.2 Mt) meets it103 |
| LULUCF Regulation (EU) 2018/841, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2023/839 | Net removals of 25,665 kt CO2e in 2030 (2016–2018 average of 23,285 kt plus 2,380 kt) | The Commission’s assessment of the updated NECP projects a gap of 2 MtCO2e in 2030 and notes that no additional land-use policies are planned105 |
| Updated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021–2030 (submitted 14 October 2024) | Total net emissions 85% below 1990 by 2030 and 96% below by 2040, climate neutrality by 2050 | Effort-sharing emissions projected 15.3% below 2005 by 2030 with existing and planned measures105 |
| Long-Term Strategy, Romania Climate Neutral in 2050 (Government Decision No. 1215/2023) | Climate neutrality by 2050, net emissions 99% below 1990 | Reference for updating the NECP and sectoral strategies103 |
| National Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change 2024–2030 with a perspective to 2050 (Government Decision No. 1010 of 14 August 2024, Monitorul Oficial No. 823 of 19 August 2024) | Lower vulnerability and higher resilience in water, forests, agriculture and other sectors through a national action plan | Progress to be reported every two years103111 |
| Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC | Action programme applied to the whole territory instead of designated vulnerable zones | In 2021 the Commission listed Romania among Member States whose action programme needed updating and with pollution hot spots not sufficiently addressed112 |
Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/857 · Regulation (EU) 2023/839 · NECP assessment · BTR1 · Portal Legislativ · Nitrates Directive report 2016–2019 — BTR1 (January 2026) states that Romania does not yet have a single framework law dedicated to climate change.
Climate and resource indicators for agriculture
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Irrigated area, share of utilised agricultural area (farm survey) | 3.5% | 2023 |
| Irrigable area, share of utilised agricultural area (farm survey) | 3.9% | 2023 |
| Area under irrigation water contracts with ANIF | 996,905 ha | 2025 |
| Area for which ANIF prepared the main irrigation infrastructure | 1,823,300 ha | 2025 |
| Water losses on the main transport canals of PNI stage I schemes (ANIF) | 60% | 2025 |
| Agricultural land vulnerable to drought (National Risk Assessment) | 48% | 2016 |
| Share of the territory hit by agricultural drought (largest year since 2000) | 30.8% | 2012 |
| Share of the territory hit by agricultural drought | 17.5% | 2024 |
| Warmest year on record, national mean (ANM, 129 stations) | 11.62 °C | 2024 |
| Warming trend of the national mean temperature (ANM) | +2.3 °C | 1961–2024 |
| Precipitation against the 1991–2020 median (ANM) | −13.4% | 2025 |
| Agriculture in GHG emissions excluding land use | 18.1% | 2024 |
| Agricultural GHG emissions against 1989 | −53.0% | 2024 |
| Agricultural land (excluding pastures) with severe erosion above 10 t/ha a year | 12.0% | 2016 |
| Agricultural, forest and semi-natural area at risk of severe erosion | 7.33% (provisional) | 2023 |
| Nitrate in groundwater, average | 15.51 mg/l | 2023 |
| Forest area | 6,957 thousand ha | 2025 |
| Danube Delta Ramsar site | 647,000 ha | designated 1991 |
Source: Eurostat irrigable and irrigated area · ANIF activity report 2025 · Romania CCDR 2023 · Eurostat drought impact area · ANM 2025 · ANM 2024 · Eurostat GHG by sector · NIR 2026 · Eurostat soil erosion · Eurostat severe erosion SDG · Eurostat nitrate in groundwater · Eurostat forest area · Ramsar site 521 — The drought share of the territory is Eurostat’s drought impact area on ecosystems. The national-mean temperatures are from the station network of the National Meteorological Administration and differ in level from gridded data.
Agricultural finance18 datasets
Loans granted by credit institutions to borrowers in agriculture, forestry and fishing, Central Credit Register, RON million, end of year 2010–2025 and August 2026
Source: BNR interactive database, CRB · BNR CRB metadata — Series CRBCL_CAASP. The Central Credit Register records each lender's exposure to a borrower of RON 20,000 or more, and the amount shown is the loan granted under the contract, not the outstanding balance. Loans to individuals are a separate sector in the register. The borrower's activity follows CAEN Rev.3 (INS Order 377/2024), and the BNR updates the data for the last 84 months every month. Including commitments (guarantees and similar), the register recorded RON 33,432 million for agriculture in August 2026122. Reporting rules changed in January 2012 (BNR Regulation 2/2012)121, a new credit register regulation (BNR Regulation 4/2025) entered into force on 1 December 2025, and amounts granted in foreign currency are not updated after the month in which they were first reported123.
Loans granted by credit institutions to agriculture, forestry and fishing (Central Credit Register), converted at the end-of-period rate (IMF ER dataset, the BNR official rate), US$ million, end of year 2010–2025 and August 2026
Source: BNR interactive database, CRB · IMF ER — Contract amounts of exposures of RON 20,000 or more in the Central Credit Register, not outstanding balances. Own conversion of the leu amounts at the end-of-period RON/USD rate from the IMF Exchange Rates dataset, which was 3.2045 (2010), 3.3393 (2011), 3.3575 (2012), 3.2551 (2013), 3.6868 (2014), 4.1477 (2015), 4.3033 (2016), 3.8915 (2017), 4.0736 (2018), 4.2608 (2019), 3.966 (2020), 4.3707 (2021), 4.6346 (2022), 4.4958 (2023), 4.7768 (2024), 4.3417 (2025) and 4.5335 (end-August 2026). In 2015 the amount rose by 6.8% in lei and fell by 5.1% in dollars, and in 2025 it rose by 2.0% in lei and 12.2% in dollars (own calculation).
End-of-period rate (BNR official rate), 2010–2025 and end-August 2026, from the IMF ER dataset
Loans granted to agriculture, forestry and fishing by credit institutions and by non-bank financial institutions, Central Credit Register, RON million, end of year 2010–2025 and August 2026
Source: BNR interactive database, CRB — Series CRBCL_CAASP and CRCL_CAASP, amounts granted under the contract for exposures of RON 20,000 or more, not outstanding balances. Non-bank financial institutions include leasing companies and other lenders in the BNR Special Register, and lending electronic money and payment institutions. Their share of the combined amount rose from 19.1% in 2010 to 38.1% in August 2026 (own calculation).
Non-performing loan ratio of bank exposures to non-financial companies, by sector, %, end-March 2026
Source: BNR FSR June 2026 — Values as printed in the text of the June 2026 Financial Stability Report. The report gives an agricultural NPL ratio of 2.7% in October 2024 and attributes the rise mainly to a 115% one-month increase in loans classed as unlikely to pay in December 2025. Other sectors shown in the report's chart are not printed in the text.
Non-performing loan ratio under the EBA definition, banks that are Romanian legal entities, %, fourth quarter 2014–2025 and second quarter 2026
Source: BNR interactive database, NPL · BNR Monthly Bulletin 8/2026 — Series IAICT_RCNNABE. The Monthly Bulletin states that the indicator covers banks that are Romanian legal entities, so branches of foreign banks are excluded. It gives 2.71% for December 2025 and 2.89% for August 2026. The BNR publishes no sectoral NPL series, and the agricultural ratio is available only from the Financial Stability Reports124. The World Bank series on bank non-performing loans (3.11% in 2025) is compiled on a different basis and is not shown127.
Monetary policy rate and 3-month ROBOR at year end, %, 2010–2025 and end-August 2026
Source: BNR interactive database, policy rate · BNR interactive database, ROBOR · BNR press release — Policy rate from series BNRDOBL_DPM (month-end) and ROBOR from the last daily fixing of each period (BBZ_BOR3M). The policy rate has been 6.50% since 8 August 2024 and was kept at that level on 8 October 2026. ROBOR 3M was 6.09% on 20 October 2026.
Average interest rate on new loans to non-financial corporations, in lei and in euro, December of each year 2010–2025 and August 2026, % a year
Source: BNR interactive database, rates — Series N14RL_CSN and N14EL_CSN. The BNR does not publish interest rates by economic activity, so there is no series for agricultural loans.
Domestic credit to the private sector, % of GDP, 2010–2025
Source: WDI
Adults (15+) with an account at a financial institution or a mobile-money provider, %, Global Findex survey years
Source: WDI / Global Findex — In 2024, 81% of adults in urban areas and 67% in rural areas had an account, according to the BNR's December 2025 Financial Stability Report135.
Credit snapshot
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Loans granted by banks to agriculture, forestry and fishing (Central Credit Register) | RON 31,961 m (≈US$7.05 bn) | Aug 2026 |
| … share of all bank loans in the register | 4.3% | Aug 2026 |
| … share of bank loans to borrowers other than individuals | 6.8% | Aug 2026 |
| … including commitments | RON 33,432 m | Aug 2026 |
| Amounts owed by agricultural borrowers to banks (incl. unused credit lines) | RON 25,267 m | Aug 2026 |
| Agriculture in bank credit to non-financial companies (Financial Stability Report, different basis) | 8.2% (RON 17.7 bn) | June 2026 report (reference date not stated) |
| NPL ratio, bank loans to agricultural companies | 9.8% | Mar 2026 |
| NPL ratio, all non-financial companies | 5.6% | Mar 2026 |
| NPL ratio, banks that are Romanian legal entities (EBA definition) | 2.89% | Aug 2026 |
| Loans granted by non-bank lenders to agriculture | RON 19,695 m (≈US$4.34 bn) | Aug 2026 |
| … share of non-bank lenders' loans | 19.5% | Aug 2026 |
| Credit institutions | 29 | Q2 2026 |
| BNR monetary policy rate | 6.50% | since 8 Aug 2024 |
| Average rate on new loans to companies, lei / euro | 8.49% / 4.31% | Aug 2026 |
| Domestic credit to the private sector | 22.1% of GDP | 2025 |
| Adults with an account (rural / urban) | 71.3% (67% / 81%) | 2024 |
Source: BNR · BNR interactive database, CRB · BNR FSR June 2026 · BNR Monthly Bulletin 8/2026 · BNR interactive database · BNR interactive database, policy rate · BNR interactive database, rates · WDI · WDI / Global Findex · BNR FSR December 2025 · IMF ER — Register amounts are loans granted under the contract for exposures of RON 20,000 or more, not outstanding balances. Shares and dollar values are own calculations, at the end-August 2026 rate of 4.5335 lei per dollar. The Financial Stability Report figure uses a different basis (bank credit to non-financial companies) and is not comparable with the register series.
Bank loans by sector of the borrower
| Sector | Dec 2025, RON m | Share, % | Aug 2026, RON m | Share, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals | 258,835 | 37.3 | 275,146 | 37.0 |
| Services | 182,503 | 26.3 | 191,204 | 25.7 |
| Industry | 103,882 | 15.0 | 109,045 | 14.7 |
| Public administration, defence, education, health and social work | 48,305 | 7.0 | 56,757 | 7.6 |
| Financial intermediation and insurance | 39,596 | 5.7 | 49,337 | 6.6 |
| Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 31,958 | 4.6 | 31,961 | 4.3 |
| Construction | 28,242 | 4.1 | 30,839 | 4.1 |
| Total | 693,321 | 100.0 | 744,289 | 100.0 |
Source: BNR interactive database, CRB · BNR Monthly Bulletin 8/2026 — Loans granted by credit institutions, Central Credit Register (table 11.4 of the Monthly Bulletin), contract amounts of exposures of RON 20,000 or more, not outstanding balances. Shares are own calculations. Sectors are BNR groupings of CAEN Rev.3 divisions.
Changes in the BNR policy rate since 2021
| Effective date | Policy rate, % |
|---|---|
| 18 Jan 2021 | 1.25 |
| 6 Oct 2021 | 1.50 |
| 10 Nov 2021 | 1.75 |
| 11 Jan 2022 | 2.00 |
| 10 Feb 2022 | 2.50 |
| 6 Apr 2022 | 3.00 |
| 11 May 2022 | 3.75 |
| 7 Jul 2022 | 4.75 |
| 8 Aug 2022 | 5.50 |
| 6 Oct 2022 | 6.25 |
| 9 Nov 2022 | 6.75 |
| 11 Jan 2023 | 7.00 |
| 8 Jul 2024 | 6.75 |
| 8 Aug 2024 | 6.50 |
| 8 Oct 2026 (decision to keep) | 6.50 |
Source: BNR interactive database, policy rate · BNR press release — Dates of validity from series BNRDOBO_DPM. On 8 October 2026 the BNR kept the Lombard rate at 7.50% and the deposit facility rate at 5.50%.
EIB loans for agriculture through Romanian lenders and the state
| Project | Intermediary or borrower | EIB amount | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agricover Loan for SMEs III, micro-enterprises in agriculture and bio-economy139 | Agricover Credit IFN | EUR 25 m signed of EUR 50 m proposed140 | Signed 12 Dec 2025 |
| Agricover Loan for SMEs II141 | Agricover Credit IFN | EUR 15 m | Signed 11 May 2020 and 9 Jul 2021 |
| UCL Romania Loan for SMEs and Midcaps III, mainly agriculture, industry and services142 | UniCredit Leasing Corporation IFN | EUR 120 m | Signed 16 Sep 2019 (EUR 50 m) and 15 Sep 2022 (EUR 70 m) |
| Romania Rural Development EU Co-financing 2014–20143 | Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development | EUR 450 m | Signed 17 Sep 2018 |
| Agricover Loan for SMEs144 | Agricover Credit IFN | EUR 20 m | Signed 29 Jul 2016 and 21 Dec 2017 |
| UCL Romania Loan for SMEs and Mid-Caps, agriculture, industry and services145 | UniCredit Leasing Corporation IFN | EUR 50 m | Signed 12 Jun 2014 |
| Romanian Rural Development EU Co-financing146 | Romania | EUR 300 m | Signed 24 Dec 2013 and 16 May 2014 |
Source: EIB — Amounts are the EIB finance shown on each project page, with every signature date the page lists. The co-financing loans finance the national contribution to the Rural Development Programme and are not credit lines to farmers.
Non-bank lending and financial inclusion
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Loans granted by non-bank lenders to agriculture (Central Credit Register) | RON 19,695 m | Aug 2026 |
| … share of their loans to all sectors | 19.5% | Aug 2026 |
| … share of combined bank and non-bank loans to agriculture | 38.1% | Aug 2026 |
| … same, at end-2010 | RON 1,655 m, 19.1% | Dec 2010 |
| Loans of non-bank financial institutions in the General Register | RON 69,622 m | Jun 2026 (provisional) |
| Adults with an account | 71.3% | 2024 |
| … in rural areas / in urban areas | 67% / 81% | 2024 |
| Firms with bank loans that had a state-guaranteed loan | 27% | Jun 2025 |
| Agricultural firms using trade credit frequently | 29% (all firms 15%) | Sep 2025 survey |
Source: BNR interactive database, CRB · BNR Monthly Bulletin 8/2026 · WDI / Global Findex · BNR FSR December 2025 · BNR FSR June 2026 — Shares are own calculations. Register amounts are contract amounts of exposures of RON 20,000 or more, not outstanding balances. Non-bank lenders in the register include leasing companies and lending electronic money and payment institutions. No sectoral data on mutual aid houses (CAR) or on agricultural mutual funds were found in official sources.
International financing for agriculture
| Operation | Lender | Counterpart | Instrument | Amount | Date | Status (Oct 2026) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Pollution Prevention and Reduction Project (RAPID, P179786) | World Bank (IBRD) | Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests | Investment loan | US$63.6 m | Approved 30 Mar 2023, closing 30 Jun 2028 | Active |
| Integrated Nutrient Pollution Control Project (P093775, P099528) | World Bank (IBRD) and GEF | Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests | Investment loan and grant | IBRD US$121.7 m, GEF grant US$5.5 m | Approved 30 Oct 2007, closed 31 Dec 2023 | Closed |
| Integrated Nutrient Pollution Control Project, additional financing (P155594) | World Bank (IBRD) | Government of Romania | Additional financing | US$52.4 m | Approved 28 Mar 2016, closed 31 Dec 2023 | Closed |
| Complementing EU Support for Agricultural Restructuring (CESAR, P100638) | World Bank (IBRD) | Government of Romania | Investment loan | US$59 m | Approved 27 Nov 2007, closed 30 Sep 2014 | Closed |
| Irrigation Rehabilitation and Reform Project (P043881) | World Bank (IBRD) | Government of Romania | Investment loan | US$80 m | Approved 31 Jul 2003, closed 30 Jun 2012 | Closed |
| Rural Finance Project (P056891) | World Bank (IBRD) | Government of Romania | Investment loan | US$80 m | Approved 29 Mar 2001, closed 30 Nov 2007 | Closed |
| Romanian Rural Development EU Co-financing (20130389) | EIB | Government of Romania | Framework loan | €300 m signed | Signed 24 Dec 2013 and 16 May 2014 | Signed |
| Rural Development Programme 2014–2020 co-financing (20150714) | EIB | MADR | Framework loan | €450 m signed | Signed 17 Sep 2018 | Signed |
| Agricover Loan for SMEs (20160081) | EIB | Agricover Credit IFN | Intermediated loan | €20 m signed | Signed 29 Jul 2016 and 21 Dec 2017 | Signed |
| Agricover Loan for SMEs II (20190478) | EIB | Agricover Credit IFN | Intermediated loan | €15 m signed | Signed 11 May 2020 and 9 Jul 2021 | Signed |
| Agricover Loan for SMEs III (20250273) | EIB | Agricover Credit IFN | Intermediated loan for micro-enterprises | €25 m signed (€50 m proposed) | Signed 12 Dec 2025 | Signed |
| Romania Forest Regeneration-SLB (20200838) | EIB (Natural Capital Financing Facility) | SLB SAS | Loan | €9.5 m signed | Signed 18 Oct 2022 | Signed |
| CEC Bank Loan for Micro-Enterprises (20260442) | EIB | CEC Bank | Intermediated loan | €50 m proposed | Under appraisal from 20 Jul 2026 | Not signed |
| Agricover Credit IFN loan under the Resilience and Livelihoods Framework (53810) | EBRD | Agricover Credit IFN | Loan in two tranches, the first committed | €20 m | Approved 2 Aug 2022 | Repaying |
| Omnia Europe risk-sharing guarantee | EBRD | Banca Transilvania and Omnia Europe | Guarantee of half of a €40 m bank loan | €20 m | Announced 13 Dec 2024 | Announced |
| Cris-Tim initial public offering | EBRD | Cris-Tim | Equity (just over 5%) | €13.1 m (RON 66.6 m) | Announced 4 Nov 2025 (IPO closed 3 Nov 2025) | Completed |
| NewCold Romania automated cold store | EBRD | NewCold Romania | Loan with partial InvestEU guarantee | Up to RON 182.8 m (€36 m) | Announced 6 Feb 2026 | Announced |
Source: World Bank · EIB · EBRD — World Bank amounts are commitments in US$ from the Projects API v3 (read 20 October 2026). For P093775 the API shows a current IBRD commitment of US$121.69 million and a total commitment of US$127.62 million, and the IBRD figure is used. EIB amounts are signed amounts from the project pages (proposed amounts where no signature exists), not disbursements. EBRD amounts are approved or announced amounts from its project summary document and news releases. No World Bank agriculture, irrigation or land operation was in the pipeline in October 2026.
Insurance & state support8 datasets
Guarantee commitments of the Rural Credit Guarantee Fund on public funds from MADR and EU programmes, RON million, 31 December 2024 and 2025
Source: FGCR financial statements 2025 — Total RON 2,409.2 million at end-2024 and RON 2,134.9 million at end-2025, including payment claims under analysis (RON 37.4 million at end-2025). Other sources are the EURO source, NRDP 2007–2013 lots under measures 121 and 123, and Law 218/2005 sources (own sum). Guarantees issued for state-aid programmes of the Ministry of Finance are shown separately.
Outstanding guarantee balances administered by FGCR in the name and on behalf of the State (Ministry of Finance), by programme, RON million, 31 December 2024 and 2025
Source: FGCR financial statements 2025 — Total RON 5,560.2 million on 5,993 guarantees at end-2024 and RON 2,793.1 million on 3,998 guarantees at end-2025, about US$643 million at the end-2025 rate of 4.3417 lei per dollar (own conversion)24. Under OUG 99/2022 contracts were concluded until 31 December 2023, and the IMM Invest programme closed on 30 June 2024167.
Payment claims analysed and guarantee payments made by the Rural Credit Guarantee Fund, all sources including state-aid programmes, RON million, 2024 and 2025
Source: FGCR financial statements 2025 — 27 claims in 2024 and 218 in 2025, with 12 and 66 guarantees paid. Of the RON 55.5 million paid in 2025, RON 43.8 million on 49 claims concerned state-aid programmes and was paid by the Ministry of Finance.
Measure 17 'Risk management' of the National Rural Development Programme, planned total public amount and cumulative eligible expenditure declared, EUR million, 2015–2023
Source: EC cohesion data · AFIR — EU and national amounts together, focus area 3B. Sub-measure 17.1 of this measure pays 70% of the eligible insurance premium170. The EUR amounts are kept in the source currency.
State support for farm credit
| Programme | Instrument | Scale | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGCR guarantees on MADR funds (OUG 43/2013, Law 329/2009, OUG 79/2009 and others) | Guarantees of up to 80% of loans to private beneficiaries, 100% of AFIR advances to public beneficiaries | RON 2,134.9 m of commitments on 3,293 items at end-2025 (RON 2,409.2 m at end-2024)166 | 2025 |
| Working-capital loans on APIA certificates (OUG 43/2013) | FGCR guarantee of up to 80%, and loans of up to three or five times the certificate value | RON 1,393.1 m of FGCR commitments under the general OUG 43/2013 source at end-2025 (RON 1,502.2 m including the source for national rural development programme beneficiaries, own calculation)166171172 | Since 2013 |
| Creditul Fermierului (OUG 7/2024) | Interest grant and guarantee of up to 100%, up to EUR 280,000 per beneficiary | 3,308 agreements, RON 2,759.9 m of loans, RON 567.7 m of interest grants166 | Ran until 31 Dec 2024 |
| Rural Plus component of IMM PLUS (OUG 18/2024) | State guarantee and grant via FGCR for agriculture, fisheries, food and agri-food trade | RON 1,549.6 m of guarantee balances on 1,113 guarantees at end-2025166 | 2024 |
| Rural Invest component of IMM INVEST PLUS (OUG 99/2022) | State guarantee via FGCR | RON 1,080.8 m of guarantee balances on 2,578 guarantees at end-2025166 | Contracts until 31 Dec 2023 |
| AGRO IMM Invest (OUG 110/2017 subprogramme and OUG 99/2022 component) | State guarantee via FGCR for SMEs in agriculture, fisheries and food | RON 86.0 m of guarantee balances at end-2025 (own sum)166 | IMM Invest closed 30 Jun 2024167 |
| INVESTALIM (OUG 65/2023) | FGCR guarantees for food-industry investment projects | RON 50.2 m at end-2025166 | 2023–2026 |
| NRDP 2014–2020 financial instrument (EAFRD) | Portfolio risk-sharing loan instrument | EUR 93.88 m of programme contributions173 | Data before 1 Jan 2022 |
| Insurance premium subsidy, NRDP sub-measure 17.1 | 70% of the eligible premium | EUR 48.8 m of eligible expenditure declared by end-2023168170 | Session 7 in 2025 |
| CAP Strategic Plan 2023–2027, risk management tools (Article 76) | Support for insurance premiums or compensation for production losses | EUR 82.4 m of EAFRD funds planned, plus 3% of the direct payments envelope174175 | 2023–2027 |
Source: FGCR financial statements 2025 · FGCR · FGCR product · FGCR news · imminvest.ro · fi-compass · EC cohesion data · AFIR sM17.1 guide · EC CAP plan annex · EC CAP plan factsheet — Guarantee balances are stocks at 31 December 2025. Allocations under the CAP Strategic Plan are planned amounts, not disbursements.
FGCR guarantees by lender
| Lender | Active guarantees, number | Balance, RON m | of which production loans, RON m |
|---|---|---|---|
| CEC Bank | 1,226 | 889.3 | 652.2 |
| Banca Transilvania | 1,150 | 553.8 | 507.0 |
| AFIR (advances to EAFRD beneficiaries) | 226 | 212.6 | – |
| Vista Bank | 149 | 166.7 | 160.9 |
| Patria Bank | 157 | 91.9 | 67.6 |
| Eximbank | 13 | 79.6 | 64.5 |
| BRD – Groupe Société Générale | 145 | 39.0 | 35.9 |
| Garanti Bank | 40 | 34.3 | 34.3 |
| ProCredit Bank | 42 | 12.8 | 11.9 |
| Libra Internet Bank | 33 | 9.7 | 9.7 |
| Other lenders (5) | 29 | 7.7 | 7.6 |
| Total | 3,210 | 2,097.6 | 1,551.6 |
Source: FGCR financial statements 2025 — Active guarantees on public funds from MADR and EU programmes at 31 December 2025, excluding payment claims under analysis and guarantees for Ministry of Finance programmes. Other lenders are Intesa Sanpaolo, BCR, UniCredit, Imocredit IFN and CREDITCOOP (own sum). Investment loans made up 26.0% of the balance and production loans 74.0%.
Creditul Fermierului by lender
| Lender | Agreements | Loans, RON m | Interest grant, RON m | Guarantee, RON m |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banca Transilvania | 1,486 | 1,148.5 | 220.0 | 208.6 |
| CEC Bank | 558 | 522.7 | 140.6 | 39.9 |
| Libra Internet Bank | 248 | 214.8 | 54.4 | 5.7 |
| BRD – Groupe Société Générale | 182 | 195.9 | 29.9 | 38.4 |
| Vista Bank | 129 | 162.3 | 36.2 | 10.4 |
| Raiffeisen Bank | 349 | 162.1 | 27.7 | – |
| UniCredit Bank | 71 | 115.9 | 18.1 | 2.2 |
| ProCredit Bank | 143 | 94.0 | 16.6 | 11.2 |
| Patria Bank | 106 | 92.5 | 14.7 | 25.7 |
| Other lenders (4) | 36 | 51.1 | 9.4 | 2.9 |
| Total | 3,308 | 2,759.9 | 567.7 | 345.1 |
Source: FGCR financial statements 2025 — Financing and guarantee agreements in force at 31 December 2025 under the MADR state aid scheme approved by OUG 7/2024 as amended by OUG 121/2024, which ran until 31 December 2024. Other lenders are Exim Banca Românească, BCR, Intesa Sanpaolo and Garanti Bank (own sum). The loans are about US$636 million at the end-2025 rate of 4.3417 lei per dollar (own conversion)24.
Subsidised agricultural insurance
| Item | Value | Source period |
|---|---|---|
| Support instrument | NRDP 2014–2020 sub-measure 17.1 'Crop, animal and plant insurance premiums', managed by AFIR169 | Session 7, 2025 |
| State share of the premium | 70% of the eligible premium actually paid by the farmer170 | 2025 |
| Insured production eligible for subsidy | Up to the farmer's average output of the previous three years, or a three-year average of the previous five excluding the highest and lowest170 | 2025 |
| Measure 17 planned total (EU and national) | EUR 178.9 m in 2014, EUR 203.4 m in 2017, EUR 42.8 m in 2018, EUR 23.7 m in 2020, EUR 71.9 m in 2023168 | Programme versions 1.2 to 17.0 |
| Measure 17 eligible expenditure declared | EUR 48.8 m, cumulative168 | End-2023 |
| CAP Strategic Plan, risk management tools | EUR 82.4 m of EAFRD funds for 2023–2027, plus 3% of direct payments174175 | Planned |
| Agricultural insurance premiums and claims (market) | Not available (ASF statistics could not be opened) | – |
Source: AFIR · AFIR sM17.1 guide · EC cohesion data · EC CAP plan annex · EC CAP plan factsheet — EUR amounts are kept in the source currency. Planned amounts are not disbursements.
Sustainable finance8 datasets
Brown non-financial corporations as % of all non-financial corporations, two BNR editions
Source: BNR — The BNR classes as brown the non-financial corporations active in climate-relevant sectors exposed to transition risk. Bank loans to these companies were RON 85.2 billion at end-March 2025 and RON 86.6 billion at end-March 2026, about US$19.5 billion at the IMF end-of-March 2026 rate of RON 4.4463 per US$ (own calculation)17918124. The December 2025 report put brown exposures at more than half of bank exposures to firms, against 63% in the EU (December 2024)180.
EU funding reserved by objective, CAP Strategic Plan 2023–2027, € million (factsheet, February 2026 version)
Source: European Commission · EUR-Lex · IMF ER — Eco-schemes are 25% of the direct-payments allocation and environmental and climate objectives 41% of the rural development allocation, against legal minima of 25% (Article 97) and 35% (Article 93) of Regulation (EU) 2021/2115182183. The two green items total €4.53 billion, about US$5.25 billion at the IMF end-August 2026 rate of €0.8624 per US$ (own calculation)24. The plan's total public budget is €15.83 billion, of which €14.97 billion EU funds. These are allocations for 2023–2027, not payments.
Area fully converted and under conversion, % of utilised agricultural area, Romania, 2015–2024 (Eurostat)
Source: Eurostat — Utilised agricultural area excluding kitchen gardens. In hectares the organic area was 245,924 ha in 2015 and 781,397 ha in 2024, 3.2 times larger (own calculation)184. Eurostat last published an EU-27 share for 2020 (9.1%, estimate). Organic farming support under the CAP Strategic Plan is not shown separately in the Commission factsheet.
Confirmed or disbursed tranches by funding round year, € million, 2021 to March 2026
Source: Modernisation Fund · IMF ER — Sum of the 78 Romanian rows in the Modernisation Fund investment table, by the year in the MF reference number (own calculation). 2026 covers the March round only. Total €7.41 billion, about US$8.08 billion when each year is converted at the IMF annual average euro rate and 2026 at the end-August 2026 rate (own calculation)18524. The site shows €23.2 billion of disbursements to beneficiary Member States in total, while the Romanian rows give confirmed or disbursed tranche amounts, a different basis, so the two totals are not compared here. Rows relevant to agriculture are a scheme for solar and wind capacity for self-consumption by agri-food enterprises (four tranches, €300 million, 2023–2025) and the rehabilitation of the Sarichioi irrigation system in Tulcea County (€8.3 million, October 2025).
The sustainable-finance framework applying in Romania
| Item | Date | Status in October 2026 |
|---|---|---|
| EU Taxonomy Regulation 2020/852 | In force 12 Jul 2020 | Applies since 2022 (climate) and 2023 (other objectives). No screening criteria for crop or livestock production186187 |
| Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation 2019/2088 | Applies from 10 Mar 2021 | In force for financial market participants and advisers188 |
| NCMO Recommendation R/6/2021 on supporting green finance | 2021 | BNR climate-risk dashboard published (2024 edition). Annual climate stress tests not yet part of the BNR solvency test (June 2026)189178181 |
| CSRD 2022/2464, transposed by Finance Ministry Order 85/2024 and BNR Order 1/2024 | MO 75 of 26 Jan 2024, MO 499 of 30 May 2024 | Large public-interest entities with over 500 employees report from financial year 2024190191 |
| Stop-the-clock Directive 2025/794, transposed by Finance Ministry Order 1421/2025 and BNR Order 2/2026 | MO 786 of 22 Aug 2025, MO 107 of 10 Feb 2026 | Second wave moved to financial years from 2027, third wave to 2028192191 |
| Omnibus I Directive 2026/470 | In force 18 Mar 2026 | Reporting limited to over 1,000 employees and over €450 million turnover. Transposition due 19 Mar 2027, no Romanian measure notified193191 |
| Taxonomy simplification Delegated Regulation 2026/73 | Applies from 1 Jan 2026 | 10% materiality threshold, exposures to non-CSRD firms excluded from bank KPIs194 |
| European Green Bond Standard 2023/2631 | Applies from 21 Dec 2024 | Voluntary EuGB label195 |
| CRD6 Article 87a and CRR3 ESG disclosures | CRD6 applies from 11 Jan 2026, CRR3 from 1 Jan 2025 | No Romanian CRD6 transposition measure listed in EUR-Lex on 20 Oct 2026196197191 |
| EBA Guidelines on the management of ESG risks (EBA/GL/2025/01) | From 11 Jan 2026 | Small and non-complex institutions at the latest from 11 Jan 2027198 |
| Sovereign Green Bond Framework (Ministry of Finance) | Dec 2023 | €2 billion green Eurobond (Feb 2024) and JPY 33 billion Samurai green bond (Oct 2024) issued199200 |
| CAP Strategic Plan 2023–2027 | Approved 7 Dec 2022, fifth amendment 18 Feb 2026 | €2.45 billion eco-schemes and €2.08 billion rural development funds reserved for environment and climate201182 |
Source: EUR-Lex · CNSM · BNR · EBA · JBIC · World Bank · European Commission — MO stands for Monitorul Oficial al României, Part I. Transposition data are the measures Romania notified to the Commission, as listed in the EU database of national transposition measures on 20 October 2026.
Green and climate finance lines relevant to agriculture
| Line | Amount | Relevance to agriculture |
|---|---|---|
| CAP Strategic Plan 2023–2027, eco-schemes | €2,447.4 m EU funds (allocation) | Payments for practices beyond legal requirements, about €1.64 billion for agronomic practices on arable land and €245 million for farms up to 10 ha182 |
| CAP Strategic Plan, rural development for environment and climate | €2,083.3 m EU funds (allocation) | Practices expected on 611,000 ha a year182 |
| Modernisation Fund, renewables for agri-food self-consumption | €300 m in four tranches (2023–2025) | Solar and wind capacity of at least 584 MW for farms and food firms185 |
| Modernisation Fund, Sarichioi irrigation system (Tulcea) | €8.3 m (Oct 2025) | Rehabilitation of an irrigation system185 |
| Recovery and resilience plan, afforestation campaign | Target 18,000 ha by Q2 2026 | New forests and reforestation in areas vulnerable to climate change202203 |
| Recovery and resilience plan, manure and agricultural waste systems | Target 49 systems by Q2 2026 (August 2026 revision, 50 before) | 44 communal systems, one composting system, four biogas systems203202 |
| EIB loan to Agricover Credit (InvestEU) | €25 m signed 12 Dec 2025 (€50 m proposed) | Micro agricultural businesses, productivity and environmental sustainability204140 |
| EIB Group securitisation with Deutsche Leasing Romania | €335 m (Feb 2024), €439 m new lending commitment | Nearly 30% for climate action and environmental sustainability, with a focus on harvesters, tractors, irrigation modernisation and no-tillage equipment205 |
| Sovereign green Eurobond, 12 years | €2 bn (Feb 2024) | Allocation by category not verified in an official source200 |
| World Bank Fiscal Management and Green Growth DPL (P181517) | US$650 m (approved 25 Jul 2024) | Budget support linked to the green bond framework reform206200 |
Source: European Commission · Modernisation Fund · Council of the EU · EIB · World Bank — CAP amounts are 2023–2027 allocations, Modernisation Fund amounts are confirmed or disbursed tranches, recovery-plan items are targets, and EIB amounts are signed operations.
Recovery and resilience plan, plan value and payments
| Item | Date | Amount (€ billion) |
|---|---|---|
| Estimated cost of the plan after the November 2025 revision | 13 Nov 2025 | 21.41 |
| Estimated cost of the plan after the revision adopted on 5 August 2026 according to C(2026) 7018 (grants 13.57, loans 6.54) | 5 Aug 2026 | 20.11 |
| Plan value shown on the Commission country page, the August 2026 plan (grants 13.6, loans 6.5) | Oct 2026 | 20.1 |
| Pre-financing paid | 2 Dec 2021 | 1.8 |
| First payment (net of pre-financing) | 27 Oct 2022 | 2.6 |
| Second payment | 29 Sep 2023 | 2.76 |
| Third payment (net of pre-financing) | 10 Jun 2025 | 1.3 |
| Four payments announced by the Commission up to June 2025 (own calculation) | 8.46 | |
| Fourth instalment of grants authorised, of which 2.25 payable after clearing 0.37 of pre-financing | 18 Jun 2026 | 2.62 |
Source: Council of the EU · European Commission — Plan values are allocations and the payment rows are disbursements, kept separate. The Commission country page gave 39.1% of the plan for climate objectives in October 2026209. The plan contains no investment in agricultural irrigation202. The fourth instalment row is an authorisation, the payment was not confirmed in the sources checked214. On 2 October 2026 Commission decisions C(2026) 7018 and C(2026) 7023 revised the third instalment, whose authorised amounts became €1,391.8 million of grants and €760.1 million of loans208215. The August 2026 cost is the sum of €13,566.1 million of grants and €6,540.8 million of loans207.
Policy & support10 datasets
EAGF (market measures and direct payments) and EAFRD (rural development), EUR million, 2007–2025
Source: European Commission · IMF ER — European Commission, EU spending and revenue 2000–2025, operating expenditure in Romania by budget line, EUR million (expenditure in the budget year, not commitments). The budget headings changed in 2014 and 2021 (2007–2013 'market related expenditure and direct aids' and 'rural development'), but the funds are the same. EAFRD 2022–2025 includes NextGenerationEU (EURI) amounts of EUR 140.9 million in 2022, 231.1 million in 2023, 176.0 million in 2024 and 45.9 million in 2025. Romania's EAFRD line is zero in 2007, the year of accession. Cumulative 2007–2025 EAGF EUR 26.5 billion and EAFRD EUR 18.3 billion (own calculation). At the IMF 2025 average rate of EUR 0.8871 per US$, the 2025 total of EUR 3,029 million is about US$3.41 billion (own calculation).
Planned EU and national public funding, EUR million, version approved on 18 February 2026
Source: European Commission — Financial annex of the Commission factsheet 'At a glance – Romania's CAP Strategic Plan', updated February 2026, which reflects the amendments approved up to 18 February 2026. Totals EUR 14,969.6 million EU and EUR 863.4 million national, EUR 15,833.0 million in all. Direct payments include possible transfers between pillars, rural development includes technical assistance, and national funding for sectoral support relates only to apiculture. Additional national financing under Article 146 of Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 and market support under Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 are not included. These are planned allocations, not payments.
EU funding reserved for selected objectives, 2023–2027, EUR million, version of February 2026
Source: European Commission — Commission factsheet, financial annex, 'EU funding reserved for'. Eco-schemes are 25% and redistributive support 10% of the direct payments allocation in Annex IX of Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, environment and climate 41% and LEADER 8% of the rural development allocation in Annex XI. The young farmers amount is the minimum set in Annex XII, reserved under direct payments and/or rural development. The factsheet also cites almost EUR 1.5 billion of coupled income support, EUR 1.1 billion for investments in farms and processing, EUR 663 million for areas with natural constraints and EUR 82 million for risk management tools.
Share of beneficiaries, area and direct payments, %, financial year 2021
Source: European Commission — DG AGRI, Direct payments to agricultural producers, graphs and figures, financial year 2021. Payments for claim year N are made in financial year N+1, so these data mostly reflect claim year 2020 under the 2014–2020 CAP. Beneficiaries of direct payments, not holdings in the farm structure survey.
State aid scheme under Government Decision 1,174/2014, RON million, 2015–2025
Source: Portal Legislativ · IMF ER — Article 10 of Government Decision 1,174/2014 as consolidated after Government Decision 1,106 of 18 December 2025, amounts allocated from the state budget through the ministry's budget (budget ceilings set and revised during the year, not reported payments). Farmers are refunded the difference between the standard excise and the EU minimum of EUR 21 per 1,000 litres (RON 104.49 per 1,000 litres in 2025), within a national ceiling of 410 million litres a year. The scheme runs until 31 December 2026. At the IMF 2025 average rate of RON 4.4705 per US$, the 2025 allocation of RON 815.3 million is about US$182 million (own calculation).
CAP Strategic Plan 2023–2027 for Romania, financial annex
| Type of support | EU budget (EUR) | National funding (EUR) | Total (EUR) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct payments | 9,783,148,797 | n/a | 9,783,148,797 |
| Sectoral support | 151,684,802 | 30,408,150 | 182,092,952 |
| Rural development | 5,034,728,288 | 833,016,863 | 5,867,745,151 |
| Total | 14,969,561,887 | 863,425,013 | 15,832,986,900 |
Source: European Commission — Commission factsheet 'At a glance – Romania's CAP Strategic Plan', updated version February 2026. National funding excludes additional national financing under Article 146 of Regulation (EU) 2021/2115. Direct payments include cotton allocations and possible transfers between pillars, national funding for sectoral support relates only to apiculture, and rural development includes technical assistance. Planned public funding for 2023–2027, not payments. At the IMF end-August 2026 rate of EUR 0.8624 per US$, the total of EUR 15.83 billion is about US$18.4 billion and the EU share of EUR 14.97 billion about US$17.4 billion (own calculation).
Romania's CAP Strategic Plan, from first draft to the fifth amendment
| Date | Step |
|---|---|
| 18 Dec 2020 | Commission Staff Working Document SWD(2020) 391 with recommendations for Romania's plan |
| 28 Feb 2022 | Romania submits its first proposal |
| 12 May 2022 | Commission observation letter |
| 21 Nov 2022 | Romania submits a revised proposal |
| 7 Dec 2022 | Commission Implementing Decision C(2022) 8783 approves the plan (CCI 2023RO06AFSP001) for 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2027221 |
| 11 Dec 2023 | First amendment approved |
| 22 May 2024 | Second amendment approved |
| 29 Nov 2024 | Third amendment approved |
| 12 Dec 2025 | Fourth amendment approved |
| 18 Feb 2026 | Fifth amendment approved, the latest version listed by the Commission in October 2026 |
Source: European Commission — Dates from the Commission's country page and factsheet, read on 20 October 2026. The full national plan and its amended versions are published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (madr.ro), which could not be reached from the review environment, so the content of each amendment is not described here.
Selected national state aid and de minimis schemes for agriculture
| Scheme | Legal act (Monitorul Oficial) | Period | Rate of support | Budget |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diesel excise refund for agriculture (state aid, block-exempted) | Government Decision 1,174/2014 (MO 965 of 30 Dec 2014), extended by Government Decision 1,228/2023220 | 2015 to 31 Dec 2026 | Refund of the excise above EUR 21 per 1,000 litres, RON 104.49 per 1,000 litres in 2025, up to 410 million litres a year | RON 815.258 million allocated for 2025 |
| Vegetables grown in protected spaces (de minimis) | Government Decision 1,342/2024 (MO 1095 of 1 Nov 2024)222 | 2024–2025 | Up to EUR 1,000 per 1,000 m2 | RON 124.3 million (EUR 25 million) |
| Vegetables grown in protected spaces (de minimis) | Government Decision 325/2025 (MO 304 of 7 Apr 2025)223 | 2025–2027 | EUR 1.5 per m2 for at least 1,000 m2 | RON 342.4 million for 2025 |
| Garlic production (de minimis) | Government Decision 393/2023 (MO 398 of 9 May 2023), amended by Government Decision 1,288/2023224 | 2023 | EUR 3,000 per ha, minimum 3,000 m2 | RON 41.2 million (at most EUR 8.3 million) |
| Breeding sows of the Bazna and Mangalița breeds (de minimis) | Government Decision 401/2025 (MO 363 of 24 Apr 2025)225 | 2025 | RON 2,300 per sow per year | RON 1.5 million |
Source: Portal Legislativ — Budgets are the amounts set in the Government Decisions (budget ceilings), not payments. De minimis aid in agriculture falls under Commission Regulation (EU) No 1408/2013, and Government Decision 401/2025 sets a ceiling of EUR 50,000 per undertaking over three years. Euro amounts are paid in lei at the exchange rate set in each decision. MO = Monitorul Oficial al României, Part I.
Area-based payment applications and payments managed by APIA
| Claim year | Indicator | Value |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Farmers who applied in 2023 and were authorised for payment, 16 Oct 2023 to 11 Jan 2024226 | 714,041 |
| 2023 | Amount authorised for them from EU and national funds, 16 Oct 2023 to 11 Jan 2024 (EUR million)226 | 1,500 |
| 2024 | Payment applications filed227 | 730,395 |
| 2024 | Area applied for (ha)227 | 9,962,885 |
| 2024 | Advance payments, EAGF, EAFRD and national co-financing (EUR million)228 | 1,283.0 |
| 2024 | Farmers authorised for final payments, 2 Dec 2024 to 3 Feb 2025228 | 658,651 |
| 2024 | Final payments authorised, 2 Dec 2024 to 3 Feb 2025 (EUR million)228 | 478.9 |
| 2025 | Payment applications filed, 3 Mar to 13 Jun 2025227 | 708,012 |
| 2025 | Area applied for (ha)227 | 9,875,710 |
Source: APIA — APIA press releases read on Internet Archive copies because apia.org.ro could not be reached from the review environment. Applications are payment applications (cereri de plată), not unique holdings, and payment figures cover the periods stated, not full claim years. In the 2024 campaign, EAFRD-funded rural development payments were made by AFIR, not APIA. APIA paid EAGF amounts in lei at RON 4.9753 per euro for claim year 2024.
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