Production, trade & prices

Cereals. Wheat production reached 13.01 million tonnes on 2.31 million ha in 2025, at 5.64 tonnes per hectare, the highest harvest of the 2010–2025 series, against 6.39 million tonnes in 2020¹. Grain maize gave 7.75 million tonnes on 1.97 million ha in 2025, after 5.97 million tonnes in 2024, when the yield was 2.83 tonnes per hectare, and against a peak of 18.66 million tonnes in 2018¹. Barley reached 3.44 million tonnes. Eurostat's first estimates for 2026 are 13.12 million tonnes of wheat and 3.92 million tonnes of barley, and no 2026 maize estimate had been published on 20 October 2026¹.

Oilseeds. Sunflower seed gave 1.81 million tonnes on 1.21 million ha in 2025 and rapeseed 2.49 million tonnes on 788,100 ha, the largest rapeseed crop of 2010–2025¹. In 2025 Romania produced 21.2% of the EU-27's sunflower seed, more than any other member state, as well as 12.9% of its grain maize (third after France and Poland), 12.4% of its rapeseed and 9.0% of its wheat (fourth after France, Germany and Poland). It had the largest maize area in the EU, 23.3% of the total (own calculations)². On FAOSTAT data for 2024 Romania was the 9th-largest sunflower seed producer in the world, 18th for wheat and 21st for maize (ranks counted over countries reporting production, some of which above Romania carry FAO estimated, imputed or external values, as the table on world production shows)³.

Romania produced 565,900 tonnes of plums in 2025, 42.4% of the EU-27 total and the largest quantity of any member state (own calculation)². On FAOSTAT data for 2024 it was the second-largest plum producer in the world after China, whose value carries FAO's estimate flag (E)³. Apple production was 447,400 tonnes and walnut production 50,900 tonnes in 2025¹. Grapes for wine gave 767,100 tonnes in 2025, of which 183,300 tonnes were for wines with a protected designation of origin and 148,600 tonnes for wines with a protected geographical indication, and table grapes 41,400 tonnes¹.

The published vegetable and potato series fall between the late 2010s and the early 2020s. Fresh vegetables were 2.32 million tonnes in 2021 and 1.43 million tonnes in 2022, and the potato area was 174,100 ha in 2019 and 101,000 ha in 2020¹. Eurostat's footnotes on crop statistics give no explanation for either change⁴. In 2025 Romania harvested 1.19 million tonnes of fresh vegetables and 1.16 million tonnes of potatoes¹.

Romania counted 10.76 million sheep in December 2025, against 8.42 million in 2010. This was 19.5% of the EU-27 flock and the second-largest after Spain (own calculation)⁵. Pig numbers fell from 5.43 million in December 2010 to 3.15 million in 2023 and stood at 3.32 million in 2025⁶. In December 2025 the cattle herd was 1.81 million head, of which 1.05 million dairy cows, against 2.00 million and 1.18 million in December 2010⁷. Goats numbered 1.47 million in December 2025⁸.

Poultry meat from slaughterhouses doubled from 287,500 tonnes in 2010 to 586,800 tonnes in 2025, while pigmeat was 307,800 tonnes and bovine meat 43,400 tonnes⁹. Eurostat estimates slaughter outside slaughterhouses separately, at 57,700 tonnes of pigmeat, 55,600 tonnes of sheepmeat and 37,900 tonnes of bovine meat in 2025¹⁰. Farms had 4.41 million tonnes of raw milk of all species available in 2024, of which 3.72 million tonnes of cows' milk and 434,400 tonnes of ewes' milk, and delivered 1.27 million tonnes of it, 28.9% of all raw milk, to dairies (own calculation)¹¹. Counting cows' milk only, dairies collected 1.26 million tonnes in 2024, 33.8% of cows' milk production (own calculation), and 1.21 million tonnes in 2025¹²¹¹. Romania was the 8th-largest producer of sheep milk in the world in 2024 on FAOSTAT data (rank counted over countries reporting production, and the values of China, mainland, and Algeria, which rank above it, are FAO imputed and estimated values)³. Egg production for consumption was 5.09 billion in 2025¹³.

Eurostat's crop balance sheets compare usable production with domestic uses in each calendar year¹⁴. In 2024 Romania produced 2.6 times the common wheat it used at home, 2.9 times its barley and 1.4 times its maize, and its rapeseed output was more than five times domestic use (own calculations)¹⁵¹⁶. In 2024 Romania exported 7.17 million tonnes of common wheat, of which 5.77 million tonnes went outside the EU, and imported 1.27 million tonnes¹⁵. Animal feed took 3.49 million tonnes of the 4.33 million tonnes of domestic maize use in 2024¹⁵. Eurostat publishes no comparable balances for meat, milk or vegetables, and the agri-food trade data show net imports of meat, dairy products, fruit and vegetables in 2025¹⁷.

The map shows where Romania's agri-food products go and where its imports come from. In 2025 Romania reported US$14,289.9 million of agri-food exports and US$16,140.7 million of imports, a deficit of US$1,850.8 million (own calculation)¹⁷. Exports were 2.2 times their 2015 value of US$6,577.1 million, and agri-food products made up 13.1% of goods exports in 2025 (own calculation)¹⁷¹⁸. Cereals (US$3,478.3 million), oilseeds (US$2,492.8 million) and tobacco products (US$2,425.2 million) were the largest export chapters. Wheat earned US$2,089.7 million, heated tobacco and other nicotine products for inhalation without combustion (HS 2404) US$1,538.3 million and rapeseed US$1,400.3 million¹⁷¹⁹.

Other EU-27 members took 57.5% of agri-food exports and supplied 82.5% of imports in 2025 (own calculation)²⁰. Italy (US$1,197.5 million) and Bulgaria (US$1,018.9 million) were the largest buyers, and Japan bought US$695.0 million, of which US$689.8 million were tobacco products (HS 24)²⁰. Countries of the Middle East and North Africa took 18.2% of exports. Saudi Arabia (US$474.7 million) was the largest buyer of Romanian cereals, followed by Italy (US$317.7 million), Jordan (US$300.8 million) and Egypt (US$232.4 million)²⁰. Türkiye bought 46.5% of the sunflower seed exports, and Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany 62.1% of the rapeseed exports (own calculation)²¹. Germany (US$2,392.3 million), Hungary (US$1,757.2 million) and Poland (US$1,511.1 million) were the largest suppliers. Meat imports reached US$1,567.3 million, of which pork US$992.4 million, 38.1% of it from Spain¹⁷²⁰²¹.

On Eurostat Comext data Romania was the largest exporter of wheat from the EU to non-EU countries in 2025, with 7.04 million tonnes or 25.8% of the EU-27 total, ahead of France with 6.11 million tonnes, and the largest exporter of maize to non-EU countries in each year 2021–2025 (own calculations)²². Its wheat exports to all destinations were 8.49 million tonnes in 2025 on UN Comtrade data, a net weight that Comtrade flags as estimated¹⁹. In the crop balance sheets, exports of common wheat were 7.17 million tonnes in 2024, of which 5.77 million tonnes went outside the EU¹⁵. The European Commission reports that since May 2022 the EU-Ukraine Solidarity Lanes, which it reinforced with investments in Poland, Romania and Germany, have allowed Ukraine to export around 96 million tonnes of grain, oilseeds and related products. It does not publish these figures by member state or port²³.

Eurostat's index of agricultural output prices rose by 37.4% in 2022 and stood at 149.8 in 2025 (2020 = 100)²⁶. Cereal prices rose by 48.0% in 2022, fell by 19.3% in 2023 and 17.8% in 2024, and rose by 7.6% in 2025, while prices of animal goods rose in every year from 2021 to 2025²⁶. Soft wheat sold for RON 149 per 100 kg in 2022 and RON 90 per 100 kg in 2024, and raw cows' milk with 3.7% fat for RON 236 per 100 kg in 2024²⁷²⁸.

The fertiliser index rose by 68.9% in 2022, fell by 23.6% in 2024 and rose by 13.7% in 2025, to 187.9²⁹. The index of goods and services currently consumed in agriculture was 141.7 in 2025, below the output index of 149.8²⁹²⁶.