Sources & verification

Accounting and Auditing Board of Ethiopia (AABE)

• AABE Conducted Discussion on IFRS S1 & S2, Sustainability related Risk and Opportunity disclosure standards with Audit Firms, 1 December 2024 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. AABE held a discussion with audit firms on 26 November 2024 at the Ministry of Finance on IFRS S1 and S2 and reaffirmed its commitment to technical support for their adoption. No adoption date is stated.
  https://aabe.gov.et/2024/12/01/aabe-conducted-discussion-on-ifrs-s1-s2-sustainability-related-risk-and-opportunity-disclosure-standards-with-audit-firms/
• Sustainability Reporting (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Describes IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 issued by the ISSB in June 2023, effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024 under the ISSB standards, and links the texts. The page does not state an Ethiopian adoption date.
  https://aabe.gov.et/sustainability-reporting/

African Union Commission

• Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA (press release, web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Press release of 10 April 2019. The AU Commission Chairperson received Ethiopia's instruments of ratification on 10 April 2019 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was the 19th country to deposit, and the Agreement enters into force one month after the 22nd instrument. Ethiopia's chief trade negotiator described it as the first free trade agreement Ethiopia has signed.
  https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190410/ethiopia-deposits-instruments-ratification-afcfta

Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI)

• Agricultural Transformation Institute (home page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (ata.gov.et redirects here). The page names the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI), formerly known as the Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA), and lists the programmes ACC II, Farmers Production Cluster grain and horticulture, Digital Agriculture and Rural Finance and Climate Resilient Wheat Value Chain Development.
  https://ati.gov.et/
• Our mandate (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The mandate areas are outlined in the founding and amended Regulations No. 198/2010 and No. 380/2016.
  https://ati.gov.et/our-mandate/
• ACC II, Agricultural Commercialization through Climate-smart and Inclusive Innovations (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. ACCII builds on the first phase of the Agricultural Commercialization Clusters (ACC) initiative, which ran from 2019 to 2025 and reached over 4.4 million farmers, more than 2.5 million of them organized into Farmers' Production Clusters. Grain marketable surplus rose from 28% in 2019 to 58% in 2024. ACCII will operate across nine regions (Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Sidama, Southwest Ethiopia, South Ethiopia, Central Ethiopia, Benishangul and Somali).
  https://ati.gov.et/acc/
• FPC-Grain (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Farmers Production Cluster grain project covering teff, maize, wheat, malt barley, soybean and sesame, targeting 2.5 million smallholder farmers organized into 62,500 cluster groups in ACC woredas of Amhara, Oromia, the former SNNP and Tigray, with a goal of 291 woredas (targets, no results reported).
  https://ati.gov.et/fpc-grain/
• Digital Agriculture and Rural Finance (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists agricultural e-markets (National Market Information System, Digital Contract Farming Management System), the 8028 Farmer's Hotline, National Farmer Profiling, Rural Financial Services projects, strengthening Rural Saving and Credit Cooperatives (RuSACCOs), aligning input payments with microfinance institutions, and the Input Voucher System and eVoucher. The page gives no farmer counts or loan amounts.
  https://ati.gov.et/digital-agriculture-rural-finance/
• Climate Resilient Wheat Value Chain Development (CREW) (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. CREW seeks to enhance wheat productivity and production, and Component II strengthens post-harvest handling and market infrastructure. No period, funder or figures are given.
  https://ati.gov.et/climate-resilient-wheat-value-chain-development/

Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions (AEMFI)

• AEMFI (home page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. AEMFI is a not-for-profit, non-governmental association of Ethiopian microfinance institutions formed under Proclamation No. 40/1996 and regulated by the National Bank, founded in 1999.
  https://www.aemfi-ethiopia.org/

Central Statistical Agency (CSA), now Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS)

• Agricultural Sample Survey 2013/14 (2006 E.C.), Volume I, Report on area and production of major crops, private peasant holdings, Meher season, Statistical Bulletin 532, May 2014 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1, coverage is the entire rural part of the country except the non-sedentary population of three zones of Afar and six zones of Somali, 2,226 of 2,250 enumeration areas covered. Table 2 (Ethiopia), area in ha, production in qt, yield in qt/ha: grain crops 12,407,473.46 ha and 251,536,623.90 qt, cereals 9,848,745.96 ha and 215,835,225.61 qt, teff 3,016,521.90 ha, 44,186,421.95 qt, 14.65, maize 1,994,813.80 ha, 64,915,402.92 qt, 32.54, wheat 1,605,653.90 ha, 39,251,741.35 qt, 24.45, sorghum 1,677,486.33 ha, 38,288,701.03 qt, 22.83, barley 1,019,477.93 ha, 19,082,624.11 qt, 18.72, pulses 1,742,602.19 ha and 28,588,805.90 qt, oilseeds 816,125.31 ha and 7,112,592.38 qt, sesame 299,724.41 ha and 2,202,160.53 qt, coffee 538,466.80 ha and 3,920,062.22 qt. The comparison Table 3 is headed 2011/12 and 2012/13, but its current-year column repeats the Table 2 values.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/agricultural-sample-survey-area-and-production-meher-season-2013-2/?wpdmdl=9195
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2015/16 (2008 E.C.), Volume I, Report on area and production of major crops, private peasant holdings, Meher season, May 2016 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Coverage as in 2013/14 (non-sedentary population of three Afar and six Somali zones excluded), 2,237 of 2,247 enumeration areas covered. Table 2, 2015/16: grain crops 12,486,270.87 ha and 266,828,807.04 qt, cereals 231,287,970.83 qt, teff 2,866,052.99 ha, 44,713,786.91 qt, 15.60 qt/ha, maize 2,111,518.23 ha, 71,508,354.11 qt, 33.87, wheat 1,664,564.62 ha, 42,192,572.23 qt, 25.35, sorghum 1,854,710.93 ha, 43,232,997.52 qt, 23.31, barley 18,567,042.76 qt, pulses 27,692,743.11 qt, oilseeds 7,848,093.10 qt, sesame 2,742,174.27 qt, coffee 653,909.76 ha and 4,145,964.55 qt. Table 4 gives the 2014/15 estimates used for that year: grain crops 12,558,444.55 ha and 270,396,048.03 qt, cereals 236,076,624.38 qt, teff 47,506,572.79 qt and 15.75 qt/ha (the teff area is printed as 3/016,053.75 and is not used), maize 2,110,209.61 ha, 72,349,551.02 qt, 34.29, wheat 1,663,837.58 ha, 42,315,887.16 qt, 25.43, sorghum 1,831,600.45 ha, 43,391,342.61 qt, 23.69, barley 19,533,847.83 qt, pulses 26,718,344.54 qt, oilseeds 7,600,993.24 qt, sesame 2,887,700.79 qt, coffee 561,761.82 ha and 4,199,801.56 qt.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/agricultural-sample-survey-area-and-production-meher-season-2016/?wpdmdl=9207
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2016/17 (2009 E.C.), Volume I, Report on area and production of major crops, private peasant holdings, Meher season, April 2017 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Same coverage exclusion for Afar and Somali, 2,223 of 2,247 enumeration areas covered. Table 4, 2016/17 column: grain crops 12,574,107.33 ha and 290,385,593.21 qt, cereals 253,847,239.63 qt, teff 3,017,914.36 ha, 50,204,400.47 qt, 16.64 qt/ha, maize 2,135,571.85 ha, 78,471,746.57 qt, 36.75, wheat 1,696,082.59 ha, 45,378,523.39 qt, 26.75, sorghum 1,881,970.73 ha, 47,520,956.04 qt, 25.25, barley 20,249,216.76 qt, pulses 28,146,331.73 qt, oilseeds 8,392,021.85 qt, sesame 2,678,665.46 qt, coffee 700,474.69 ha and 4,690,911.24 qt.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/area-and-production-for-major-crops-private-peasant-holdings-meher-season-2016-17-2009-e-c/?wpdmdl=9211
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2017/18 (2010 E.C.), Volume I, Report on area and production of major crops, private peasant holdings, Meher season, Statistical Bulletin 586, April 2018 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Same coverage exclusion for Afar and Somali, 1,583 of 1,600 enumeration areas covered, 15 households per enumeration area. Table 4, 2017/18 column: grain crops 12,677,882.27 ha and 306,126,383.06 qt, cereals 267,789,764.02 qt, teff 3,023,283.50 ha, 52,834,011.56 qt, 17.48 qt/ha, maize 2,128,948.91 ha, 83,958,872.44 qt, 39.44, wheat 1,696,907.05 ha, 46,429,657.12 qt, 27.36, sorghum 1,896,389.29 ha, 51,692,525.40 qt, 27.26, barley 20,529,963.72 qt, pulses 29,785,880.89 qt, oilseeds 8,550,738.16 qt, sesame 2,559,034.30 qt, coffee 725,961.24 ha and 4,492,298.08 qt.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/area-and-production-for-major-crops-private-peasant-holdings-meher-season-2017-18-2010-e-c/?wpdmdl=9213
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2018/19 (2011 E.C.), Volume I, Report on area and production of major crops, private peasant holdings, Meher season, Statistical Bulletin 589, June 2019 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Same coverage exclusion for Afar and Somali, 1,473 of 1,600 enumeration areas covered (92.06%). Table 2: grain crops 12,727,191.21 ha and 315,602,058.49 qt, cereals 277,638,380.98 qt, teff 3,076,595.02 ha, 54,034,790.51 qt, 17.56 qt/ha, maize 2,367,797.39 ha, 94,927,708.34 qt, wheat 1,747,939.31 ha, 48,380,740.91 qt, sorghum 1,829,662.39 ha, 50,243,680.72 qt, barley 17,675,184.47 qt, pulses 30,113,480.57 qt, oilseeds 7,850,196.94 qt, sesame 2,016,646.44 qt, coffee 764,863.16 ha and 4,945,743.63 qt. Yields printed in Table 2 are 39.92 (maize), 27.64 (wheat) and 27.36 (sorghum) qt/ha, those in Table 4 are 40.09, 27.68 and 27.46, which equal production divided by area. The profile uses the Table 4 yields.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/area-and-production-for-major-crops-private-peasant-holdings-meher-season-2018-19-2011-e-c/?wpdmdl=9215
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2020/21 (2013 E.C.), Volume I, Report on area and production of major crops, private peasant holdings, Meher season, Statistical Bulletin 590, April 2021 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1 says the survey covered the entire rural parts of the country, and note 4 says field data collection in Tigray was incomplete and the 2019/20 Tigray estimates were imputed as a proxy. Note 5 says the report does not include dry-season irrigated crops (including irrigated wheat), commercial farms or the belg season. Note 7 reports low coverage in West Wellega, Kellem Wellega, Kamashi and Shaka zones. Table 2, 2019/20 and 2020/21: grain crops 12,858,637.75 and 12,979,459.91 ha, 335,103,036.54 and 341,828,693.39 qt, cereals 296,630,122.38 and 302,054,260.58 qt, teff 3,101,166.56 and 2,928,206.26 ha, 57,357,101.87 and 55,099,615.14 qt, 18.50 and 18.82 qt/ha, maize 2,271,442.47 and 2,526,212.36 ha, 96,283,366.23 and 105,570,935.92 qt, 42.39 and 41.79, wheat 1,789,305.87 and 1,897,405.05 ha, 53,152,703.28 and 57,801,305.96 qt, 29.71 and 30.46, sorghum 1,827,244.34 and 1,679,277.06 ha, 52,633,478.01 and 45,173,502.18 qt, 28.80 and 26.90, barley 23,780,049.70 and 23,391,098.80 qt, pulses 30,051,568.79 and 31,999,988.65 qt, oilseeds 8,421,345.36 and 7,774,444.17 qt, sesame 2,626,541.89 and 2,602,576.33 qt, coffee 756,852.55 and 856,591.99 ha, 4,825,605.71 and 5,847,895.69 qt.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/2013-meher-report-final_/?wpdmdl=9220
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2020/21 (2013 E.C.), Volume V, Report on area, production and farm management practice of Belg season crops for private peasant holdings, Statistical Bulletin 578, August 2021 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1, the Belg survey covered the entire rural parts of the country, 1,266 of about 1,394 enumeration areas. Belg grain crops 1,748,457.62 ha and 14,754,984.98 qt (cereals 1,335,905.95 ha and 12,129,875.99 qt, pulses 401,362.65 ha and 2,581,034.58 qt, oilseeds 11,189.03 ha and 44,074.41 qt). Summary Table 2, national grain area and production 2020/21: Meher season private holdings 12,979,459.91 ha (84.29%) and 341,828,693.39 qt (92.21%), Belg season private holdings 1,748,457.62 ha (11.35%) and 14,754,984.98 qt (3.98%), commercial farms 671,093.47 ha (4.36%) and 14,125,163.50 qt (3.81%), total 15,399,011.00 ha and 370,708,841.87 qt. Summary Table 1 is headed 2018/19 but the text gives the same values for 2020/21.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/area-production-and-farm-management-practices-private-peasant-holdings-belg-season-2020-21-2013-e-c-2/?wpdmdl=8800
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2019/20 (2012 E.C.), Report on crop and livestock product utilization, private peasant holdings, Meher season, Statistical Bulletin 588, July 2020 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The survey covered the entire rural parts of the country, 2,509 enumeration areas (92.0%). Table 1 (all holdings, Ethiopia), percent of production used for household consumption and sold: grain crops 61.7 and 22.53, cereals 65.93 and 18.33, teff 53.47 and 29.93, barley 64.24 and 15.5, wheat 57.52 and 21.88, maize 74.4 and 13.31, sorghum 71.04 and 13.67, rice 46.15 and 38.2, pulses 56.23 and 27.34, oilseeds 31.94 and 54.12, sesame 15.3 and 71.55, coffee 45.28 and 50.6, chat 23.68 and 71.4. Seed use: cereals 11.18, wheat 16.46. The text of section 3 gives rounded shares for cereals (64% consumed, 23% sold) that differ from Table 1, and the profile uses Table 1.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/crop-and-livestock-product-utilization-private-peasant-holdings-meher-season-2019-20-2012-e-c/?wpdmdl=9219
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2013/14 (2006 E.C.), Volume II, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics, private peasant holdings (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Coverage is the rural agricultural population of all regions except the non-sedentary population of three zones of Afar and six zones of Somali. Table 3-1, Ethiopia: cattle 55,027,280, sheep 27,347,933, goats 28,163,332, horses 1,963,010, mules 356,087, donkeys 6,953,077, camels 1,098,312, poultry 51,350,738, beehives 5,124,228.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/agricultural-sample-survey-livestock-poultry-and-beehives-2014/?wpdmdl=13838
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2014/15 (2007 E.C.), Volume II, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics, private peasant holdings (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Same exclusion for Afar and Somali, and Mezhenger zone in Gambella was not covered. Table 3-1, Ethiopia: cattle 56,706,389, sheep 29,332,382, goats 29,112,963, horses 2,033,115, mules 400,329, donkeys 7,428,037, camels 1,164,106, poultry 56,866,719, beehives 5,885,263.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/livestock-and-livestock-characteristicsprivate-peasant-holdings-2014-15-2007-e-c/?wpdmdl=8985
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2015/16 (2008 E.C.), Volume II, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics, private peasant holdings (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Same exclusion for Afar and Somali. Table 3-1, Ethiopia: cattle 57,829,953, sheep 28,892,380, goats 29,704,958, horses 2,082,203, mules 405,950, donkeys 7,881,394, camels 1,228,023, poultry 60,505,327, beehives 5,916,100.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/agricultural-sample-survey-livestock-poultry-and-beehives-2015/?wpdmdl=8986
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2016/17 (2009 E.C.), Volume II, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics, private peasant holdings (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Same exclusion for Afar and Somali, 2,228 of 2,247 enumeration areas, 30 households per enumeration area. Table 3-1, Ethiopia: cattle 59,486,667, sheep 30,697,942, goats 30,200,226, horses 2,158,176, mules 409,877, donkeys 8,439,220, camels 1,209,321, poultry 59,495,026, beehives 6,189,329. Summary Table III.8 (rural sedentary areas): cow milk 3,134,181,317 litres (1.373 litres per cow per day, six-month lactation), camel milk 179,658,966 litres, honey about 47.71 million kg, eggs about 127.57 million.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/agricultural-sample-survey-livestock-poultry-and-beehives-2016/?wpdmdl=8988
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2017/18 (2010 E.C.), Volume II, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics, private peasant holdings, Statistical Bulletin 587, April 2018 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Same exclusion for Afar and Somali, 1,565 of 1,600 enumeration areas. Table 3-1, Ethiopia: cattle 60,392,019, sheep 31,302,257, goats 32,738,385, horses 2,007,829, mules 461,665, donkeys 8,845,589, camels 1,418,457, poultry 56,056,778, beehives 6,523,969. Summary Table III.8: cow milk 3,317,786,694 litres (1.371 litres per cow per day), camel milk 327,638,287 litres, honey 66,221,823 kg.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/agricultural-sample-survey-livestock-poultry-and-beehives-2017/?wpdmdl=8989
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2020/21 (2013 E.C.), Volume II, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics, private peasant holdings, Statistical Bulletin 589, March 2021 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1, the survey covered the entire rural agricultural population of all regions, 2,371 of 2,768 enumeration areas (85.65%). Tigray was not covered and the 2019/20 data were used as a proxy. Table 3-1, national: cattle 70,291,776, sheep 42,914,865, goats 52,463,535, horses 2,148,492, mules 382,784, donkeys 10,791,896, camels 8,145,790, poultry 56,992,987, beehives 6,986,100. Summary Table III.8 is headed 2019/2020 and shows cow milk 4,692,993,642 litres while the text gives about 4.96 billion litres, so the milk figures of this edition are not used.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/revised_2013-livestock-report-final-1/?wpdmdl=8992

Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE)

• CBE Annual Report 2023/24 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Year ended 30 June 2024. PDF p. 15, CBE disbursed more than Birr 218 billion of loans, of which Birr 77.4 billion earmarked for import of fertilizers, Birr 77.9 billion for private ventures and Birr 40.0 billion for CBE Noor financing. PDF p. 22 (printed p. 7), loans to agriculture net of impairment ETB 28,328.9 million (2022/23) and 33,538.0 million (2023/24), total outstanding loans and securities 947,254.0 and 1,073,046.3 million, of which debt and equity securities 742,255.6 and 765,919.5. New loans Birr 218.2 billion, collections Birr 171.2 billion. PDF p. 74 (printed p. 59), gross loans to agriculture ETB 35,533,600,810 at 30 June 2024 and 29,694,884,239 at 30 June 2023, total gross loans 459,194,733,671 and 366,204,832,256.
  https://combanketh.et/cbeapi/uploads/CBE_Annaual_Report_For_Web_27832b0bbd.pdf
• Annual reports, publications page (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists CBE annual reports to 2023/24 and the financial position as of 30 June 2024. No 2024/25 annual report was listed on 19 October 2026.
  https://combanketh.et/cbe-resources/publications/annual-report
• Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (home page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Home page listing conventional, CBE Noor interest-free and diaspora services and the CBE Birr mobile service. Cited for the institution only.
  https://combanketh.et/

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

• Member States (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Ethiopia is listed among the 21 member States (Burundi, Comoros, DR Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe). The page does not state Ethiopia's status in the COMESA Free Trade Area.
  https://www.comesa.int/members/

Constitute Project

• Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 1994 (English text, web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Article 40(3): the right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia, and land shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Article 40(4): Ethiopian peasants have the right to obtain land without payment and protection against eviction. Article 40(5): pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing and cultivation. Article 40(6): government shall ensure the right of private investors to the use of land on the basis of payment arrangements established by law. Article 40(7): full right to immovable property built and permanent improvements made on the land.
  https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Ethiopia_1994

Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE)

• Lease financing (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lease financing is capital goods financing to SMEs under a hire-purchase modality. Lessees with total capital from Birr 500,000 to Birr 9 million, contribution of at least 20% of the total cost, no used capital goods. Eligible areas listed include horticulture, commercial bio-fuel plantation, spices and essential oils, food processing, dairy, cattle and shoats production and processing, poultry, coffee processing and edible oil.
  https://dbe.com.et/?stm_works=lease-financing
• Audit reports, including consolidated and separate financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2025 (download page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists audit reports 2018–2024 and the financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2025. The 2025 statements open as a scanned PDF without extractable text, so DBE's agricultural loan book and NPL ratio were not verified. DBE aggregates are taken from the NBE Financial Stability Report.
  https://dbe.com.et/?wpdmcategory=audit-reports
• Development Bank of Ethiopia (home page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. DBE provides medium and long-term credit to viable projects under-served by the financial system. In agriculture it may finance irrigable mechanized commercial agricultural projects, modern commercial livestock breeding farms and modern commercial poultry breeding farms. Services include project financing, lease financing, interest-free financing and export guarantees.
  https://www.dbe.com.et/

Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission (Ethiopia), report hosted by the World Bank

• Ethiopia's Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy (2011-2019), Implementation Progress Assessment Report, 20 May 2020 (text version)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Executive summary: the 2011 strategy aimed at middle-income status by 2025 through a green economy while keeping total GHG emissions at roughly 145-150 Mt CO2e, a 64% reduction below projected 2030 emissions of 400 Mt CO2e under business as usual, i.e. avoiding 255 Mt CO2e. Over 60 initiatives around 4 pillars (agriculture, forestry, power, transport, industry and buildings). Full implementation estimated at US$150 billion until 2030 (US$7.5 billion a year), an estimate for mitigation only. Sector climate resilience strategy for agriculture and forestry costed at US$600 million to 2030. A CRGE Facility combines the Ministry of Finance (financial aspects and M&E) and the EFCCC (technical elements). Report prepared by Pegasys and ERG, funded by the World Bank and overseen by the CRGE Facility.
  https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099431406152240521/txt/P1711160560c540d50a1ae0261b2c6c4de3.txt

Ethio telecom

• 2025/26 Budget Year Annual Business Performance Report (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Posted 23 July 2026. telebirr 60.6 million customers (8.54 million added), 2.61 billion transactions worth ETB 4.19 trillion in 2025/26, ETB 19.51 billion of digital loans to 5.65 million customers, digital savings ETB 18.75 billion from 1.3 million customers, 410.7 thousand agents and 440.1 thousand merchants. Total Ethio telecom customers 90.12 million.
  https://www.ethiotelecom.et/2025-26-budget-year-annual-business-performance-report/
• Ethio telecom 2022/23 Annual Business Performance (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Posted 18 July 2023, covering 1 July 2022 to 30 June 2023. telebirr 34.3 million subscribers, transactions worth ETB 679.2 billion, over 107.3 thousand agents, over Birr 4.1 billion of micro loans to 2.4 million customers through telebirr Mela and Endekise.
  https://www.ethiotelecom.et/ethio-telecom-2022-23-annual-business-performance/

Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI)

• Agricultural Commercialization Clusters (ACC) (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. ACC phase one ran from 2019 to 2025 and reached over 4.4 million farmers, of whom more than 2.5 million were organised into Farmers' Production Clusters. Crop yields in ACC woredas averaged 32 percent above the national average. Average grain yields increased by 86 percent to 3.18 tonnes per hectare against the baseline, horticultural yields increased six-fold to 33.4 tonnes per hectare, overall production volume increased by 56 percent and the marketable surplus of grains rose from 28 percent in 2019 to 58 percent in 2024. ACCII will operate in nine regions (Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Sidama, Southwest Ethiopia, South Ethiopia, Central Ethiopia, Benishangul and Somali) and plans pathways for 300,000 internally displaced persons and refugees. No financing figures are given. The homepage impact counters showed 0 and were not used.
  https://ati.gov.et/acc/

Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA)

• ECMA and ESX Soft Launch Ethiopia's Sustainable Securities Framework, 28 May 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. ECMA and the Ethiopian Securities Exchange, with FSD Ethiopia, held a soft launch of the Sustainable Securities Guideline, the Minimum Documentation Pack and the ESX Guideline on Listed ECMA-Labelled Sustainable Securities, a framework for green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked securities. The page footer states that the Capital Markets Proclamation No. 1248/2021, which established ECMA, was adopted by the House of Peoples' Representatives in June 2021.
  https://ecma.gov.et/2026/05/ecma-and-esx-soft-launch-ethiopias-sustainable-securities-framework/
• Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021, Federal Negarit Gazette 27th Year No. 33 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (download from the ECMA laws page). Gazette 27th Year No. 33, Addis Ababa, 23 July 2021, done at Addis Ababa on 23 July 2021 (Sahlework Zewudie). Article 112(1) repeals Article 2(4) and Article 4(1)(b) of the National Payment System Proclamation No. 718/2011. The Proclamation enters into force on publication.
  https://ecma.gov.et/download/capital-market-proclamation-no-1248-2021/?wpdmdl=2758
• About ECMA (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. ECMA was formally established in June 2021 as an autonomous federal government agency under Proclamation No. 1248/2021, its first Director General was succeeded in August 2024.
  https://ecma.gov.et/about/

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)

• Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (home page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. EIAR was established in 1966 and reports generating more than 3,000 agricultural technologies and improved practices in crops, livestock, land and water management, biotechnology, climate and agricultural engineering.
  https://www.eiar.gov.et/

Ethiopian Meteorological Institute (EMI)

• Ethiopian Meteorological Institute (home page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The Institute delivers weather and climate services, including daily and ten-day forecasts, agrometeorology and seasonal climate outlook forums (Kiremt 2024 forum announced 17 May 2024).
  https://www.ethiomet.gov.et/

Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX)

• The Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX) Makes Historic Debut, The Ethiopian Securities Exchange Grand Launch, 10 January 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed launched ESX on 10 January 2025 at the Ethiopian Science Museum. ESX was established in October 2023 as a public-private partnership with Ethiopian Investment Holdings as founding shareholder, public shareholding of up to 25% and 75% private shareholding.
  https://esx.et/?p=3716
• About ESX, overview (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. ESX is established in line with Article 31 of the Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021 and licensed by ECMA, with equity (main and growth segments), fixed income and money market segments.
  https://esx.et/about/overview/
• Overview (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. ESX was established as a public private partnership in line with Article 31 of the Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021, is licensed by ECMA and describes itself as Ethiopia's first organized securities exchange. The page gives no launch date or ownership shares.
  https://esx.et/about/overview/

Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS)

• Agricultural Sample Survey 2021/22 (2014 E.C.), Report on Land Utilization, Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1 (PDF page 7): the survey covered the entire rural parts of the country except Tigray region, 2,040 of 2,609 selected enumeration areas (78.19%) and 40,653 of 52,180 planned households (77.91%). Notes (PDF page 14): 2020/21 estimates imputed for Benishangul-Gumuz, no successful fieldwork in North Wello, South Wello, Waghimra and Oromia nationality zones of Amhara and in Zones 4 and 5 of Afar, coverage below 50% in West Wellega, Kellem Wellega and West Guji zones of Oromia, estimates for these zones adjusted and to be used cautiously. Dry-season irrigated crops, commercial farms and belg crops are excluded. Definitions (PDF page 12) of agricultural household, holding and holder. Summary (PDF pages 15–16): 17.77 million ha, 19.40 million agricultural households, about 19.74 million holders, average holding 0.92 ha per household and 0.90 ha per holder, cropland 0.78 ha per household and 0.76 ha per holder. Table 1 (PDF page 18, printed page 14), by holding size (Under 0.10, 0.10–0.50, 0.51–1.0, 1.01–2.0, 2.01–5, 5.01–10, Over 10 ha): holders (all land use) 3,059,579, 6,074,352, 4,446,184, 3,960,925, 1,995,694, 176,494, 23,207, total 19,736,434. All land use area (ha) 128,672, 1,716,806, 3,211,996, 5,559,653, 5,614,990, 1,128,352, 415,473, total 17,775,941. Average holding per holder 0.04, 0.28, 0.72, 1.40, 2.81, 6.39, 17.90, total 0.90. Temporary crop area 12,775,727 ha, permanent crop area 1,689,584, all crop area 14,465,311, fallow land 331,229, grazing land 1,754,772, wood land 303,680, other land use 920,949. Households 19,402,258 with 100,450,106 members, average household size 5.18. Regional Tables 1.2–1.11, holders and all land use area (ha): Afar 93,638 and 16,051, Amhara 4,980,433 and 5,516,395, Oromia 8,424,179 and 9,221,466, Somale 301,632 and 43,869, Benishangul-Gumuz 222,989 and 291,094, S.N.N.P. 4,553,473 and 2,319,636, Sidama 1,029,103 and 302,698, Gambela 46,621 and 28,751, Harari 47,868 and 21,587, Dire Dawa 36,496 and 14,394. Average holding per holder (ha): Afar 0.17, Amhara 1.11, Oromia 1.09, Somale 0.15, Benishangul-Gumuz 1.31, S.N.N.P. 0.51, Sidama 0.29, Gambela 0.62, Harari 0.45, Dire Dawa 0.39. Table 7 (PDF page 69, printed page 65), by tenure: holders with land owned 19,455,029, land rented 2,007,820, other tenure 4,719,315 (not mutually exclusive), area owned 14,399,379 ha, rented 1,093,345, other 2,283,218. Male holders 16,337,729 with 15,998,098 ha (0.98 ha each), female holders 3,398,705 with 1,777,843 ha (0.52 ha each). Parcels 60,331,218, 3.06 per holder, average area per parcel 0.29 ha.
  https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/5_Land_Utilization_20222014_E_C_private_peasant_holdings_meher.pdf
• Key Findings Report on Labour Market Indicators, National Integrated Household Survey (2024/25), Labour Force Module, September 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1 (PDF page 10): coverage of all sedentary and pastoralist regions, private households only, 2,833 of 2,880 enumeration areas (98.4%) and 50,696 of 51,840 households (97.9%). Section 3.2 (PDF page 16): employment-to-population ratio (aged ten and above) 61.3% in 2024/25, against 59.5% in 2021, which did not include Tigray. Section 3.3 (PDF page 17): 63.3% of employed persons worked as skilled agricultural and fishery workers. Section 3.4 (PDF page 18): agriculture 69.4% of employed persons in 2024/25, services 23.9%, industry 6.7%, agriculture 81.7% of rural employment, agriculture's share 79.6% in 1999 and 64.9% in 2021. Summary Table 2 (PDF page 37), agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, % of employed: March 1999 79.6, March 2005 80.2, June 2013 72.7, February 2021 64.9 (male 71.6, female 55.7), 2024/25 69.4 (male 70.7, female 67.7).
  https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/final_-version_nihs_lf_key_findings_15_september_2026.pdf
• Statistical Report on the 2021 Labour Force and Migration Survey (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 1.5 (PDF page 24): the national estimates did not include Tigray region because of the security situation. Section 5.3 (PDF page 111, printed page 95): 27,019,759 employed persons (64.9%) worked in agriculture, followed by activities of households as employers (4,625,046, 11.1%), agriculture accounted for 25,911,637 (77.3%) of rural employed persons, and 21,274,106 (51.1%) of employed persons were skilled agricultural and fishery workers.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/statistical-report-on-the-2021-labour-force-and-migration-survey/?wpdmdl=14716
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2021/22 (2014 E.C.), Volume I, Report on area and production of major crops, private peasant holdings, Meher season, Statistical Bulletin 593, April 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1, the survey covered the entire rural parts of the country except Tigray region, 2,052 of 2,609 enumeration areas (78.65%) and 41,115 of 52,180 households. The remark under Table 4 says the survey was not successful in Benishangul-Gumuz and the 2020/21 estimates were imputed. Table 1: grain crops 12,196,548.66 ha and 327,903,521.41 qt (cereals 9,997,511.08 ha and 290,808,263.25 qt, 88.69%, pulses 1,676,888.30 ha and 31,680,193.33 qt, oilseeds 522,149.28 ha and 5,415,064.82 qt). Table 4 (holders, ha, qt, qt/ha): teff 6,656,750, 2,932,670.03, 56,143,388.01, 19.14, maize 11,168,752, 2,563,201.21, 107,513,689.44, 41.95, wheat 4,543,159, 1,867,047.71, 58,078,220.52, 31.11, sorghum 4,259,683, 1,350,509.37, 35,536,707.10, 26.31, barley 3,630,719, 799,127.84, 20,718,071.07, 25.93, finger millet 1,571,961, 366,301.45, 9,421,471.73, 25.72, rice 224,328, 91,122.35, 2,806,333.23, 30.80, faba beans 4,309,978, 520,551.70, 10,916,093.35, 20.97, red haricot beans 2,630,568, 240,841.81, 4,125,926.43, 17.13, field peas 1,732,364, 220,194.82, 3,803,358.97, 17.27, neug 649,439, 179,827.91, 2,024,315.77, 11.26, sesame 295,113, 204,511.91, 1,378,071.37, 6.74, potatoes 1,127,267, 78,478.72, 13,095,668.04, 166.87, coffee 6,788,770, 794,403.50, 5,455,663.58, 6.87, chat 3,802,767, 280,826.29, 2,433,938.05, 8.67, grain crops 16,786,933 holders. Table 2 shows 2020/21 at 12,033,778.95 ha and 321,302,449.23 qt of grain. Table 3 by region, 2020/21 and 2021/22 (ha, qt): Oromia 5,944,474.67 and 6,100,987.75, 169,356,977.48 and 175,542,709.96, Amhara 4,532,477.24 and 4,586,325.72, 110,933,104.59 and 112,528,693.08, S.N.N.P. 1,077,135.33 and 1,102,915.09, 28,926,133.22 and 29,172,249.97, Benishangul-Gumuz 255,589.87 both years, 7,097,770.88 both years, Sidama 79,501.49 and 79,525.70, 2,509,846.42 and 2,643,012.56, Somali 103,923.16 and 30,956.50, 1,898,230.72 and 246,485.12, Gambella 8,565.02 and 9,993.15, 164,543.35 and 292,220.46, Harari 11,485.61 and 10,131.54, 219,535.50 and 221,225.28, Dire Dawa 11,882.22 and 10,180.34, 122,696.65 and 109,821.58, Afar 8,744.34 and 9,943.02, 73,610.41 and 49,332.50.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/report-on-area-and-production-of-major-crops-2021-22-2014-e-c/?wpdmdl=19308
• Large and Medium Scale Commercial Farms Sample Survey 2021/22 (2014 E.C.), Volume VIII, Statistical report on area and production of crops and farm management practices, May 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1, the survey covers all urban and rural parts of the country except Tigray, for which the 2019/20 results were used, 3,197 of 3,406 sampled farms covered. Summary Tables 1 and 2, Meher season: grain crops 650,076.18 ha (97.63% of temporary crop area) and 13,579,881.18 qt, all temporary crops 665,872.97 ha and 15,837,544.22 qt, cereals 325,586.25 ha and 10,142,138.69 qt, pulses 60,595.12 ha and 1,251,778.79 qt, oilseeds 263,894.81 ha and 2,185,963.70 qt, vegetables 13,046.56 ha and 1,798,272.46 qt.
  https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2.2014_E.C-COMMERCIAL-FARM-REPORT_FINAL.pdf
• Agricultural Sample Survey 2021/22 (2014 E.C.), Volume II, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics, private peasant holdings, Statistical Bulletin 594, March 2022 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 2.1, 2,052 of 2,609 enumeration areas (78.65%) excluding Tigray. The note to the coverage table says Tigray was not covered and four zones of Amhara, two zones of Benishangul-Gumuz and three zones of Afar used the previous year's (2013 E.C.) data. The survey covered rural sedentary and pastoral areas. Table 3-1, national: cattle 66,260,987, sheep 38,013,272, goats 45,716,091, horses 2,138,928, mules 357,743, donkeys 10,020,518, camels 6,978,053, poultry 41,350,684, beehives 5,982,336. Section 3.1.1, 96.76% of cattle were local breeds, 2.71% hybrid and 0.41% exotic. Summary Table III.8: cow milk 3,866,051,858 litres (1.45 litres per cow per day, six-month lactation), camel milk 1,401,167,572 litres, goat milk 379,358,274 litres, honey 52,034,413 kg.
  https://ess.gov.et/download/6-the_6_2014_agss_2014-livestock-report_final-3/?wpdmdl=8993
• Consumer Price Index, September 2026, monthly news release, Statistical Bulletin Issue No. 39/2019 (September EFY2019) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The ESS download page titles this file Consumer Price Index, September 2026 (https://ess.gov.et/download/consumer-price-index-septmber-2026/), and the bulletin labels the month September EFY2019. Year-on-year general inflation 14.9%, food and non-alcoholic beverages 14.8%, non-food 15.1%, month-on-month general 1.8%, 12-month moving average 12.2% (food 12.7%). Table 1, general, food and non-food year-on-year inflation by month from September EFY2018 to September EFY2019: 13.2, 12.1, 14.8, October 11.7, 10.2, 14.2, November 10.9, 10.6, 11.4, December 9.7, 9.8, 9.6, January 9.8, 10.4, 9.0, February 9.7, 10.8, 8.1, March 9.4, 11.0, 7.0, April 11.7, 13.5, 9.1, May 13.4, 15.0, 11.1, June 13.9, 15.1, 12.2, July 15.3, 15.7, 14.8, August 15.1, 14.9, 15.4, September EFY2019 14.9, 14.8, 15.1. Food sub-groups, year-on-year: bread and cereals 8.6% (weight 17.1%), vegetables 11.4% (12.3%), other food products 19.1% (5.6%), non-alcoholic beverages 26.4% (5.1%), meat 22.0% (4.1%), sugar, jam, honey and chocolate 39.8%, oils and fats 18.2%, fruit 18.5%, milk, cheese and eggs 17.7%. Food and non-alcoholic beverages weigh 53.5% in the CPI. Page 9 says a CPI rebasing to September 2025 = 100 is planned.
  https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/1.inflation-report-sept-efy-2019-final.pdf
• Consumer Price Index, June 2026, monthly news release (June EFY2018) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The ESS download page titles this file Consumer Price Index, June 2026 (https://ess.gov.et/download/consumer-price-index-june-2026/, identical file). Year-on-year general inflation 13.9% in June EFY2018. Table 1, annual rows labelled July EFY2009 – June EFY2010 to July EFY2017 – June EFY2018, general, food and non-food: 14.4, 13.4, 15.9, then 12.6, 13.1, 11.9, then 19.9, 23.3, 15.9, then 20.2, 23.2, 16.4, then 33.8, 40.3, 25.2, then 32.5, 31.7, 33.9, then 26.6, 28.1, 24.3 (row printed July EFY2015 – June EFY2017), then 16.0, 16.2, 15.8, then 11.7, 12.0, 11.3 for EFY2018.
  https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/1.inflation-report-june-efy-2018-final.pdf
• Consumer Price Index, August 2026, monthly news release (August EFY2018) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The ESS price page lists this release as Consumer Price Index, August 2026. Year-on-year general inflation 15.1% in August EFY2018, against 13.6% a year earlier.
  https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/1.inflation-report-august-efy-2018-final.pdf
• Consumer Price Index, July 2026, monthly news release (July EFY2018) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The ESS price page lists this release as Consumer Price Index, July 2026. Year-on-year general inflation 15.3% in July EFY2018, against 13.7% a year earlier.
  https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/1.inflation-report-july-efy-2018-final.pdf
• Price statistics, list of Consumer Price Index releases (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists the monthly Consumer Price Index releases under Gregorian titles (December 2025 to September 2026) with download links. No retail or producer price series for crops were found on the ESS website.
  https://ess.gov.et/price/
• Agriculture statistics, Agricultural Sample Survey reports (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists the Agricultural Sample Survey reports. The latest Meher area and production report and livestock report found on the site were those for 2021/22 (2014 E.C.).
  https://ess.gov.et/agriculture/
• History (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The statistics office was set up on 25 June 1960, became the Central Statistical Office in 1972, the Central Statistical Authority under Proclamation No. 442/2005 and the Central Statistical Agency in 2007. The page states that the current name rests on the executive organs proclamation No. 1263, cited with the Ethiopian-calendar year 2014.
  https://ess.gov.et/about-ess/history/

European Investment Bank (EIB)

• Ethiopia Unveils Strategic Initiative to Green Its Financial System and Drive Sustainable Investment, press release 2025-211-EN, 19 May 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Launch of the Greening Financial Systems (GFS) Programme in Ethiopia at the Ethiopia Finance Forum, funded by Germany through the International Climate Initiative (IKI) and implemented by the EIB. With the programme NBE is to integrate climate-related financial risk into supervisory and regulatory frameworks, develop a climate risk disclosure and reporting framework and develop Ethiopia's first National Green Taxonomy. Commercial banks receive support on green lending portfolios and climate risk assessment. Technical assistance agreements signed by NBE Vice Governor Solomon Desta and the head of the EIB Representation to Ethiopia.
  https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-211-ethiopia-unveils-strategic-initiative-to-green-its-financial-system-and-drive-sustainable-investment

Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)

• Ethiopia Key Message Update, September 2026 – January 2027 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Conflict escalated in northern Ethiopia in late September 2026. Crisis (IPC Phase 3) outcomes expected to persist in South and East Tigray, lowland woredas along the Tekeze, and East and West Hararghe. The meher harvest is likely to be below average nationally, production losses estimated at more than 40 percent in East and West Hararghe. Humanitarian food assistance resumed in Tigray in July 2026, targeting over 1.1 million people, mostly internally displaced, with more than 60 percent of the planned cash caseload reached at the end of August.
  https://fews.net/east-africa/ethiopia/key-message-update/september-2026
• Ethiopia Food Security Outlook, June 2026 – January 2027 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. According to the Joint Emergency Operation Program (JEOP) and the Ethiopian Disaster Risk Management Commission (EDRMC), approximately 1.1 million people received food assistance in May 2026, concentrated in Amhara and Tigray, a 59 percent reduction compared with March. Assumption that PSNP transfers between June and December 2026 are likely to be limited to direct support beneficiaries and that full-scale renewed PSNP implementation is likely to start in January 2027. The PSNP is described as an important source of food access for many poor households.
  https://fews.net/east-africa/ethiopia/food-security-outlook/june-2026
• Ethiopia country page, food security analysis with information as of 30 September 2026 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Names the March to May gu/genna rainy season and the October to December deyr/hageya rains of the south and southeast pastoral areas, and the July to September karan/karma rains of Afar. States that moisture from the March to May 2026 gu/genna season depleted under above-average temperatures.
  https://fews.net/east-africa/ethiopia
• Ethiopia Key Message Update, May 2023 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The February to May belg rainfall season of 2023 was among the wettest belg seasons on the historical record, ahead of the kiremt rains that support long-cycle meher crops.
  https://fews.net/east-africa/ethiopia/key-message-update/may-2023
• Ethiopia Food Security Outlook, October 2015 to March 2016 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Page 1, key messages: in 2015 eastern Ethiopia had a severe drought that contributed to low Belg and Meher harvests, and the Ethiopia Humanitarian Country Team had early estimates that 15 million people would likely need food assistance in 2016. The report refers throughout to the June to September Kiremt rains, which started late in 2015 and were below average.
  https://fews.net/sites/default/files/documents/reports/Ethiopia_OL_2015_10.pdf

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FAOLEX copy)

• Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation No. 456/2005, Federal Negarit Gazeta 11th Year No. 44 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette dated 15 July 2005, done at Addis Ababa on 15 July 2005. The repeal clause repeals the Rural Land Administration Proclamation No. 89/1997 and the effective-date clause provides that it enters into force on publication. Repealed by Proclamation No. 1324/2024 (Article 67).
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth95459.pdf
• Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 1324/2024, Federal Negarit Gazette 30th Year No. 58 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 30th Year No. 58, Addis Ababa, 14 August 2024, done at Addis Ababa on 14 August 2024 (Sahlework Zewdie). Article 67(1) repeals Proclamation No. 456/2005, Article 68 says it comes into force on the date of publication in the Federal Negarit Gazeta. Article 9 allows a rural landholder to lease out part or all of the holding for a period set by regional law, not more than 10 years for annual crops and 30 years for perennial crops, with lease contracts authenticated and registered. Article 15 allows a landholder to collateralize the land use right to financial institutions for a period set by regional law, lenders shall consider the maximum potential of the land, the creditor's use right over collateralized land shall not exceed ten years, and on default the creditor may use, lease or sharecrop the land for the prescribed time only. Article 15(9) limits the debtor's liability to the use right transferred for the agreed time, Article 15(10) requires collateral contracts in writing, authenticated and registered before woreda, special woreda or city administration institutions authorized by regional governments, and Article 15(12) refers disputes to conciliation, mediation or the regular courts.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth230232.pdf
• Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes, Payments of Compensation and Resettlement Proclamation No. 1161/2019, Federal Negarit Gazette 25th Year No. 90 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 25th Year No. 90, Addis Ababa, 23 September 2019, done at Addis Ababa on 23 September 2019. Article 28 repeals Proclamation No. 455/2005, Article 29 says it enters into force on publication in the Federal Negarit Gazette. Applies in rural and urban areas to expropriation for public purpose, compensation and resettlement.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth204436.pdf
• Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes, Payments of Compensation and Resettlement (Amendment) Proclamation No. 1336/2024, Federal Negarit Gazette 30th Year No. 41 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 30th Year No. 41, Addis Ababa, 11 July 2024, done at Addis Ababa on 11 July 2024. Article 3 says it comes into force upon publication. Amends Proclamation No. 1161/2019 on responsibility for compensation and resettlement costs and on dispute procedures.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth242765.pdf
• Cooperative Societies Proclamation No. 985/2016, Federal Negarit Gazette 23rd Year No. 7 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 23rd Year No. 7, Addis Ababa, 23 December 2016, done at Addis Ababa on 23 December 2016 (Mulatu Teshome). Article 74 repeals Proclamation No. 147/1998 as amended by Proclamation No. 402/2004, Article 77 says it enters into force on publication. Provides for primary cooperative societies, unions and federations, registered by the Federal Cooperative Agency or a regional organ.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth183186.pdf
• Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020, Federal Negarit Gazette 26th Year No. 28 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 26th Year No. 28, Addis Ababa, 2 April 2020, done at Addis Ababa on 2 April 2020. Article 56 repeals Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012 (as amended) and Council of Ministers Regulation No. 313/2014 and transfers the rights of the Ethiopian Investment Commission to the Commission re-established by the Proclamation. Article 58 says it enters into force on publication. Applies to all investments except prospecting, exploration and development of minerals and petroleum.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth195385.pdf
• Definition of Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation No. 1263/2021, Federal Negarit Gazette 28th Year No. 4 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 28th Year No. 4, Addis Ababa, 25 January 2022, done at Addis Ababa on 25 January 2022. Article 108 says the Proclamation entered into force upon approval by the House of Peoples' Representatives on 6 October 2021. Article 20 sets the powers of the Ministry of Agriculture, including facilitating an accessible agricultural and rural finance system for farmers, pastoralists and private actors. Article 33 sets the powers of the Ministry of Irrigation and Lowland. Article 79 makes the National Bank of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Capital Market Authority and the Ethiopian Investment Commission accountable to the Prime Minister. Article 81 lists organs accountable to the Ministry of Agriculture (Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Agricultural Transformation Institute, Ethiopian Cooperatives Commission, Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority, Ethiopian Agricultural Authority, Ethiopian Veterinary Institute, Livestock Development Institute, Ethiopian Forest Development, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute). Article 83 places the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange under the Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration. Article 89 places the Ethiopian Statistical Service under the Ministry of Planning and Development. Article 93 places the Ethiopian Meteorological Institute under the Ministry of Water and Energy. Article 104 transfers the rights and obligations of the Central Statistics Agency to the Ethiopian Statistics Service. Later amendments were not reviewed.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth216431.pdf
• Commercial Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Federal Negarit Gazette 27th Year No. 23 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 27th Year No. 23, Addis Ababa, 12 April 2021, done at Addis Ababa on 12 April 2021. Article 2(1) of the enacting proclamation repeals Books One, Two and Three of the Commercial Code Proclamation No. 166/1960. Article 7 says the law comes into effect on publication in the Federal Negarit Gazette.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth212017.pdf
• Ethiopia Commodity Exchange Proclamation No. 550/2007, Federal Negarit Gazeta 13th Year No. 61 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 13th Year No. 61, Addis Ababa, 4 September 2007, done at Addis Ababa on 4 September 2007 (Girma Woldegiorgis). Article 3(1) establishes the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange as a wholly state owned market institution with its own legal personality. Article 33 says it comes into force upon publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth95240.pdf
• Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (Amendment) Proclamation No. 665/2010, Federal Negarit Gazeta 16th Year No. 12 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 16th Year No. 12, Addis Ababa, 14 January 2010, done at Addis Ababa on 14 January 2010. Adds a power for the Council of Ministers to issue regulations determining conditions for trading a commodity exclusively at the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange. Article 3 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth169469.pdf
• Ethiopia Commodity Exchange Establishment (Amendment) Proclamation No. 1050/2017, Federal Negarit Gazette 23rd Year No. 78 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 23rd Year No. 78, Addis Ababa, 7 August 2017. Re-amends Proclamation No. 550/2007, defines the Ministry as the Ministry of Trade, replaces Article 4 so that the Ministry of Trade is the regulatory authority of the Exchange and adds bonded yards and warehouse construction to the Exchange's powers. Article 3 says it enters into force as of 1 July 2017 (retroactive to before the gazette date).
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth183195.pdf
• Coffee Marketing and Quality Control Proclamation No. 1051/2017, Federal Negarit Gazette 23rd Year (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The FAOLEX copy shows the gazette dated 5 June 2017 with the issue number left blank and the closing formula 'Done at Addis Ababa, this __ day of July, 2017' (Mulatu Teshome). Article 22 repeals the Coffee Quality Control and Marketing Proclamation No. 602/2008, Article 25 says it enters into force on publication. Article 7(2) requires coffee supply transactions in alternative transaction options outside the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange to be registered with the Authority. Article 8(2) gives a coffee producer the right to export coffee directly from his own farm after grading by the coffee quality inspection and grading centre, and Article 8(3) requires domestic transactions in the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange or another alternative transaction centre to be graded. Article 4(4), (5) and (7) task the Authority with inspecting coffee before export, sending sealed and certified graded coffee to the port and deciding on complaints in quality inspection and grading. Checked again on 20 October 2026. The masthead issue number is blank, while the running page headers of the copy read No. 43.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth183197.pdf
• Seed Proclamation No. 1288/2023, Federal Negarit Gazette 29th Year No. 30 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 29th Year No. 30, Addis Ababa, 24 July 2023, done at Addis Ababa on 24 July 2023 (Sahle-Work Zewde). Article 3(2) excludes the use of farm-saved seed, the exchange of farm-saved seed among smallholder farmers or pastoralists and seed for research and education. Article 30 repeals Seed Proclamation No. 782/2013, Article 31 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth222196.pdf
• Seed Proclamation No. 782/2013, Federal Negarit Gazette (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette dated February 2013, done at Addis Ababa in February 2013 (the day is illegible in the scan, Girma Woldegiorgis). Article 28 repeals Seed Proclamation No. 206/2000, Article 29 says it enters into force on publication. Repealed by Proclamation No. 1288/2023.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth146018.pdf
• Plant Breeder's Right Proclamation No. 1068/2017, Federal Negarit Gazette 24th Year No. 29 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 24th Year No. 29, Addis Ababa, 1 March 2018, done at Addis Ababa on 1 March 2018. Article 33 repeals Proclamation No. 481/2006 on Plant Breeder's Right, Article 34 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth216614.pdf
• Agricultural Production Contract Proclamation No. 1289/2023, Federal Negarit Gazette 29th Year No. 27 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 29th Year No. 27, Addis Ababa, 6 July 2023, done at Addis Ababa on 6 July 2023. The contract shall be attested by at least three witnesses, one of them a representative of the appropriate authority, and registered by the document authentication and registration authority. Article 7 sets out types of agricultural production contracts. Article 27 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth229749.pdf
• Irrigation Water Users' Associations Proclamation No. 841/2014 (PDF, retyped text)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The FAOLEX copy is a retyped text without the gazette header, done at Addis Ababa on 26 September 2014 (Mulatu Teshome). Article 66 says it enters into force on publication in the Federal Negarit Gazette. Regulates the establishment and registration of irrigation water users' associations. The gazette issue number was not verified.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth183180.pdf
• Live Animals Marketing Proclamation No. 819/2014, Federal Negarit Gazette 20th Year No. 30 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 20th Year No. 30, Addis Ababa, 26 March 2014, done at Addis Ababa on 26 March 2014. Article 19 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth170211.pdf
• Veterinary Drug and Feed Administration and Control Proclamation No. 728/2011, Federal Negarit Gazetta 18th Year No. 14 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 18th Year No. 14, Addis Ababa, 19 January 2012, done at Addis Ababa on 19 January 2012. Article 29 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth208823.pdf
• Agricultural Transformation Council and Agency Establishment Council of Ministers Regulation No. 198/2010, Federal Negarit Gazeta 17th Year No. 20 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 17th Year No. 20, Addis Ababa, 1 March 2011, issued under Proclamation No. 691/2010, done at Addis Ababa in March 2011 (Meles Zenawi). The Ministry is defined as the Ministry of Agriculture. Article 16 (Effective Date) says the Regulation comes into force as of 31 December 2010.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth121567.pdf
• Development Bank of Ethiopia Re-establishment Council of Ministers Regulations No. 83/2003, Federal Negarit Gazeta 9th Year No. 28 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 9th Year No. 28, done at Addis Ababa on 24 January 2003 (Meles Zenawi). The purposes include providing investment credits, including short-term loans, to viable projects that contribute to economic development and mobilizing funds from sources inside and outside the country.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth121809.pdf
• Ethiopian Agricultural Businesses Corporation Establishment Council of Ministers Regulation No. 368/2015 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette dated Addis Ababa, 22 December 2015, done at Addis Ababa on 22 December 2015. Article 5 lists the purposes, including buying and supplying agricultural inputs, input price stabilization, mechanization and machinery rental services and natural gum processing. Article 10 transfers to the Corporation the rights and liabilities of the Ethiopian Seeds Enterprise, the Natural Gum Processing and Marketing Enterprise, the Agricultural Inputs Supply Enterprise, the Agricultural Equipment and Technical Services Enterprise and the Agricultural Mechanization Services Enterprise. Article 11 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth170054.pdf
• Food and Nutrition Policy (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Cover page dated November 2018, with the motto 'We shall strive to create food and nutrition self-reliant Ethiopia'.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth209251.pdf
• National Nutrition Sensitive Agri-Food Systems Strategy (2024–2030) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Cover page dated 2024, Addis Ababa, strategy period 2024–2030.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth242748.pdf
• Ethiopian Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Roadmap (2026–2030) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Cover page dated March 2026, subtitle 'Implementing a national pathway for an inclusive, resilient, and sustainable food system'.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth245750.pdf

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Planning and Development, submission to the UNFCCC

• Ethiopia's Nationally Determined Contribution 3.0 (2025-2035), September 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · PDF downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Cover dated September 2025. Foreword: 70.3% reduction in GHG emissions by 2035 relative to the revised business-as-usual pathway, aligned with the LT-LEDS, which targets net-zero emissions by 2050. PDF page 8: actual emissions averaged 273.5 MtCO2e in 2020-2023 against a BAU projection of 318.8 MtCO2e and an unconditional pathway of 309.8 MtCO2e. PDF page 8: forest cover reached 23.6% by 2023 against a national goal of 30% by 2030, carbon sequestration rose from 34.6 MtCO2e in 2020 to nearly 50 MtCO2e in 2024. PDF page 9: productivity of major food crops rose from 25 quintals per ha in 2018 to 32 in 2025, rain-fed cropland under climate-smart agriculture rose from 7.94 million ha in 2018 to over 17.9 million ha in 2025, average daily milk yield per cow rose from 6.15 to 7.94 litres. PDF pages 12-13: from 2021 to 2025 an average of USD 1.7 billion a year was committed from external sources, 7% of estimated needs of USD 25.3 billion a year, adaptation 56% and mitigation 38% of climate finance, international public financiers 92% and private finance 8%, grants 70% of public climate finance, AFOLU received 29% (average USD 486 million) against 83% of emissions. Footnote: Green Legacy and Degraded Landscapes Restoration Special Fund established by Proclamation No. 1361/2024, financed with 0.5-1.0% of total domestic financial resources. PDF page 17, Table 2: BAU 210.4 / 176.4 / 237.6 MtCO2e in 2025 / 2030 / 2035, unconditional 201.9 / 141.9 / 140.8 (-40.7% in 2035), conditional 188.4 / 85.7 / 70.7 (-70.3% in 2035). PDF page 23: cumulative climate losses 29% of decadal GDP, average annual loss 2.5-2.9%, wet conditions reduce crop productivity by 7.03% and heat stress by 0.75% by 2035. PDF pages 23-24: NDC 3.0 requires USD 106.35 billion (mitigation USD 66.35 billion, adaptation USD 40 billion), at least 22.5% from domestic resources and 77.5% expected from external support. PDF pages 24-25: section 2.5.3 on carbon markets, Ethiopia will turn its carbon market strategy into an investment framework.
  https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-09/Ethiopia%20NDC%203.0%20Final.pdf
• Ethiopia's Long-Term Low Emission and Climate Resilient Development Strategy (2020-2050) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · PDF downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Foreword: the LT-LEDS aims at net zero emissions by 2050, builds on the CRGE strategy and the NDCs and is aligned with the 10-Year Development Plan. Executive summary (pages 10-11): prepared by the Ministry of Planning and Development with GGGI, a business-as-usual scenario and three net-zero scenarios, the NDC-aligned scenario reaches the 2030 NDC target and net zero by 2050, the maximum ambition scenario reaches net zero around 2032 and the late action scenario misses the 2030 NDC target.
  https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ETHIOPIA_%20LONG%20TERM%20LOW%20EMISSION%20AND%20CLIMATE%20RESILIENT%20DEVELOPMENT%20STRATEGY.pdf

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, reproduced by the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library

• Proclamation No. 1/1995, Proclamation to pronounce the coming into effect of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Federal Negarit Gazeta 1st Year No. 1 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Scan of the Federal Negarit Gazeta 1st Year No. 1, Addis Ababa, 21 August 1995. The Constitution came into full force and effect as of 21 August 1995, done at Addis Ababa on 21 August 1995 (Negaso Gidada). Article 40(3) vests the ownership of rural and urban land and of all natural resources exclusively in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia, land is a common property and shall not be subject to sale or other means of exchange. Article 40(4) gives Ethiopian peasants the right to obtain land without payment and protection against eviction. Article 51(5) gives the federal government power to enact laws for the use and conservation of land and other natural resources, Article 52(2)(d) gives the States the power to administer land and other natural resources in accordance with federal laws. Article 47(1) lists nine member States.
  https://humanrts.umn.edu/research/Proclamation%20no.1-1995.pdf

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, submission to the UNFCCC

• Updated Nationally Determined Contribution, July 2021 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · PDF downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Cover dated July 2021. Printed page 5 (PDF page 13): CRGE strategy endorsed in 2011, NAPA 2007, EPACC and NAMA 2010, Climate Resilience Strategy for Agriculture and Forestry 2015, INDC submitted 2015, first NDC aimed at 64% below BAU by 2030, NAP-ETH developed in 2017, CRGE Facility established in 2013 and overseen by the Ministry of Finance. Printed page 8 (PDF 16): 20% of the total reduction to be domestically financed and 80% by international support. Printed page 9 (PDF 17): base-year emissions in 2010 estimated at 247 Mt CO2eq, BAU 403.5 Mt CO2eq in 2030, unconditional pathway 347.3 Mt CO2eq (-14%, -56 Mt), conditional pathway including unconditional 125.8 Mt CO2eq (-68.8%, -277.7 Mt), conditional on international support. Printed page 11 (PDF 19), Table 2: BAU 2030 by sector, LUCF 140.2, livestock 194.8, managed soils 11.0, industry 26.1, energy 20.0, waste 11.5 Mt CO2eq, livestock 48% and LUCF 35% of BAU 2030 emissions, conditional mitigation potential in livestock 14.8 Mt. Printed page 12 (PDF 20): reforestation and restoration of up to 15 million ha as a long-term goal, forest cover to reach 30% of the national territory by 2030. Printed page 21 (PDF 29): financing needs USD 316 billion over 10 years (mitigation USD 275.5 billion, adaptation USD 40.5 billion), USD 63.2 billion unconditional from domestic sources (USD 6.32 billion a year) and USD 252.8 billion conditional on international climate finance.
  https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ethiopia%27s%20updated%20NDC%20JULY%202021%20Submission_.pdf

Federal Negarit Gazette, copy in FAOLEX (FAO)

• Green Legacy and Degraded Landscape Restoration Special Fund Establishment and Administration Proclamation No. 1361/2024, Federal Negarit Gazette 31st Year No. 16 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (FAOLEX record LEX-FAOC240595, linked from UNEP LEAP). Gazette header: 31st Year No. 16, Addis Ababa, 31 January 2025. Article 1 short title. Article 2 defines matching budgets that regions allocate every year to projects supported by the special fund. The federal allocation shall be between 0.5 and 1.0 percent of the annual budget allocated by the Federal Government from domestic revenue sources, with the actual allocation approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives as part of the federal budget. Article 23: the Proclamation enters into force on the date of its publication in the Federal Negarit Gazette. Signed at Addis Ababa on 31 January 2025 by President Taye Atske Selassie.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth240595.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

• Emissions totals (GT domain), Africa bulk file, Ethiopia rows, 1961-2023 (CSV in ZIP)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded on 19 October 2026. Source FAO TIER 1, element Emissions (CO2eq) (AR5), kt, 2000 / 2005 / 2010 / 2015 / 2020 / 2021 / 2022 / 2023: enteric fermentation 35,280.2 / 44,221.7 / 61,870.7 / 68,109.7 / 83,768.9 / 79,086.6 / 80,428.5 / 85,088.4, manure left on pasture 15,805.6 / 20,137.2 / 27,656.4 / 30,608.7 / 38,367.4 / 35,912.4 / 36,567.6 / 38,793.1, manure management 1,353.0 / 1,729.2 / 2,351.3 / 2,609.2 / 3,270.3 / 3,061.8 / 3,112.9 / 3,300.5, synthetic fertilizers 422.1 / 444.2 / 861.5 / 1,349.7 / 2,513.4 / 2,625.8 / 2,349.9 / 3,019.6, IPCC agriculture 58,797.4 / 72,742.5 / 98,463.8 / 109,436.2 / 133,807.5 / 126,821.2 / 128,006.3 / 136,130.5. Other IPCC agriculture items (savanna fires, crop residues, manure applied to soils, rice, burning of crop residues, drained organic soils N2O) as the remainder (own calculation) 5,936.6 / 6,210.2 / 5,723.9 / 6,758.9 / 5,887.6 / 6,134.6 / 5,547.4 / 5,929.0. 2023: emissions from livestock 127,927.7, emissions from crops 4,909.8, savanna fires 2,995.8, all sectors without LULUCF 194,034.0, agrifood systems 160,847.0. Enteric fermentation and manure left on pasture 91.0% of IPCC agriculture in 2023 (own calculation).
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Emissions_Totals_E_Africa.zip

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

• FAOSTAT Production, crops and livestock products, bulk download for all countries with flags (CSV, release of 23 December 2025)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (file of 23 December 2025, latest year 2024). Area Ethiopia (code 238). Flags A official figure, E estimated value, I value imputed by a receiving agency, X figure from an external organization. Values rounded to whole units, flag shown where it is not A. Production in tonnes 2005–2024, maize 3,911,869, 4,029,630, 4,281,078 E, 4,473,011 E, 4,796,706 E, 5,481,406, 5,747,070 E, 6,700,801, 7,105,706, 7,729,850, 8,211,424, 8,846,787, 10,488,193, 10,864,092, 11,555,370 E, 10,945,980 E, 11,737,528, 11,853,521, 11,512,343 E, 11,701,131 E, wheat 2,176,603, 2,219,075, 2,536,956 E, 2,383,924 E, 3,167,913 E, 3,325,620 E, 3,091,540 E, 3,434,706, 3,925,174, 4,231,589, 4,650,934, 4,549,571, 4,888,946, 5,285,945, 5,515,070 E, 5,810,450 E, 6,232,978, 6,231,427, 6,091,618 E, 6,185,341 E, sorghum 1,715,954, 2,173,599, 2,385,522 E, 2,738,903 E, 3,060,404 E, 4,000,137, 4,225,550 E, 4,195,840 E, 3,830,960 E, 4,339,134, 4,765,621, 4,752,096, 5,169,253, 5,372,514, 5,459,790 E, 5,633,820 E, 4,823,403, 3,877,497, 4,010,000 X, 4,100,000 X. Green coffee 2010–2024: 370,569, 442,270 E, 449,740 E, 392,006, 467,860 E, 501,240 E, 494,819, 549,531, 573,986, 573,580 E, 584,790, 590,400 E, 545,566, 559,400 X, 575,696 I. Raw milk of cattle 2010–2024: 4,057,998, 3,329,855, 3,804,991, 3,500,000 E, 3,339,240, 3,200,283, 3,134,181, 3,317,786, 3,284,452, 3,895,323, 3,438,253 I, 3,439,667 I, 3,866,052, 3,442,497 I, 3,443,913 I. Raw milk of camel 2010–2024: 262,822, 176,400, 165,117, 158,767 I, 166,162 I, 254,093, 179,659, 327,638, 282,170, 182,032, 243,429, 235,877 E, 220,446 E, 233,251 E, 229,858 E. Stocks (head) 2010–2024, cattle 53,382,192, 52,129,016, 53,990,060, 55,027,080, 56,706,389, 57,829,953, 59,486,667, 60,392,019, 61,510,258, 65,354,090, 70,291,776, 68,079,757 I, 66,260,987, 69,318,245 I, 71,916,930 I, sheep 25,509,004, 24,221,384, 25,489,204, 27,347,933, 29,332,382, 28,892,380, 30,697,942, 31,302,257, 33,020,392, 39,894,394, 42,914,865, 40,663,456 I, 38,013,272, 37,232,386 I, 41,050,910 I, goats 22,786,946, 22,613,104, 24,060,792, 28,163,340, 29,112,963, 29,704,958, 30,200,226, 32,738,385, 38,963,879, 50,501,672, 52,463,535, 49,306,944 I, 45,716,091, 42,765,205 I, 53,982,678 I, camels 2024 1,656,499 E, chickens 2024 52,280 thousand I. Own ranking for 2024 among countries reporting a value above zero (regional aggregates and the China aggregate excluded): asses 1st of 104 (10,803,079 head, I, 20.1% of world), vetches 1st of 22 (320,718 t, I), broad beans and horse beans, dry 2nd of 64 (1,156,009 t, I, 18.5%, after mainland China), beeswax 2nd of 43 (5,934 t, E), cattle 4th of 190 (71,916,930 head, I, 4.6%, after Brazil, India and the United States, 5th in 2023), chick peas 4th of 47 (443,954 t, I), natural honey 4th of 121 (85,960 t, I, 4.7%), mules and hinnies 4th of 65 (391,103 head, I), green coffee 5th of 78 (575,696 t, I, 5.2%, after Brazil, Viet Nam, Colombia and Indonesia, 5th in 2023), goats 5th of 181 (53,982,678 head, I), dry chillies and peppers 5th of 56 (298,080 t, I), sesame seed 6th of 69 (435,455 t, I, 6.5%), sorghum 6th of 107 (4,100,000 t, X), millet 6th of 74 (1,125,000 t, X), camels 7th of 46, sheep 8th of 177, maize 13th of 162 (11,701,131 t, E, 1.0%), wheat 24th of 122 (6,185,341 t, E), raw milk of cattle 39th of 183.
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data.zip
• FAOSTAT Crops and livestock products trade (TCL), Africa bulk file, Ethiopia (ZIP/CSV)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026 (file Trade_CropsLivestock_E_Africa.csv, area Ethiopia). Wheat import quantity in tonnes, 2015 1,259,358, 2016 2,482,653, 2017 1,076,877, 2018 1,141,067, 2019 1,361,284, 2020 1,054,866, 2021 1,836,361, 2022 1,394,606, 2023 566,791 (all flag A, official), 2024 15,102 (flag X, figure from an external organisation). Wheat import value in US$ thousand, 2021 938,626, 2022 865,778, 2023 337,763, 2024 4,576. Wheat and meslin flour import quantity, tonnes, 2015 46,344, 2016 31,809, 2017 35,986, 2018 73,045, 2019 77,177, 2020 77,185, 2021 121,879, 2022 66,148, 2023 248,682, 2024 19,675. Wheat export quantity 2015–2024 below 2,400 t in every year.
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Trade_CropsLivestock_E_Africa.zip
• FAOSTAT Food Balances (FBS, 2010–), Africa bulk file, Ethiopia (ZIP/CSV)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026 (file FoodBalanceSheets_E_Africa.csv, area Ethiopia, latest year 2023). Thousand tonnes, 2023, production / import quantity / domestic supply quantity, wheat and products 5,800 / 879 / 7,731 (flag I, imputed), cereals excluding beer 30,146 / 1,592 / 33,298 (flag E, estimated), maize 10,000 / 25 / 10,170, sorghum 4,010 / 3 / 4,043, barley 2,450 / 10 / 2,499, millet 1,100 / 0 / 1,149, rice 202 / 664 / 1,114, pulses 3,206 / 154 / 3,203, potatoes 1,191 / 0 / 1,130, vegetables 1,662 / 36 / 1,584, fruits 1,547 / 20 / 1,541, sugar (raw equivalent) 440 / 633 / 1,073, vegetable oils 118 / 602 / 988, milk 4,582 / 76 / 4,647, meat 901 / 0 / 889, eggs 49 / 0 / 49. Wheat and products, production / domestic supply, 2019 5,315 / 6,815, 2020 5,479 / 6,668, 2021 5,808 / 7,438, 2022 5,800 / 7,653. Cereals, 2019 29,673 / 32,735, 2020 30,249 / 32,670, 2021 30,603 / 33,482, 2022 29,940 / 32,891. Self-sufficiency ratios = production ÷ domestic supply × 100 (own calculations). FBS values are FAO estimates or imputations (flags E and I).
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/FoodBalanceSheets_E_Africa.zip
• FAOSTAT Fertilizers by Product (RFB), Africa bulk file, Ethiopia (ZIP/CSV)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026 (file Inputs_FertilizersProduct_E_Africa.csv, area Ethiopia, element Import quantity, tonnes of product). Urea 2014 402,524, 2015 270,055, 2016 279,569, 2017 252,702, 2018 491,137, 2019 542,456, 2020 578,889, 2021 531,052, 2022 501,853, 2023 765,254. Other NP compounds 2014 1,104, 2015 165, 2016 740, 2017 485, 2018 54,464, 2019 358,902, 2020 936,761, 2021 1,031,628, 2022 962,636, 2023 959,760. Diammonium phosphate (DAP), 2014 177,018, 2015 71,454, 2016 136,000, 2017 50,002, 2018–2023 below 12 t. Fertilizers n.e.c., 2014 172,481, 2015 358,273, 2016 601,552, 2017 742,218, 2018 564,684, 2019 219,060, 2020 5,159, 2021 1,490, 2022 2,342, 2023 2,395. All other products (own sum), 2014 155.9, 2015 8.6, 2016 8.1, 2017 12.1, 2018 62.1, 2019 120.3, 2020 14.4, 2021 89.7, 2022 18.1, 2023 21.4 thousand t. Total (own sum, thousand t), 909.0, 708.6, 1,026.0, 1,057.5, 1,172.3, 1,240.7, 1,535.2, 1,653.9, 1,484.9, 1,748.8. Values carry flag A (official) except a few with flag X (external organisation). No 2024 data.
  https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Inputs_FertilizersProduct_E_Africa.zip
• GIEWS Country Brief Ethiopia, reference date 3 October 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Favourable production prospects for the 2025 meher season. Prices of locally produced maize increased by 20–44 percent in the majority of monitored markets between January and July 2025, as seasonal patterns were compounded by the continuous depreciation of the national currency, and August 2025 prices were 5–20 percent higher than a year earlier. A difficult food security situation was expected in pastoral areas in late 2025 and early 2026.
  https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=ETH

Grantham Research Institute, Climate Change Laws of the World

• Ethiopia's long term low emission and climate resilient development strategy (2020-2050), document pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists the document as the Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy from Ethiopia in 2023.
  https://climate-laws.org/document/ethiopia-s-long-term-low-emission-and-climate-resilient-development-strategy-2020-2050_899b

Green Climate Fund

• Ethiopia country page (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Number of projects 14, total GCF financing USD 436 million, readiness support approved USD 4.3 million. National Designated Authority: Ministry of Planning and Development. Direct access entity: Ministry of Finance of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, with the CRGE Facility Coordinator listed as secondary contact. Projects listed: FP291, FP289, FP258, FP257, FP243, FP239, FP204, FP183, FP168, FP136, FP128, FP099, FP058, FP027. News item of 22 September 2026 on the signature of FP289 with KOICA.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/countries/ethiopia
• FP027 Universal Green Energy Access Programme (UGEAP), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity Deutsche Bank, private sector, mitigation, Benin, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. Approved 14 October 2016, under implementation. Total project value USD 302 million, GCF financing USD 80,000,000 (equity 78,400,000, grant 1,600,000), 51% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp027
• FP058 Responding to the increasing risk of drought, building gender-responsive resilience of the most vulnerable communities, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity Ministry of Finance of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, public sector, adaptation, Ethiopia only. Approved by the GCF Board 2 October 2017, under implementation since 12 February 2019, to be completed 31 August 2025 (status still under implementation). Total project value USD 50 million, GCF financing USD 45,002,759 (grant), 100% disbursed (disbursements USD 3,752,016 on 30 Apr 2019, 19,322,192 on 28 Jun 2021, 16,772,148 on 10 Aug 2023, 5,156,403 on 3 Sep 2024), co-financing USD 4,958,095. Solar-powered water pumping and small-scale irrigation, 1.3 million people with increased resilience. The same source was also read at https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp058 Approved by the GCF Board on 2 October 2017, completion date 31 August 2025, status shown as under implementation, accredited entity Ministry of Finance of the FDRE. GCF grant US$45,002,759 (100% disbursed), co-financing grant US$4,958,095, total project value US$50 million, anticipated 1.3 million people with increased resilience.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp058
• FP099 Climate Investor One, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity FMO, private sector, mitigation, 19 countries including Ethiopia. Approved 20 October 2018. Total project value USD 822 million, GCF financing USD 100,000,000 (grant), 100% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp099
• FP128 Arbaro Fund – Sustainable Forestry Fund, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity MUFG Bank, private sector, mitigation, forests and land use, Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru, Sierra Leone and Uganda. Approved 12 March 2020, estimated completion 30 October 2035. Total project value USD 200 million, GCF financing USD 25,000,000 (equity), 90% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp128
• FP136 Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity IBRD and IDA (World Bank), public sector, cross-cutting, Ethiopia only. Approved 21 August 2020, under implementation since 4 November 2021, to be completed 4 November 2028. Total project value USD 297 million, GCF financing USD 165,237,592 (loan 107,174,255, grant 58,063,337), 67% disbursed (disbursements USD 19,354,445 and 35,724,751 on 6 Feb 2023, 19,354,446 and 35,724,752 on 3 Sep 2026, own sum USD 110,158,394), co-financing USD 132,000,000. Sustainable land management, low-emission resilient agriculture and land tenure in vulnerable rural watersheds, 30.4 million people with increased resilience, 43.8 million tCO2e avoided. The page states that climate change will reduce crop productivity by 5 to 10 percent by 2030 (conservative estimates).
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp136
• FP168 Leveraging Energy Access Finance (LEAF) Framework, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity African Development Bank, private sector, mitigation, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria and Tunisia. Approved 1 July 2021, estimated completion 10 November 2033. Total project value USD 960 million, GCF financing USD 170,900,000 (loan 80,000,000, guarantee 80,000,000, grant 10,900,000), 1% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp168
• FP183 Inclusive Green Financing Initiative (IGREENFIN I), greening agricultural banks and the financial sector in the Great Green Wall countries, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity IFAD, public sector, cross-cutting, 13 countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan). Approved 29 March 2022, estimated completion 30 January 2030. Total project value USD 199 million, GCF financing USD 116,923,684.8 (loan 82,832,411.37, grant 34,091,273.43), 4% disbursed. Enhances access to credit and technical assistance for farmers, farmers' organisations, cooperatives and micro and small enterprises for climate-resilient and low-emission agriculture and agroforestry.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp183
• FP204 Sustainable Renewables Risk Mitigation Initiative (SRMI) Facility, Phase 2 Resilience focus, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity World Bank, public sector, cross-cutting, nine countries including Ethiopia. Approved 16 March 2023. Total project value USD 1.1 billion, GCF financing USD 160,000,000, 11% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp204
• FP239 Building Climate Resilience for Food and Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa (BREFOL), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity African Development Bank, public sector, cross-cutting, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and South Sudan. Approved 18 July 2024, under implementation. Total project value USD 335 million, GCF financing USD 151,000,000 (loan 60,300,000, grant 90,700,000), co-financing USD 184,300,000. Water harvesting, agro-pastoral development, sustainable land management, credit lines, climate information and agricultural insurance, 20.2 million people with increased resilience.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp239
• FP243 Climate-resilient community access to safe water powered by renewable energy in drought-vulnerable regions of Ethiopia, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity Ministry of Finance of Ethiopia, public sector, cross-cutting, Ethiopia only. Approved 24 October 2024. Total project value USD 50 million, GCF financing USD 44,994,677 (grant), 25% disbursed (USD 11,248,669 on 25 Apr 2025), 2.1 million people with increased resilience.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp243
• FP257 RE-GAIN, Scaling solutions for food loss in Africa, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity AGRA, public sector, adaptation, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Approved 20 February 2025. Total project value USD 105 million, GCF financing USD 75,623,754 (grant), 15% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp257
• FP258 Multi-country Project Advancing Early Warnings for All (EW4All), project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity UNDP, public sector, adaptation, Antigua and Barbuda, Cambodia, Chad, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji and Somalia. Approved 20 February 2025. Total project value USD 115 million, GCF financing USD 103,246,722 (grant), 21% disbursed.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp258
• FP289 Building Urban Climate Resilience through Nature-based Solutions in Ethiopia, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity KOICA, public sector, adaptation, Ethiopia only. Approved 28 March 2026, funded activity agreement executed 17 September 2026, status Approved. Total project value USD 47 million, GCF financing USD 25,000,000 (grant), no disbursement shown.
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp289
• FP291 ASCENT-GREEN, Resilient Energy Access for Inclusive Development, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Entity World Bank, public sector, cross-cutting, 21 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa including Ethiopia. Approved 28 March 2026, status Approved. Total project value USD 695 million, GCF financing USD 250,000,000 (loan 50,000,000, grants 160,000,000 and 40,000,000).
  https://www.greenclimate.fund/portfolio/projects/fp291

Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

• About IGAD (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. IGAD was created in 1996 to supersede IGADD, founded in 1986 by Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda. The region comprises Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda, and the priority areas include food security and environmental protection.
  https://igad.int/about/

International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), Coops4Dev

• Ethiopia Key Figures Report, ICA-EU Partnership mapping (PDF, 2021)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (country page https://coops4dev.coop/en/4devafrica/ethiopia). Section 'Public National Statistics' reproduces the Federal Cooperative Agency official report (2021), more than 92,755 cooperatives with 21,043,370 members (6,743,429 female, 14,299,941 male), 21,328 primary savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) with 5,384,559 members, SACCO savings and shares ETB 18.54 billion, 131 unions, 1,987,379 jobs created by cooperatives. The Federal Cooperative Agency is the predecessor of the Ethiopian Cooperative Commission.
  https://coops4dev.coop/sites/default/files/2021-06/Ethiopia%20Key%20Figures%20Report.pdf

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

• President's report. Proposed loan and Debt Sustainability Framework grant, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Rural Financial Intermediation Programme III (RUFIP III), EB 2019/LOT/P.14/Rev.1 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Document dated 29 November 2019, project ID 2000002344. Total programme cost US$305.79 million over six years, IFAD loan US$4.90 million and DSF grant US$35.10 million, EIB loan US$112 million (subject to EIB approval), EU grant US$19.4 million, AGRA grant US$1.5 million, domestic cofinancing from DBE US$25 million, CBE US$20 million and the Ethiopian Insurance Corporation US$15 million, government about US$51.9 million, financing gap US$20 million. RUFIP III is to enable 13.5 million clients to access financial services by 2025 (target). Partners include AEMFI, MFIs and RUSACCOs. The ifad.org project page returned HTTP 403 and was not used.
  https://webapps.ifad.org/members/lapse-of-time/docs/english/EB-2019-LOT-P-14-Rev-1.pdf
• President's report. Proposed Debt Sustainability Framework grant, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Participatory Agriculture and Climate Transformation Programme (PACT), EB 2022/137/R.31/Rev.1 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Revised report dated 28 December 2022 for the 137th Executive Board session. Total programme cost US$179.593 million over seven years, IFAD DSF grant US$78.2 million plus a US$10.476 million ASAP+ grant, GTM/BMGF grant US$5.011 million, EC grant US$16.86 million, IGREENFIN (GCF) loan US$35.013 million, government US$23.886 million, financing gap US$2.011 million. Development objective to enable 150,000 vulnerable rural households in selected kebeles to improve incomes, food and nutrition security and climate resilience, in Oromia, SNNP, Amhara, Sidama, Somali and South West Ethiopia.
  https://webapps.ifad.org/members/eb/137/docs/EB-2022-137-R-31-Rev-1.pdf?attach=1

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Fourth Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, Country Report No. 26/20, January 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 in a browser-type fetch (scripted requests to imf.org return HTTP 403). Debt sustainability analysis (PDF page 103) states that fertilizer subsidies have been capped at 84 billion Birr (0.4 percent of GDP) in the 2025/26 budget, and that the July 2024 FX reforms lifted the implicit subsidy to fuel and fertilizers imported at the favourable official rate. Staff report paragraph 33 (PDF page 23) refers to removal of implicit subsidies of 1.3 percent of GDP, of which 0.4 percent is now on-budget fertilizer subsidies. PDF page 10 states that between July and October 2025 the NBE sold approximately US$1 billion of FX reserves bilaterally to CBE to settle fertilizer imports, and that the end-September 2025 indicative target on government contributions to the PSNP was missed to allow full absorption of development partner contributions (0.2 percent of GDP). Catalogue page https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2026/01/29/the-federal-democratic-republic-of-ethiopia-fourth-review-under-the-extended-credit-573522.
  https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1ethea2026001-source-pdf.pdf

International Monetary Fund (IMF), Statistics Department

• IMF, Exchange Rates (ER) dataset – Ethiopia, domestic currency per US$ (end of period and period average)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read from the IMF ER series ETH.XDC_USD (dataset page https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:ER) as compiled in the project's IMF tables on 19 October 2026. The IMF republishes the National Bank of Ethiopia rate. Its annual series ends in 2024 and its monthly series in September 2025 (2025-M09). For later dates this profile uses the National Bank of Ethiopia's official rates and cites them separately (nbe-fx-2025-12-31 for 31 December 2025, 155.66, and nbe-fx-2026-08-31 for 31 August 2026, 161.51, in each case the mid-point of the NBE indicative buying and selling rates, own calculation, because the weighted average published by the NBE has equalled the buying rate since 8 October 2025, while before that date it equalled the mid-point, so the mid-point method keeps the series continuous). The birr was floated on 29 July 2024, so dollar series break between 2023/24 and 2024/25. Birr per US$, end of period: 2015 21.0777, 2016 22.4104, 2017 27.2051, 2018 28.0398, 2019 31.8041, 2020 39.1809, 2021 49.1936, 2022 53.3387, 2023 55.9969, 2024 125.9644. Monthly end of period, June (for stocks at 30 June): 2016 21.8004, 2017 23.1081, 2018 27.2621, 2019 28.9109, 2020 34.9822, 2021 43.691, 2022 51.9938, 2023 54.5943, 2024 57.3265, 2025 135.3711. The June 2022 value was read on 20 October 2026 from the monthly query https://api.imf.org/external/sdmx/2.1/data/IMF.STA,ER/ETH.XDC_USD.EOP_RT.M?startPeriod=2022-06&endPeriod=2022-06 (2022-M06, 51.9938). Monthly end of period July 2024 75.3302, August 2024 111.2108, September 2025 146.4188. Annual average: 2010 14.41, 2011 16.90, 2012 17.70, 2013 18.63, 2014 19.59, 2015 20.58, 2016 21.73, 2017 23.87, 2018 27.43, 2019 29.07, 2020 34.93, 2021 43.73, 2022 51.76, 2023 54.60, 2024 82.60 (identical to WDI PA.NUS.FCRF). Monthly averages July 2023 to September 2025: 54.68, 54.93, 55.16, 55.37, 55.62, 55.85, 56.09, 56.32, 56.55, 56.78, 56.99, 57.20, 59.76 (July 2024), 105.92 (August 2024), 116.71, 120.73, 122.64, 125.52, 126.35, 126.61, 129.13, 130.71, 132.86, 134.72, 136.77, 140.39, 143.82 (September 2025). Rates used (own calculations): bank loan stocks at the June end-of-period rate of each year (30 June 2025, 135.3711), the 2025/26 fertiliser subsidy cap at the end-June 2025 rate, the mean of the monthly averages for July 2024 to June 2025 (119.31, equal to the NBE average for 2024/25).
  https://api.imf.org/external/sdmx/2.1/data/IMF.STA,ER/ETH.XDC_USD.EOP_RT+PA_RT.A?startPeriod=2009

Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)

• Wheat Initiative (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The page states that during the dry season wheat irrigation increased from 20,000 hectares in 2020 to 3.5 million hectares in 2025 and production from 600,000 quintals to 128 million quintals, that during the rainy season wheat cultivation increased from 1.8 million hectares in 2020 to 4.2 million hectares in 2025 and production from 53 million to 152 million quintals, and that in 2025 7.8 million hectares were cultivated in both seasons, producing a total of 280 million quintals (the two seasonal areas sum to 7.7 million, own check). It states that Ethiopia relied on wheat imports, spending up to US$1 billion a year, that in 2025 Ethiopia fully replaced the import of an estimated 2.6 million quintals of wheat previously imported in 2021 with domestically produced wheat, saving an average of US$1 billion annually, and that wheat is one of ten priority commodities under the Ten-year Agricultural Development Plan. No target figures are given. 1 quintal = 100 kg.
  https://www.moa.gov.et/wheat-initiative/
• Ethiopia Achieves Strong Growth in Agricultural Production and Export Performance, 2 September 2026 (news release, web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (the link resolves to the release on moa.gov.et). Review of the sector's 2018 E.C. performance, which the release calls the 2025/26 fiscal year. The State Minister stated that more than 33.5 million hectares were cultivated with crops, producing over 1.85 billion quintals, and that the government distributed more than 20 million quintals of fertilizer to farmers nationwide. Milk 15.8 billion litres, eggs 11.7 billion. Agricultural exports more than US$4.55 billion, coffee US$3.1 billion. The Ministry reported that it secured sufficient fertilizer supplies despite global supply chain disruptions. Presentations included the 2019 E.C. plan and the Agribusiness Companies Proclamation.
  https://www.moa.gov.et/?p=9823
• Public Hearing on Draft Proclamation for Farmers' Agribusiness Companies (ABCs), 17 June 2026 (news release, web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The House of Peoples' Representatives Standing Committee on Agriculture Affairs held a public hearing on the draft proclamation on 17 June 2026, with the Ethiopian Agricultural Businesses Corporation, the Ethiopian Cooperative Commission, the Ethiopian Agricultural Authority, regional bureaus, the Ministry of Justice and smallholder farmers. The proclamation would let smallholders, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists organise as formal business entities. The Minister said the companies are intended to complement existing institutions, not replace them. The ATI CEO described the draft as an enabling framework for input supply, marketing and related services. Status at the time of the release was a draft.
  https://www.moa.gov.et/public-hearing-on-draft-proclamation-for-farmers-agribusiness-companies-abcs/
• Ministry of Agriculture (home page)landing page verified
  AM · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Home page of the Ministry, news mostly in Amharic. Cited for the institution only.
  https://www.moa.gov.et/

Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of Brazil (MAPA), agricultural attaché in Addis Ababa

• AgroInsight vol. 5, Etiópia – Fertilizantes e bioinsumos, 14 April 2025 (PDF)verified
  PT · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Report of the Brazilian agricultural attaché, dated 14 April 2025 (PDF pages 5–9). The Ethiopian government exercises broad control over the fertiliser supply chain, which involves 24 key actors in three groups, import planning, import execution, and marketing and distribution. About 90% of imports are made by the Ethiopian Agricultural Businesses Corporation (EABC), a state enterprise that also distributes them to farmers through cooperatives, subsidised by 22%. The Port of Djibouti is mentioned in a photo caption (figure 1), not in the text. There is no domestic primary production of inorganic fertilisers. Estimated use 55% meher, 25% belg, 20% irrigated season. In 2023 the government officially imported 1.7 million tonnes, NP compounds 959,345 t and urea about 765,222 t, the private sector about 20,461 t of other fertilisers.
  https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/relacoes-internacionais/adidos-agricolas/etiopia/ETIPIAFERTILIZANTESEBIOINSUMOS.pdf

Ministry of Agriculture, FDRE (FAOLEX copy)

• Ethiopia's National Agriculture Investment Plan (NAIP) 2013–2022 EFY (2021–2030 GC) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Cover page shows Ministry of Agriculture, July 2022, plan period 2013–2022 EFY, given by the document as 2021–2030 GC.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth236072.pdf

Ministry of Agriculture, FDRE, with the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT and CIFOR-ICRAF (FAOLEX copy)

• National Agroecology Strategy for Food System Transformation in Ethiopia (2026 to 2040) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Title page dated December 2025, strategy period 2026 to 2040, copyright 2025 Ministry of Agriculture.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth242424.pdf

Ministry of Finance (MoF)

• Resources, Budget (web page listing the federal budget proclamations)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists the federal budget proclamations Part One (PDF) and Part Two (Excel) for 2000–2019 E.C., the budget summaries and the citizens' budgets.
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/resources/budget/
• 2019 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part Two (Excel)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Sheet 'Fed. Gov't sum of Exp.', birr, total 2,339,268,126,738 (recurrent 1,236,459,164,983, capital 568,253,464,042, subsidies to regions and SDG support 534,555,497,713), Agricultural and Rural Development 91,410,967,030 (recurrent 6,553,804,840, capital 84,857,162,190), Water and Energy 56,359,316,545. Sheet 'CAPITAL in AMHAric' (treasury / retained revenue / assistance / loan / total), Ministry of Agriculture 48,500,000,000 / 0 / 27,255,000,073 / 7,023,407,880 / 82,778,407,953, Food Security sub-programme (Coordinating Provision of Food Security Support Services) 44,999,999,999 / 0 / 10,979,897,667 / 0 / 55,979,897,666, of which regional Productive Safety Net projects (e.g. Amhara 12,293,845,370, Oromia 11,601,450,580, Somali 10,615,550,175, Tigray 5,899,601,085) and the Federal Productive Safety Net Project 4,500,000,000. Food Systems Resilience Program 5,146,244,910. Sheet 'RECURRENTin AMha', Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Institute 100,119,000, Ethiopian Cooperative Commission 216,466,100. Share of agriculture and rural development in the total 3.91% (own calculation).
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/c1/de/c1de6f52-b57e-4a94-91ff-cc22a2c751b8/2019_e_c_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation_part_two_updated.xlsx
• 2019 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part One (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Bilingual text. Article 2 appropriates birr 2,339,268,126,738 for the fiscal year from Hamle 1, 2018 E.C. to Sene 30, 2019 E.C. (recurrent 1,236,459,164,983, capital 568,253,464,042, regional subsidy 520,555,497,713, SDG support 14,000,000,000). The proclamation number and date are blank in the published copy.
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/8c/b2/8cb25556-20ac-4469-800d-ec6cb49d9ec1/2019_e_c_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation_part_one.pdf
• 2018 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part Two (Excel)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Birr, total 1,927,689,143,793 (recurrent 1,183,697,146,435, capital 415,235,003,313, subsidies 328,756,994,045), Agricultural and Rural Development 64,510,702,525 (recurrent 5,234,217,335, capital 59,276,485,190), Water and Energy 40,148,744,299. Capital, Ministry of Agriculture 57,276,485,190 (treasury 45,797,137,954, assistance 7,562,543,126, loan 3,916,804,110), Food Security sub-programme 48,702,228,370 (treasury 45,000,000,010, assistance 3,702,228,360). Recurrent, ATI 95,175,100, Ethiopian Cooperative Commission 168,034,740. Share 3.35% (own calculation).
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/09/7d/097d0421-91ff-466f-9239-1f735b2f96be/2018_e_c_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation_part_two.xlsx
• 2018 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part One (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Article 2 appropriates birr 1,927,689,143,793 for the fiscal year from Hamle 1, 2017 E.C. to Sene 30, 2018 E.C. (recurrent 1,183,697,146,435, capital 415,235,003,313, regional subsidy 314,756,994,045, SDG support 14,000,000,000). Proclamation number blank in the published copy.
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/69/f5/69f59101-e915-4142-a80b-29d335da1aff/2018_ec_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation.pdf
• 2017 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part Two (Excel, file named 'executive budget proposal EFY 2017 (2024/25)')verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Listed on the MoF budget page as '2017 E.C Budget Year GOE Federal Budget Proclamation Part Two', file name refers to EFY 2017 (2024/25). Birr, total 971,200,665,909 (equal to the Part One total), Agricultural and Rural Development 22,994,996,367 (recurrent 3,187,845,771, capital 19,807,150,596), Water and Energy 25,261,653,910. Capital, Ministry of Agriculture 18,459,150,596, Food Security sub-programme 11,034,063,709 (treasury 7,331,835,310, assistance 3,702,228,399). Recurrent, ATI 79,312,580, Ethiopian Cooperative Commission 113,626,603. Share 2.37% (own calculation).
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/4f/f4/4ff40d12-0261-4680-9e1a-06dc7b964cd8/executive_budget_proposal_efy_2017_-202425__budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation-proposal.xlsx
• 2017 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part One (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Article 2 total appropriation birr 971,200,665,909.
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/9a/1f/9a1f791a-8da0-4cff-b5b1-ee95df615953/2017_ec_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation_part_one.pdf
• 2016 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part Two (Excel)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Birr, total 801,651,747,226, Agricultural and Rural Development 21,601,625,688 (recurrent 2,497,059,460, capital 19,104,566,228). Capital, Ministry of Agriculture 18,691,291,228, Food Security sub-programme 12,297,232,526 (treasury 7,300,000,000, assistance 4,997,232,526). Share 2.69% (own calculation).
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/15/fa/15facf14-8378-491f-a489-f54a9ce675cd/2016_ec_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation_part_two.xlsx
• 2015 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part Two (Excel)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Birr, total 786,610,053,114, Agricultural and Rural Development 18,471,365,585 (recurrent 2,460,923,558, capital 16,010,442,027). Capital, Ministry of Agriculture 15,511,189,467, Food Security sub-programme 9,901,599,467 (treasury 4,520,228,046, assistance 5,381,371,421). Share 2.35% (own calculation).
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/1f/f9/1ff99f1c-4057-4878-b1f6-e5ad345ebae8/2015_ec_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation_part_two.xlsx
• 2014 E.C. Budget Year Federal Government Budget Proclamation, Part Two (Excel)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Downloaded and read on 19 October 2026. Birr, total 561,673,150,321, Agricultural and Rural Development 18,496,844,050 (recurrent 3,047,703,628, capital 15,449,140,422). Capital, Ministry of Agriculture 14,966,812,022, Food Security sub-programme 8,996,599,030 (treasury 4,437,541,030, assistance 4,559,058,000). Share 3.29% (own calculation).
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/dd/7d/dd7d92b5-3df2-4d53-80d0-fb4baf0fbb09/2014_ec_budget_year_goe_federal_budget_proclamation_part_twoh.xlsx
• Citizens' Budget of EFY 2018 (2025/26), 25 September 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Total approved budget birr 1.93 trillion, an increase of birr 493.5 billion or 34.4% over EFY 2017 (birr 1.43 trillion) (page 5). Priority capital allocations (pages 7–8), large, medium and small-scale irrigation projects birr 17.1 billion including external financing, Productive Safety Net Program birr 45.0 billion from treasury plus 3.7 billion external, total birr 48.7 billion, urban food security and safety net birr 24.1 billion, agriculture and natural resource protection birr 2.6 billion including birr 59 million from treasury. Uses the labels EFY 2018 (2025/26) and EFY 2016–2018 (2023–2026).
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/fa/3e/fa3e75a5-f3e7-4acb-a49f-73a425e1f512/citizen_budget_newsletter.pdf
• Ethiopian Government and Development Partners Convene to Discuss Macroeconomic Reforms (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Published 1 October 2024. The Home-Grown Economic Reform Agenda was launched in 2019 and is entering its second phase (HGER 2.0), with a shift toward a market-based foreign exchange system and a transition to an interest rate-based monetary policy framework.
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/blog/ethiopian-government-and-development-partners-convene-to-discuss-macroeconomic-reforms/
• Ministry of Finance (home page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Home page of the Ministry, with sections on CRGE, PPP, the debt bulletin and international financial institutions cooperation. Cited for the institution only.
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, FDRE (FAOLEX copy)

• Rural Development Policy and Strategies (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Cover page shows Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Economic Policy and Planning Department, Addis Ababa, April 2003.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth144892.pdf

Ministry of Planning and Development (MoPD)

• Ministry of Planning and Development (home page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Home page of the Ministry. Cited for the institution only.
  https://www.mopd.gov.et/

Ministry of Planning and Development (MoPD), Ethiopia

• Climate Change Knowledge Management Portal, Carbon Market, Standardized Crediting Framework (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The Standardized Crediting Framework (SCF) helps Ethiopia access Article 6 cooperative approaches, with technical assistance from the World Bank's Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev). It is tested through the Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program and the Ethiopia Off-Grid Renewable Energy Program, for which Ci-Dev pays for verified SCF emission reductions. The Ministry of Planning and Development is the Designated National Authority. Governance by a Governing Board, a Technical Committee and an Administrator. The page links the SCF to NDC 3.0 and the National Carbon Market Strategy (2025). No SCF documents had been posted.
  https://climate.mopd.gov.et/carbon-market/
• Ethiopia Climate Change Knowledge Management Portal, home pagelanding page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Official portal of the Ministry of Planning and Development with the CRGE indicators, climate projects and documents, including the LT-LEDS, the Biennial Update Report and the national communications.
  https://climate.mopd.gov.et/

NAP Global Network (International Institute for Sustainable Development)

• Ethiopia's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Implementation Roadmap, publisher Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission, publication date 26 August 2020 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. NAP-ETH identified 18 adaptation options and five strategic priorities to be implemented between 2019 and 2030, mirroring the UNFCCC NAP process. The roadmap elaborates implementation strategies and identifies adaptation finance needs and gaps.
  https://napglobalnetwork.org/resource/ethiopias-climate-resilient-green-economy/

National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE)

• Annual Report 2024/25 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (landing page https://nbe.gov.et/files/annual-report-2024-25/). National accounts figures are MoPD data on the 2015/16 base year (note to the indicator table, PDF page 7). Table 1.1 (PDF page 10, printed page 2), agriculture at constant prices, birr billion, 2017/18 to 2024/25: 600.8, 623.8, 650.3, 686.4, 728.4, 774.0, 827.9, 888.6. Real GDP (constant basic prices) 1,719.5, 1,874.7, 1,989.6, 2,114.2, 2,248.7, 2,409.9, 2,604.0, 2,842.3. Real GDP growth 7.7, 9.0, 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 7.2, 8.1, 9.2. Agriculture share in GDP (constant prices) 34.9, 33.3, 32.7, 32.5, 32.4, 32.1, 31.8, 31.3. Agriculture real growth 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 5.6, 6.1, 6.3, 7.0, 7.3. Agriculture contribution to real GDP growth (percentage points) 1.3, 1.3, 1.4, 1.8, 2.0, 2.0, 2.2, 2.3, and in percent of growth 16.4, 14.7, 22.8, 29.0, 31.2, 28.2, 27.8, 25.5. Industry real growth 12.7, 12.6, 9.6, 7.3, 4.9, 6.9, 9.2, 13.0, services 8.5, 11.0, 5.3, 6.3, 7.6, 7.9, 7.7, 7.5. Nominal per capita GDP (US$) 2023/24 1,942 and 2024/25 1,144. Section I.4.1 (PDF page 11): agriculture's share 31.3% in 2024/25 from 31.8%, crop production grew 7.5% and accounted for 66.8% of agricultural output, livestock farming and hunting 24.6% and forestry 7.8%. Table 1.2 (PDF page 13), growth 2020/21 to 2024/25: crop 5.7, 6.9, 7.1, 7.8, 7.5, animal farming and hunting 5.8, 4.6, 4.4, 5.3, 6.5, forestry 4.0, 4.3, 4.0, 4.2, 4.1, fishing 1.7, 21.9, 38.6, 29.6, 94.1. Share in agriculture: crop 65.1, 65.6, 66.1, 66.7, 66.8, animal farming 26.0, 25.6, 25.2, 24.8, 24.6, forestry 8.6, 8.5, 8.3, 8.1, 7.8, fishing 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8. Indicator table (PDF pages 1–2): GDP at current market prices (birr million) 2018/19 2,696,223.0, 2019/20 3,374,746.94, 2020/21 4,341,024.22, 2021/22 6,157,015.23, 2022/23 8,723,116.78, 2023/24 11,784,561.45, 2024/25 15,094,419.03. Average exchange rate (birr per US$) 28.10, 31.34, 39.02, 48.57, 53.28, 55.96, 119.31. GDP in US$ million 2024/25 126,519.2. Arable land (% of total area) 2018/19 14.2, 2019/20 14.32, 2020/21 14.41, 2021/22 16.2, 2022/23 16.2, 2023/24 17.3, 2024/25 NA, agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural area) 4.0, 4.7, 5%, 6%, 6.2%, 6.2%, NA. National annual average inflation 2018/19 to 2024/25: general 12.57, 19.91, 20.20, 33.79, 32.55, 26.57, 16.00, food 13.12, 23.3, 23.2, 40.3, 31.7, 28.1, 16.2. Table 3.1 (PDF page 36, printed page 28): headline 26.6 (2023/24) and 16.0 (2024/25), food and non-alcoholic beverages 28.1 and 16.2 (weight 54.0%). Statistical annex Table 1 (PDF page 235), GDP by economic activity at constant prices, birr million, 2016/17 to 2024/25: crop 374,649.80, 392,291.81, 404,049.60, 422,966.50, 446,919.36, 477,801.09, 511,777.47, 551,862.07, 593,186.47, animal farming and hunting 153,170.43, 154,037.95, 163,279.50, 168,722.41, 178,571.27, 186,759.11, 195,057.29, 205,367.67, 218,665.90, forestry 51,202.67, 53,001.69, 54,891.10, 57,022.93, 59,285.17, 61,852.59, 64,328.25, 67,029.66, 69,745.13, fishing 1,389.44, 1,546.68, 1,581.80, 1,625.85, 1,653.41, 2,015.51, 2,794.26, 3,620.97, 7,026.99. Annex Table 2 (PDF page 236), agriculture growth 2017/18 to 2024/25 3.51, 3.80, 4.26, 5.55, 6.08, 6.16, 6.89, 6.96 (agriculture, hunting and forestry, excluding fishing). Annex Table 3 (PDF page 237), current prices, birr million, 2018/19 to 2024/25: agriculture, hunting and forestry 910,589.11, 1,196,254.18, 1,626,284.12, 2,312,286.18, 3,114,214.95, 4,087,852.75, 4,934,577.48, crop 587,215.95 … 3,411,873.31 (2024/25), animal farming and hunting 1,201,088.96 (2024/25), forestry 321,615.22 (2024/25), fishing 3,020.56 … 19,201.74 (2024/25). GDP at current market prices 2024/25 15,094,419.03. Table 5.3, values of major export items, US$ million, 2022/23, 2023/24 and 2024/25 (share of total 2024/25): coffee 1,340.2, 1,430.8, 2,665.1 (31.9%), oilseeds 258.0, 333.2, 332.7 (4.0%), leather and leather products 24.7, 19.9, 17.4, pulses 324.5, 343.8, 273.7 (3.3%), meat and meat products 81.7, 70.4, 109.7 (1.3%), fruits and vegetables 92.5, 65.1, 75.2 (0.9%), textiles 148.7, 120.1, 118.8, live animals 17.5, 43.5, 112.9 (1.4%), chat 247.5, 164.5, 121.5 (1.5%), gold 197.0, 408.6, 3,480.9 (41.7%), flower 567.8, 469.9, 489.7 (5.9%), electricity 102.2, 139.0, 336.4, others 222.0, 189.9, 213.1, total 3,624.3, 3,798.7, 8,347.2. Coffee earnings rose 86.3% on 57.4% higher volume and an 18.3% higher international price. Table 5.4, volumes, million kg, 2022/23, 2023/24, 2024/25: coffee 241.7, 299.0, 470.7, oilseeds 150.3, 191.2, 207.6, pulses 396.2, 426.0, 320.9, meat 11.5, 11.1, 18.5, fruits and vegetables 177.2, 184.8, 186.1, live animals 7.9, 52.0, 123.5, chat 31.3, 15.8, 10.8, flower 113.0, 95.4, 99.7. Table 5.5, unit values, US$ per kg: coffee 5.5, 4.8, 5.7, oilseeds 1.7, 1.7, 1.6, pulses 0.8, 0.8, 0.9, meat 7.1, 6.4, 5.9, chat 7.9, 10.4, 11.2, flower 5.0, 4.9, 4.9. Statistical Table 8, quantity of major exports, coffee (tonnes) 2019/20 to 2024/25: 271,111.52, 248,653.58, 303,235.24, 241,700.46, 298,973.93, 470,714.88. Key indicators table, annual average inflation 2018/19 to 2024/25 (Ethiopian-calendar labels 2011 to 2017): general 12.57, 19.91, 20.20, 33.79, 32.55, 26.57, 16.00, food 13.12, 23.3, 23.2, 40.3, 31.7, 28.1, 16.2, non-food 11.93, 15.85, 16.45, 25.15, 33.86, 24.29, 15.78. Table 3.1, food and non-alcoholic beverages weigh 54.0% and food inflation averaged 16.2% in 2024/25 against 28.1% in 2023/24. Fiscal year closing 30 June 2025. Table 4.12 Loans and Advances by Economic Sectors (PDF p. 59, printed p. 52), ETB million, banks and DBE. Agriculture 2023/24 disbursed 107,232.2, collected 106,530.6, outstanding 105,128.4. 2024/25 disbursed 183,596.7, collected 138,123.3, outstanding 166,255.0. Total 2024/25 disbursed 822,816.3, collected 632,461.2, outstanding 1,941,357.0 (2023/24 461,488.8, 454,088.1, 2,148,251.1). Outstanding 2024/25 by sector, international trade 420,454.1, manufacturing 365,437.3, domestic trade 344,253.6, financial institutions 255,077.6, consumer and staff loans 218,307.6, agriculture 166,255.0, building and construction 58,745.5, hotels and tourism 47,978.9, health and education 17,832.9, mines, power and water 8,939.1, transport and communication 4,565.2, other 33,510.3. Disbursed 2024/25, domestic trade 175,522.5, international trade 149,398.2, manufacturing 112,896.7, financial institutions 71,867.0, consumer 54,734.5, building and construction 31,648.5, other 19,216.1, hotels 8,811.0, health and education 8,230.2, transport 4,480.1, mines 2,414.9. Text p. 50 and 52, agriculture 22.3% of fresh loans and Birr 166.3 billion or 8.6% of outstanding credit, outstanding credit fell 9.6% to Birr 1.94 trillion as corporate bonds were converted to government bonds. Table 4.13 cooperatives outstanding 24,584.8 (2024/25). Table 4.4 Interest Rates (PDF p. 47), 2020/21 to 2024/25, savings deposit simple average 8.0 each year (minimum 7.0, maximum 9.0), time deposit weighted average 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.7, 7.7, average lending rate 14.3, 14.3, 14.3, 14.3, 15.8 (maximum 21.5 to 2023/24, 24.5 in 2024/25), T-bills 8.0, 9.6, 9.7, 9.7, 13.4, headline inflation 24.5, 34.7, 29.3, 19.9, 13.9, real lending rate -10.3, -20.5, -15.1, -5.7, 1.9, NBR 15.0 and 7-day interbank 17.0 in 2024/25. Section 4.2 (PDF p. 46), SLF 18.0% and SDF 12.0%. Section 4.3 (PDF p. 48–49), 32 banks, 18 insurance companies and 57 microfinance institutions at June 2024/25, 12,590 bank branches, 839 insurance branches. Table 4.7 (PDF p. 52), MFIs, ETB thousand, credit 39,650,424.8 (2023/24) and 48,946,431.7 (2024/25), savings 31,374,095.6 and 41,777,865.9. Section 4.5.3 (PDF p. 66–67), interbank money market commenced 31 October 2024.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Annual-Report-2024-2025.pdf
• Birritu No. 139, news item 'The National Bank of Ethiopia announces a reform of the foreign exchange regime with immediate effect', 29 July 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. NBE magazine, PDF pages 6–7 (printed pages 4–5), reproducing the NBE announcement dated 29 July 2024: a revision of the foreign exchange system effective immediately, introducing a competitive, market-based determination of the exchange rate, guided by Foreign Exchange Directive FXD/01/2024 released the same day, with banks allowed to buy and sell foreign currency at freely negotiated rates, the end of surrender requirements and the removal of import restrictions on 38 product categories.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Birritu_139.pdf
• Annual Report 2023/24 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Table 5.3, values of major export items, US$ million, 2021/22 (used for that year), 2022/23 and 2023/24: coffee 1,430.7, 1,340.2, 1,430.8, oilseeds 265.7, 258.0, 333.2, pulses 218.9, 324.5, 343.8, meat and meat products 109.6, 81.7, 70.4, fruits and vegetables 87.8, 92.5, 65.1, live animals 29.2, 17.5, 43.5, chat 391.6, 247.5, 164.5, gold 546.4, 197.0, 408.6, flower 541.6, 567.8, 469.9, total 4,101.5, 3,624.3, 3,798.7. Coffee share of total 34.9% in 2021/22. Table 4.12 Loans and Advances by Economic Sectors (PDF p. 69–70, printed p. 52–53), ETB million. Agriculture 2022/23 disbursed 75,885.3, collected 77,174.5, outstanding 93,402.0. 2023/24 disbursed 107,232.2, collected 106,530.6, outstanding 105,128.4. Total 2022/23 disbursed 547,676.7, collected 401,003.4, outstanding 1,950,569.8. Total 2023/24 461,488.8, 454,088.1, 2,148,251.1. Text p. 49, Birr 461.5 billion of fresh loans, 15.7% lower than a year earlier, agriculture 23.2% of new loans. Text p. 51, outstanding credit including corporate bonds Birr 2.1 trillion at the end of June 2024, agriculture 4.9%.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Annual-Report-2023-24.pdf
• Annual Report 2020/21 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Table 5.3, values of major export items, US$ million, 2018/19, 2019/20 and 2020/21: coffee 764.1, 855.9, 909.4, oilseeds 387.8, 345.0, 335.5, pulses 272.3, 234.8, 233.8, meat and meat products 88.6, 67.4, 75.3, fruits and vegetables 60.9, 58.8, 69.3, live animals 45.8, 54.1, 44.9, chat 303.6, 324.4, 402.5, gold 27.9, 196.5, 672.0, flower 256.6, 422.3, 470.6, total 2,666.5, 2,987.7, 3,617.0. Statistical Table 9, quantity of major exports in metric tons, coffee 2011/12 to 2020/21: 169,408.06, 199,127.77, 189,669.31, 183,870.70, 198,658.11, 225,747.01, 238,572.83, 230,931.42, 271,111.52, 248,653.58. Table 4.12 Loans and Advances by Economic Sectors (PDF p. 61–62), ETB million. Agriculture 2019/20 disbursed 24,902.4, collected 26,393.9, outstanding 21,087.3. 2020/21 disbursed 30,779.8, collected 23,503.6, outstanding 31,823.6. Total outstanding 1,032,203.0 (2019/20) and 1,283,283.8 (2020/21), including corporate bonds. Text p. 59, Birr 329.5 billion of fresh loans in 2020/21, of which agriculture 9.3%.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Annual-Report-2020-2021.pdf
• Annual Report 2018/19 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Table 5.3, values of major export items, US$ million, 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19: coffee 883.2, 839.0, 764.1, oilseeds 351.0, 423.5, 387.8, pulses 279.9, 269.5, 272.3, meat and meat products 98.7, 101.7, 88.6, fruits and vegetables 56.1, 61.4, 60.9, live animals 67.6, 61.1, 45.8, chat 273.0, 263.2, 303.6, gold 208.8, 100.2, 27.9, flower 218.5, 228.6, 256.6, total 2,907.5, 2,836.1, 2,666.5. Table 4.12 Loans and Advances by Economic Sectors (PDF p. 66, printed p. 63), ETB million. Agriculture 2017/18 disbursed 11,401.9, collected 14,073.7, outstanding 19,511.8. 2018/19 disbursed 17,954.7, collected 18,450.1, outstanding 20,387.1. Total 2017/18 disbursed 115,398.1, outstanding 448,954.1. Total 2018/19 disbursed 164,493.9, collected 131,790.3, outstanding 556,641.5, including government deficit financing. Text, agriculture 4.1% of outstanding credit excluding the central government.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Annual-Report-2018-2019.pdf
• Annual Report 2016/17 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Table 5.3, values of major export items, US$ million, 2014/15 and 2015/16 (used for those years) and 2016/17: coffee 780.5, 722.7, 883.2, oilseeds 510.1, 477.2, 351.0, pulses 219.9, 232.4, 279.9, meat and meat products 92.8, 96.4, 98.7, fruits and vegetables 47.6, 53.7, 56.1, live animals 148.5, 147.8, 67.6, chat 272.4, 262.5, 273.0, gold 318.7, 290.7, 208.8, flower 203.1, 225.3, 218.5, total 3,019.3, 2,867.7, 2,907.5. Table 4.12 Loans and Advances by Economic Sectors (PDF p. 62), ETB million. Agriculture 2015/16 disbursed 13,375.7, collected 12,863.4, outstanding 20,377.5. 2016/17 disbursed 13,133.7, collected 13,962.6, outstanding 20,041.8. Total 2015/16 disbursed 88,023.1, outstanding 280,319.0. Total 2016/17 disbursed 109,011.2, outstanding 365,601.2, including government deficit financing.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Annual-Report-2016-2017.pdf
• Publications and statistics, annual reports (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Links to the annual reports 2016/17 to 2024/25. The 2021/22 report is a scanned file without a text layer, so its values were taken from the 2023/24 report.
  https://nbe.gov.et/publications-statistics/statistics/annual-report/
• Annual Report 2024/25, external sector chapter and statistical annex Tables 10 and 11 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (landing page https://nbe.gov.et/files/annual-report-2024-25/). Table 5.6, Value of imports by end use (PDF page 78), US$ million, fertilizers 2022/23 921.0 (5.4% of imports), 2023/24 1,315.3 (7.0%), 2024/25 1,047.4 (5.6%), change −20.4% in 2024/25. Text (PDF page 77) says semi-finished goods import bills fell 9.4% as import bills for fertilizer fell by 20.4%. Statistical annex Table 10, Volume of major imports in metric tonnes, source Ethiopian Customs Commission (PDF page 244), fertilizers 2011/12 907,129.90, 2012/13 402,556.61, 2013/14 853,656.14, 2014/15 959,073.54, 2015/16 883,747.79, 2016/17 1,046,640.69, 2017/18 1,318,169.19, 2018/19 1,196,526.03, 2019/20 1,534,659.83, 2020/21 1,576,103.85, 2021/22 1,349,231.68, 2022/23 1,104,807.65, 2023/24 2,260,862.52, 2024/25 1,336,883.38. Grain (included in food and live animals) 2014/15 1,564,475.70, 2015/16 3,076,636.88, 2016/17 1,662,204.75, 2017/18 2,235,344.92, 2018/19 1,778,046.17, 2019/20 2,594,477.78, 2020/21 3,635,178.14, 2021/22 3,621,673.82, 2022/23 1,826,134.19, 2023/24 1,569,130.87, 2024/25 1,593,917.35. Table 11, Value of imports by end use in birr million (PDF page 245), fertilizers 2017/18 13,001.60, 2018/19 14,219.85, 2019/20 19,517.00, 2020/21 28,031.17, 2021/22 70,195.28, 2022/23 49,289.35, 2023/24 73,629.55, 2024/25 131,019.36.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Annual-Report-2024-2025.pdf
• Annual Report 2022/23, Table 4.12 Loans and Advances by Economic Sectors (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 20 October 2026 (landing page https://nbe.gov.et/files/annual-report-2022-2023-2/). The report is published as page images, and Table 4.12 (PDF page 69, printed page 52, rotated) was rendered and read as an image. In millions of birr, source Commercial Banks and DBE. Agriculture 2021/22 disbursed 21,374.6, collected 25,087.5, outstanding 52,002.7, 2022/23 disbursed 75,885.3, collected 77,174.5, outstanding 93,402.0. Total 2021/22 disbursed 427,909.0, collected 276,480.1, outstanding 1,590,362.9, 2022/23 547,676.7, 401,003.4, 1,950,569.8. Agriculture shares in 2021/22 of 3.3% of outstanding credit and 5.0% of disbursements are own calculations. Text p. 49 states that agriculture took 13.9% of new loans in 2022/23, and text p. 51 that agriculture held 4.8% of outstanding credit at the end of June 2023.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Annual-Report-2022-23.pdf
• Annual Report 2022/23, statistical annex, Value of imports by end use (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026 (landing page https://nbe.gov.et/files/annual-report-2022-2023-2/). Table on value of imports by end use, in millions of birr (PDF page 238), fertilizers 2014/15 10,163.58, 2015/16 9,167.59, 2016/17 8,354.88, 2017/18 13,001.60, 2018/19 14,219.85, 2019/20 19,517.00, 2020/21 28,031.17, 2021/22 70,195.28, 2022/23 49,289.35 (2017/18–2022/23 identical to the 2024/25 report).
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Annual-Report-2022-23.pdf
• Annual Report, publication page (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists annual reports 2016/17 to 2024/25. The 2019/20 page links no file, and the 2021/22 and 2022/23 reports are published as page images without extractable text. The 2021/22 agriculture loan values were read from the rendered Table 4.12 of the 2022/23 report (nbe-ar-2022-23).
  https://nbe.gov.et/publications-statistics/statistics/annual-report/
• Fourth Quarter Report 2024/25 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 1.2.3 (PDF p. 10–11), 32 banks with 12,590 branches at the end of the fourth quarter of 2024/25, 30 private and 2 state-owned, total capital Birr 460.8 billion. New loans in the quarter Birr 251.8 billion, of which agriculture Birr 53.6 billion or 21.3% (section 4.6.2, PDF p. 37). Average lending rate 15.8% against 14.8% a year earlier, average savings deposit rate 8.0%, T-bill weighted average yield 16.8% in the quarter.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Fourth_Quarter_Report_2024-25.pdf
• Financial Stability Report, March 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Data to June 2025. Table 3 (PDF p. 23), financial system assets ETB 5,625.6 billion, banks 4,920.8, MFIs 81.7, insurers 84.9, capital goods companies 8.2. Section 3.2 (PDF p. 23), 32 banks at June 2025, 31 commercial banks with 13,120 branches and one development bank with 104 branches. Figure 7 and Table 19 (PDF p. 26 and 56), commercial banks' loans to agriculture ETB 95.1 billion (6.3%) at June 2024 and ETB 156.2 billion (8.5%) at June 2025, total 1,500.9 and 1,840.8. NPL ratio of commercial banks 3.1% at June 2025 (PDF p. 27). Section 3.2.2 and Table 9 (PDF p. 30–31), DBE loans and bonds ETB 153.6 billion at June 2025 (145.5 a year earlier), total assets 183.8, capital 33.7, net income 4.2, CAR 25.9%. Table 20 (PDF p. 57), DBE net loans 95.9 and bonds 53.0. Section 3.3 (PDF p. 34), 59 MFIs with 1,238 branches at June 2025 (56 and 1,138 a year earlier), 752,387 loan clients and 7,109,133 savers, gross loans ETB 48.9 billion, deposits 41.8. Table 10, MFI gross loans 20.2, 25.3, 31.5, 39.7, 48.9 (June 2021–2025), deposits 16.9, 18.9, 24.3, 31.4, 41.8, MFI NPL ratio 9.9, 8.6, 4.2, 3.6, 3.3. Table 22 (PDF p. 59), MFI loans to agriculture ETB billion 5.8, 6.7, 6.8, 7.1, 8.1, total 20.3, 25.4, 31.4, 39.6, 48.9. Figure 15, agriculture 18.0% (June 2024) and 16.5% (June 2025) of MFI loans. Section 3.3.2 and Table 11, capital goods finance loans ETB 4,592.4 million at June 2025, NPL 2.7%. Table 24 (PDF p. 60), leasing to agriculture 42.7, 103.7, 151.9, 242.7, 397.9 (June 2021–2025), total 1,043.3 to 4,592.2. The header reads billions of Birr but the totals equal Table 11 in millions, so the values are ETB million. Section 3.4 (PDF p. 39–40), 19 insurance companies, gross written premium ETB 41.1 billion in the year to June 2025, 43.1% higher, general business 92.5%, insurance penetration 0.3%. Table 14 (PDF p. 46), mobile money accounts (million) 15.3, 43.3, 68.7, 107.5, 135.9, mobile money agents 35,964, 156,876, 233,036, 415,084, 540,421, mobile banking accounts 11.9, 16.3, 27.3, 39.6, 54.0 (June 2021–2025). Table 17 (PDF p. 48), borrowers registered in the credit reference system 419,113 at June 2025. Section 4.2.2 (PDF p. 49), nearly 63% of adults had a financial account at June 2025 (demand-side triangulation forecast), 313 million transaction accounts, credit accounts 7.54 million (13 per 100 adults). Section 3.2.3.2 (PDF p. 32), Licensing and Renewal of Banking Business and Representative Office Directive sets benchmarks that foreign banks entering the market must fulfil.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/FInancial-Stability-Report_MARCH_2026_.pdf
• NBE together with the MoA is pleased to launch the National Agri-Finance Implementation Roadmap (NAFIR) 2025–2030 (news page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Posted 30 July 2025. The launch was followed by an inaugural steering committee meeting co-chaired by the Governor and the Minister of Agriculture, which approved the governance structure and the first annual work plan framework. Pillar I, a National Agri-Finance Accelerator to provide wholesale finance and credit guarantees, Pillar II FAST, Pillar III an Agri-Finance Centre of Excellence.
  https://nbe.gov.et/nbe_news/nbe-together-with-the-moa-is-pleased-to-launch-the-national-agri-finance-implementation-roadmap-nafir-2025-2030/
• National Financial Inclusion Strategy II (2021–2025) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Section 5 (PDF p. 20–21). Targets for 2025, formal account ownership from 45% (2020) to 70%, digital payments usage from 20% to 49% of adults, gender gap in account ownership from 19 to 10 percentage points, formal savings from 30% to 40% of adults, 500,000 smallholder crop and livestock farmers formally insured, transaction accounts per 100 adults from 159 to 337, digital accounts per 100 adults from 25 to 120, MSME credit from 5% to 10% of private sector loans, 500,000 micro-insurance policies.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/National-Financial-Inclusion-Stratgy-II-2021-2025.pdf
• Press release, Monetary Policy Statement, August 2023 (news page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Board meeting of 7 August 2023. Targets inflation below 20% by June 2024 and below 10% by June 2025, credit growth limited to 14% for the fiscal year ending 30 June 2024, direct advances to the Government limited to one-third of prior-year levels, emergency lending rate raised from 16% to 18%, credit ceilings a temporary arrangement until mid-2024.
  https://nbe.gov.et/nbe_news/press-release-monetary-policy-statement/
• Press release, The NBE announces the launch of a new monetary policy framework, 9 July 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Interest-rate based regime with the National Bank Rate (NBR) set initially at 15%, commercial bank lending rates in the range of 16–20% for most loan categories, minimum savings rate of 7% not changed, open market operations every two weeks from 11 July 2024, standing facilities at the NBR plus or minus 3 percentage points.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Press-Release_English_FVF.pdf
• Press release, The NBE announces a reform of the foreign exchange regime with immediate effect, 29 July 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Shift to a market-based exchange regime in which banks buy and sell foreign currency at freely negotiated rates, guided by Directive FXD/01/2024 released the same day. End of surrender requirements to the NBE, exporters' retention raised to 50% from 40%, removal of import restrictions on 38 product categories, non-bank forex bureaus, removal of interest rate ceilings on external borrowing.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/FXD012024-FOREIGN-EXCHANGE-PR-English.pdf
• Press release, Monetary Policy Committee inaugural meeting, 31 December 2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. NBR kept at 15%, credit growth target raised from 14% to 18%, standing facility rates and reserve requirements unchanged. Inflation 16.9% in November 2024. Target of single-digit inflation over the medium term.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/PR_MPC_English.pdf
• Press release, Monetary Policy Committee meeting no. 2, 25 March 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. NBR kept at 15%, 18% cap on annual credit growth kept. Inflation 15% in February 2025. Interbank weighted average 16.7% in February 2025 within the corridor of 15% plus or minus 3 percentage points.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025002PR_MPC_English.pdf
• Monetary Policy Committee meeting no. 3, 30 June 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. NBR kept at 15%, 18% cap on bank credit growth extended to the September 2025 meeting, Directive MFAD/TRBO/001/2022 requiring Treasury Bond purchases by commercial banks repealed. Inflation 14.4% in April and May 2025.
  https://nbe.gov.et/monetary-policy-committee-meeting-no-3/
• Monetary Policy Committee meeting no. 4, 25 September 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. NBR kept at 15%, credit growth target raised from 18% to 24% for FY 2025/26. Inflation 13.6% in August 2025. Outstanding bank loans 5.4% above the June 2025 balance at the end of August 2025.
  https://nbe.gov.et/monetary-policy-committee-meeting-no-4/
• Monetary Policy Committee meeting no. 5, 22 December 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. NBR kept at 15%, 24% credit cap kept, reserve requirement raised to 10% on monthly average (daily 5%), NBE minimum deposit interest rate terminated. Inflation 10.9% in November 2025. Outstanding bank credit up 44.5% year on year in November 2025.
  https://nbe.gov.et/mpc5/
• Press release, Monetary Policy Committee meeting no. 6, 31 March 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Meeting held 21 March 2026. Policy rate and annual credit growth caps kept. Inflation 9.7% in February 2026, single digit since December 2025. Outstanding bank credit up 45.3% year on year at the end of February 2026 and 33.3% above June 2025.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/PR_MPC6_E.pdf
• Press release, Monetary Policy Committee meeting no. 7, 13 July 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Full removal of the credit cap, policy rate raised by 1.0 percentage point with the plus or minus 3 point band unchanged, targeted additional reserve requirement based on individual banks' loan-to-deposit ratios, NBE FX commission cut from 2.5% to 1.5%, export surrender requirement cut from 50% to 30%. Inflation 13.4% in May 2026. Next meeting at the end of September 2026. No later meeting had been published on nbe.gov.et by 19 October 2026.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/PR_0713_MPC_E.pdf
• Governor's statement, Monetary Policy Committee seventh meeting, 13 July 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Policy rate increased by one percentage point from 15 to 16 percent, with the existing three-percentage-point band maintained. The credit cap was introduced as a temporary measure during the transition. Private banks' loan-to-deposit ratio 72.7% against 90.3% in 2022/23.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Governors-Statement-MPC071326_English.pdf
• Daily indicative exchange rates, 31 December 2025 (NBE exchange rate service, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Data feed behind the NBE page Indicative Daily Exchange Rates (https://nbe.gov.et/exchange/indicatives-rates/). US dollar on 31 December 2025, buying 154.8885, selling 156.4374, weighted average 154.8885 birr per US$. The page defines the indicative rate as the weighted average rate of banks' FX transactions on the previous day, but the published weighted average has equalled the buying rate since 8 October 2025. Before that date it equalled the mid-point of buying and selling, so the mid-point method keeps the series continuous. The end-2025 point of the year-end rate chart therefore uses the mid-point of buying and selling, 155.66 (own calculation).
  https://api.nbe.gov.et/api/filter-exchange-rates?date=2025-12-31
• Daily indicative exchange rates, 31 August 2026 (NBE exchange rate service, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. US dollar on 31 August 2026, buying 160.7084, selling 162.3155, weighted average 160.7084 birr per US$ (equal to the buying rate, as on every date checked since 8 October 2025, while before that date the weighted average equalled the mid-point). The mid-point of buying and selling, 161.51 (own calculation), is used for 2026 amounts under the currency rule.
  https://api.nbe.gov.et/api/filter-exchange-rates?date=2026-08-31
• Daily indicative exchange rates, 16 October 2026 (NBE exchange rate service, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. US dollar on 16 October 2026, buying 160.9237, selling 162.5329, weighted average 160.9237 birr per US$ (equal to the buying rate), mid-point 161.73 (own calculation). Other dates read the same day for checking, weighted average 30 June 2025 135.3679 (IMF June 2025 end of period 135.3711), 30 September 2025 146.4178 (IMF 146.4188), 31 October 2025 152.1386, 30 June 2026 158.0481, 30 September 2026 160.9019. Re-read on 20 October 2026, the weighted average equalled the mid-point of buying and selling on 30 June 2025 (135.2875 and 135.4483), 30 September 2025 (146.406 and 146.4295) and 7 October 2025 (144.879 and 144.9826, weighted average 144.9308), and equalled the buying rate from 8 October 2025 (buying 146.0949, selling 147.5558, weighted average 146.0949), so the mid-point method keeps the series continuous.
  https://api.nbe.gov.et/api/filter-exchange-rates?date=2026-10-16
• Indicative Daily Exchange Rates (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The page loads the daily table from the NBE exchange rate service and defines the indicative daily exchange rate as the weighted average rate calculated from banks' FX transactions on the previous day, a reference rate that is not mandatory for transactions.
  https://nbe.gov.et/exchange/indicatives-rates/
• The Council of Ministers today approved the draft NBE Proclamation and Banking Business Proclamation (news page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Posted 14 June 2024. The Council of Ministers approved the draft NBE Proclamation and Banking Business Proclamation, to be referred to the House of Peoples' Representatives.
  https://nbe.gov.et/nbe_news/the-council-of-ministers-today-approved-the-draft-nbe-proclamation-and-banking-business-proclamation/
• Banking Business Proclamation No. 1360/2025 (file page and scanned PDF)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The NBE file page links the scanned Negarit Gazeta text (https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Banking-Business-Proclamation-No.-13602025.pdf, 119 pages, no extractable text). Cited only for the title and number. Dates and provisions are left to the legal register.
  https://nbe.gov.et/files/banking-business-proclamation-2/
• Requirements for Licensing and Renewal of Banking Business and Representative Office, Directive No. SBB/94/2025, June 2025 (PDF, scanned)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 20 October 2026 (file page https://nbe.gov.et/files/requirements-for-licensing-and-renewal-of-banking-business-and-representative-office/). The cover reads Directive No. SBB/94/2025, June 2025. The PDF is scanned, without extractable text. Its content is described in the NBE Financial Stability Report of March 2026, section 3.2.3.2.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/SBB942025-REQUIREMENTS-FOR-LICENSING-AND-RENEWAL-OF-BANKING-BUSINESS-AND-REPRESENTATIVE-OFFICE-DIRECTIVE.pdf
• Requirements for Licensing a Bank Branch to Operate in Special Economic Zone Directive No. SBB/99/2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Issued under Article 91(2) of Banking Business Proclamation No. 1360/2025. Defines a bank as a private or state-owned bank, a foreign bank subsidiary or a branch of a foreign bank licensed by the National Bank, and defines foreign bank branch and foreign bank subsidiary. Minimum criteria include a market share of at least 1% of banking sector assets.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DIRECTIVE-NO.-SBB992026-REQUIREMENTS-FOR-LICENSING-A-BANK-BRANCH-TO-OPERATE-IN-SPECIAL-ECONOMIC-ZONE-1-1.pdf
• Governor Eyob showcases Ethiopia's financial sector reform agenda at IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings (news page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Posted 15 April 2026. The Governor named deepening domestic financial markets and opening the sector to foreign investment as defining priorities for the next phase of reform. No NBE announcement of a banking licence granted to a foreign bank was found on nbe.gov.et (news list and site search for foreign bank, licence and subsidiary) on 19 October 2026.
  https://nbe.gov.et/nbe_news/governor-eyob-showcases-ethiopias-financial-sector-reform-agenda-at-imf-world-bank-spring-meetings/
• Monetary Policies, list of Monetary Policy Committee meetings (web page)landing page verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Lists the policy framework announcement of July 2024 and Monetary Policy Committee meetings from the inaugural meeting of 31 December 2024 to meeting no. 7 of 13 July 2026. No later meeting was listed on 19 October 2026.
  https://nbe.gov.et/monetary-policies/
• National Bank of Ethiopia Joins Global Green Finance Network, 23 October 2025 (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. News item dated 23 October 2025 announcing that NBE had officially joined the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) and will work with more than 149 central banks and financial regulators to integrate climate and environmental considerations into financial supervision, monetary policy and risk management.
  https://nbe.gov.et/nbe_news/national-bank-of-ethiopia-joins-global-green-finance-network/
• National Bank of Ethiopia Proclamation No. 1359/2025, Federal Negarit Gazette 31st Year No. 14 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Front page shows 31st Year No. 14, Addis Ababa, 4 February 2025, page 17539. The preamble aims to maintain price stability, ensure a sound financial system and redefine the powers of the Bank. Article 55 keeps the NBE employees regulation No. 157/2008 and the Ethiopian Deposit Insurance Fund Regulation No. 482/2021 in force until replaced. Article 56 provides that government debt to the Bank before enactment is settled on agreed terms. Article 57 says it enters into force on the date of publication in the Federal Negarit Gazeta, done at Addis Ababa on 4 February 2025 (Taye Atske-Selassie). The repeal clause on the previous page was not read in full.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/National-Bank-of-Ethiopia-Proclamation-13592025.pdf
• Banking Business Proclamation No. 1360/2025, Federal Negarit Gazette 31st Year No. 28 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Front page shows 31st Year No. 28, Addis Ababa, 12 March 2025, page 17770. The preamble states that opening the banking sector for foreign investment with a carefully designed legal and regulatory framework is believed to improve competitiveness and efficiency, and provides for a resolution regime with the National Bank as resolution authority. Article 94(1) repeals the Banking Business Proclamation No. 592/2008 and the Banking Business (Amendment) Proclamation No. 1159/2019, Article 94(2) repeals the bank provisions of Investment Regulation No. 474/2020 Article 4(1). Article 95 says it enters into force on the date of publication, done at Addis Ababa on 12 March 2025 (Taye Atske Selassie).
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Banking-Business-Proclamation-No.-13602025.pdf
• Banking Business Proclamation No. 592/2008, Federal Negarit Gazeta 14th Year No. 57 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 14th Year No. 57, Addis Ababa, 25 August 2008, done at Addis Ababa on 25 August 2008. Repeals Proclamation No. 84/1994, enters into force on publication. Repealed by Proclamation No. 1360/2025.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/BANKING-BUSINESS-592.pdf
• Microfinancing Business Proclamation No. 626/2009, Federal Negarit Gazeta 15th Year No. 33 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 15th Year No. 33, Addis Ababa, 12 May 2009, done at Addis Ababa on 12 May 2009. Article 29 repeals Proclamation No. 40/1996, the Proclamation enters into force on publication.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Microfinance-Business-Proclamation.pdf
• Microfinance Business (Amendment) Proclamation No. 1164/2019, Federal Negarit Gazette 26th Year No. 7 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Front page shows 26th Year No. 7, Addis Ababa, 9 January 2020, page 12078. Replaces the definition of company so that capital may be owned by Ethiopian nationals or foreign nationals of Ethiopian origin, and lets the National Bank issue directives on investment in microfinance institutions by foreign nationals of Ethiopian origin. Article 3 says it comes into force on publication, done at Addis Ababa on 9 January 2020 (Sahlework Zewdie).
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/microfinance-business-proclamation-1164-2019.pdf
• Insurance Business Proclamation No. 746/2012, Federal Negarit Gazeta 18th Year No. 57 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Front page shows 18th Year No. 57, Addis Ababa, 22 August 2012, page 6462. Article 59(1) repeals the Licensing and Supervision of Insurance Business Proclamation No. 86/1994, Article 60 says it comes into force on publication, done at Addis Ababa on 22 August 2012 (Girma Woldegiorgis).
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Insurance-business.pdf
• Insurance Business (Amendment) Proclamation No. 1163/2019, Federal Negarit Gazette 26th Year No. 6 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Front page shows 26th Year No. 6, Addis Ababa, 9 January 2020, page 12071. Amends Proclamation No. 746/2012, including the definition of company (capital owned by Ethiopian nationals or foreign nationals of Ethiopian origin) and a power for the National Bank to issue a directive on takaful insurance alongside conventional insurance. Article 3 says it comes into force on publication, done at Addis Ababa on 9 January 2020.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/insurance-business-proclamation-1163-2019.pdf
• Movable Property Security Right Proclamation No. 1147/2019, Federal Negarit Gazeta 25th Year No. 76 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Front page shows 25th Year No. 76, Addis Ababa, 7 August 2019, page 11380. The preamble says a modern secured transactions system lets individuals and entities use movable assets as security for credit and creates opportunity to expand banking services to rural areas, and calls for a single electronic registration regime to determine priority among competing claimants. Article 96 says it comes into force on the expiry of 12 months after publication or on the commencement of operation of the Collateral Registry, whichever comes first, done at Addis Ababa on 7 August 2019 (Sahlework Zewdie).
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/movable-property-security-right.pdf
• National Payment System Proclamation No. 718/2011, Federal Negarit Gazeta 17th Year No. 84 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Gazette 17th Year No. 84, Addis Ababa, 18 July 2011, done at Addis Ababa on 18 July 2011. Article 39 says it enters into force on publication.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/nationalpaymentsystem.pdf
• National Payment System (Amendment) Proclamation No. 1282/2023, Federal Negarit Gazette 29th Year No. 9 (PDF scan)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Front page shows 29th Year No. 9, Addis Ababa, 3 February 2023, page 14609. Amends Proclamation No. 718/2011 in line with new developments and innovations in the payment system. Inserted Article 37 requires licensed payment instrument issuers and payment system operators to renew their licence every year. Article 3 says it enters into force on publication, done at Addis Ababa on 3 February 2023 (Sahle-Work Zewde).
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/National-Payment-SystemAmendement-Proclamation-No.1282-2023.pdf
• Foreign Exchange Directive No. FXD/01/2024 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Issued under Proclamation No. 591/2008 (as amended). Article 5.1 allows banks and authorized dealers to buy and sell foreign currencies at freely negotiated rates, Article 5.3 has the NBE publish an Indicative Daily Exchange Rate from bank submissions. Article 6.2 requires exporters to convert 50% of export proceeds into birr at a freely negotiated rate and keep 50% in a retention account. Article 25.3 says the Directive is effective as of 29 July 2024.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/FXD012024-FOREIGN-EXCHANGE-.pdf
• Amendment to Foreign Exchange Directive No. FXD/01/2024, Directive No. FXD/05/2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Delegates approval of letters of credit and cash against documents to commercial banks and allows holders of foreign currency accounts to initiate shipments before bank approval. Article 4 says it enters into force as of 25 May 2026.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/DIRECTIVE-NO.-FXD-05-2026-AMENDMENT-TO-FOREIGN-EXCHANGE-DIRECTIVE-NO.-FXD-01-2024-.pdf
• Investment on DBE Bonds (Repealing) Directive No. SBB/98/2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Issued under Proclamations No. 1359/2025 and No. 1360/2025, applies to all commercial banks. Article 3 repeals Investment on DBE Bonds Directive No. SBB/81/2021. Article 4.1 requires a bank that has not invested 1% of its audited outstanding loans and advances (30 June 2025 position) in DBE bonds to settle the requirement no later than 31 January 2026. Article 5 says it comes into force as of 31 December 2025.
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/DIRECTIVE-NO.-SBB982025-INVESTMENT-ON-DBE-BONDS-REPEALING-.pdf
• National Financial Inclusion Strategy II, 2021–2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Dated September 2021. Account ownership rose from 22% in 2014 to about 45% in 2020 (Findex based estimate). Mission to ensure 70% of adults are included by 2025, overall demand-side target to increase the proportion of adults owning a formal financial account from 45% (2020) to 70% by 2025. Lists scaling national agricultural insurance in integration with the MoA strategy and RUFIP III as a priority action.
  https://www.nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/National-Financial-Inclusion-Stratgy-II-2021-2025.pdf
• Financial Institutions (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The page counter listed 32 banks, 18 insurers, 56 microfinance institutions, 6 capital goods finance or lease companies, 27 payment instrument issuers or system operators, 1 re-insurance company, 15 independent foreign exchange bureaus and 82 money transfer agencies. The counter carries no date, so the counts are given as read on 19 October 2026.
  https://nbe.gov.et/financial-institutions/

National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) and Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)

• National Agri-Finance Implementation Roadmap (NAFIR) 2025–30, July 2025 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Executive summary (PDF p. 10–12), in 2023/24 agriculture took 8% of bank loans disbursed excluding the CBE fertiliser financing scheme (24% including it) and 18% of MFI loans outstanding. Agri-finance supply in 2023/24 ETB 125 billion including CBE fertiliser finance (banks ETB 107 billion, of which fertiliser finance about ETB 72 billion, MFIs ETB 4 billion, SACCOs ETB 13 billion) and ETB 52 billion excluding it, against a potential annual demand of ETB 2,582 billion. The TYDP sets a policy target of ETB 881 billion of credit to agriculture per year by 2030 (Table 5, PDF p. 44, ETB 880.8 billion in 2029/30 against 34.2 billion in 2019/20). Agri-lending by pre-2021 private banks 1–3% of their credit, MFI share of credit to agriculture fell from 30% to 18% over four years. Chart 7 (PDF p. 48), 2023/24 agri-finance excluding fertiliser finance, ETB million, public banks 9,659, pre-2021 private banks 2,543, post-2021 private banks 22,547, MFIs 4,093, RuSACCOs 13,174, total 52,016. Text p. 49, shares 43%, 25%, 19%, 8% and 5%. Table 7 (PDF p. 50), in 2023/24 total bank credit -14% and agri-finance +41%. Insurance (PDF p. 50–51), growth in livestock and floriculture insurance from four providers, UNDP and MoA Insurance and Risk Finance Facility launched in 2024, JICA ICIP and IFAD PARM programmes. Six capital goods finance companies licensed, one exited. Table 9 (PDF p. 53), loans against pledged agricultural assets in 2023/24 ETB 20.2 billion (NRLAIS 1.0, NWRS 0.7, MPSR 18.5), 38.8% of agri-finance excluding fertiliser finance. PDF p. 54, MPSR 221,367 movable asset registrations in 2023/24, of which 1,563 agricultural (1,311 machinery, 131 warehouse receipts, 103 produce consignments, 11 SLLCs), regulatory requirement to disburse 5% of loans against movable collateral (Directive MCR/01/2020). Box 8 (PDF p. 54–55), input voucher system, vouchers issued by FIs including RuSACCOs and MFIs, redeemed for fertiliser and improved seed at a primary cooperative store, in 2023 over 6.6 million producers (20% female) bought over 11.5 million quintals of seed and fertiliser worth ETB 31.7 billion, in cash or on credit. ATI assessed nearly 4,000 RuSACCOs. Box 9 (PDF p. 56), RUFIP-III US$300 million, launched 2020, implemented by DBE, credit lines to 14 MFIs and 26 RuSACCOs worth ETB 378 million by January 2025. Pillars NAFA, FAST and CoE (PDF p. 12–13).
  https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/NAFIR.pdf

National Planning Commission (NPC), Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

• Ethiopia's Progress Towards Eradicating Poverty, An Interim Report on 2015/16 Poverty Analysis Study, September 2017 (PDF, IHSN copy)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Copy of the official report hosted by the International Household Survey Network. Section 4.1 and Table 8 (PDF page 19): poverty headcount 23.5% in 2015/16, urban 14.8%, rural 25.6%, food poverty 24.8% (urban 15.2%, rural 27.1%), Gini 0.328, based on the 2015/16 HICE survey with 30,255 observations. Table 10 (PDF page 21, printed page 17), headcount index 1995/96, 1999/00, 2004/05, 2010/11, 2015/16: national 45.5, 44.2, 38.7, 29.6, 23.5, rural 47.5, 45.4, 39.3, 30.4, 25.6, urban 33.2, 36.9, 35.1, 25.7, 14.8.
  https://datacatalog.ihsn.org//catalog/9245/download/92897

Planning and Development Commission, FDRE (FAOLEX copy)

• Ethiopia 2030. The Pathway to Prosperity, Ten Years Development Plan (2021–2030) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Chapter 2 presents the Homegrown Economic Reform as the basis of the plan. The share of agriculture in GDP is projected to decrease from 32.6% in 2019/20 to 22% in 2029/30, industry to rise from 29% to 35.9%. Agriculture is projected to contribute on average 1.6 percentage points to GDP growth. Section 5.1 targets for 2020/21–2029/30 include total crop production from 543 million quintals to 925 million quintals, irrigated crop production from 8 to 38 million quintals, the share of medium and large private farms in crop production from 4% to 16%, improved seed supply from 1.09 to 2.3 million quintals and fertiliser distribution from 16.1 to 32.9 million quintals. Table 11 (source NBE) plans total non-budget domestic loans of birr 14 trillion over the plan period, of which birr 3.4 trillion (24.3%) to agriculture, birr 5.7 trillion (40.7%) to industry and birr 4.9 trillion (35%) to services.
  https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth215704.pdf

Policy Studies Institute, hosted by the Ministry of Finance (MoF)

• Assessment Report of the Homegrown Economic Reform (HGER) Agenda (2019–2022) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Reviews macro-financial, structural and sectoral reforms for July 2019 to June/July 2022. Section 1.2 says CBE accounted for 59% of total assets, 52% of outstanding credit and 52% of deposits of the commercial banking sector in June 2022, a deposit insurance regulation was approved and the Liabilities and Assets Management Corporation was formed to address SOE loans. Section 3.1 lists agricultural reforms, including a revision of the Agriculture and Rural Development Policy and a draft revised Rural Lands Administration and Use Proclamation submitted to the Council of Ministers.
  https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/73/ef/73ef5663-acad-4c3a-bf43-d06c7ce16339/hger_implementation_review_report_finalv2.pdf

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

• Ethiopia, 2016 Humanitarian Requirements Document (HRD) Snapshot, as of 5 January 2016 (ReliefWeb page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Failed 2015 spring belg rains and the El Niño-caused drought during the summer kiremt season drove food insecurity. 10.2 million people needed emergency food assistance in 2016, and 435,000 children under five and 1.7 million children and pregnant and lactating women required specialised nutritional support.
  https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-2016-humanitarian-requirements-document-hrd-snapshot-5-january-2016
• Ethiopia, Drought Situation Update #1, as of 10 March 2023 (ReliefWeb page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. The drought followed five consecutive failed rainy seasons, with the southern and eastern parts of the country affected. 24 million people living in drought-affected areas, 11 million people estimated to be food insecure, about 6.85 million livestock deaths since late 2021. The 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan required an estimated US$2.05 billion for the drought response out of a total of US$3.99 billion. In 2022 US$928 million was secured of the US$1.66 billion required for the drought response (as of end-December 2022). Partners assisted 11 million of 17 million targeted people in 2022. Drought-affected regions named are Somali, Oromia and SNNP.
  https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-drought-situation-update-1-10-march-2023

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and Ethiopian Disaster Risk Management Commission (EDRMC)

• Ethiopia, Oct-Nov-Dec rainy season, Flash Update 1, as of 18 December 2023 (ReliefWeb page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Prepared jointly by OCHA and EDRMC. About 1.5 million people affected by the El Niño-induced floods of the deyr/hageya (October to December) rain season in Somali, South Ethiopia, South West Ethiopia, Oromia, Afar, Amhara and Gambela regions. As of 6 December 2023, 60 fatalities, over 616,000 people displaced, at least 215,600 ha of cropland and 123,000 ha of grazing land destroyed and 21,500 livestock deaths. CERF rapid response funding of up to US$8 million preliminarily approved.
  https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-oct-nov-dec-rainy-season-flash-update-1-18-december-2023

United Nations Statistics Division

• UN Comtrade – Ethiopia, agri-food trade (HS chapters 01–24) by partner, 2023 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Queries by HS chapter (groups of four chapters) and flow, the link shows exports of chapter 09 (coffee, tea and spices). Change cmdCode (01–24) and flowCode (X/M) for the other series. Ethiopia (reporter 231) had reported annual data up to 2023, queries for 2024 and 2025 returned no records on 19 October 2026. Totals 2023 (own sums of partners, equal to the sums of the World rows): exports US$2,567.7 m, imports US$2,379.6 m. Largest export partners (US$ m): Saudi Arabia 297.67, Netherlands 214.43, United States 203.34, UAE 161.02, Somalia 141.28, India 125.69, Germany 123.09, South Korea 113.85, Israel 103.81, Japan 103.75, Djibouti 92.73, China 84.12. Largest import partners: India 485.52, United States 453.71, Türkiye 297.89, Djibouti 193.54, Malaysia 187.02, Indonesia 114.48, Ukraine 80.18, UAE 76.33, France 68.13, Egypt 60.98. Export chapters: 09 1,235.2, 07 499.5, 12 424.5, 06 262.1, 02 63.0, 19 23.9, 01 17.6, 08 15.2. Import chapters: 15 749.6, 10 576.0, 17 286.9, 07 176.1, 21 157.3, 11 139.6, 19 102.8. Chapter 09 exports by partner: Saudi Arabia 239.63, United States 145.28, South Korea 111.82, Germany 111.81, Japan 89.74, China 72.75, Belgium 71.83. Chapter 06 exports to the Netherlands 194.52. Chapter 12 exports: Israel 80.54, India 64.76, UAE 59.00. Chapter 07 exports: Somalia 133.11, Djibouti 87.42, India 58.10. Chapter 10 imports: United States 225.26, India 185.21, Ukraine 65.93. Chapter 15 imports: Djibouti 193.54, Malaysia 185.48, Türkiye 159.22, Indonesia 112.24. Chapter 17 imports: India 227.16. Own groupings, share of exports and imports: EU-27 21.1% and 6.8%, Gulf Cooperation Council members (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain) 18.8% and 3.6%, IGAD members (Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda) 12.3% and 9.6%.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=231&period=2023&flowCode=X&cmdCode=09&motCode=0&customsCode=C00&partner2Code=0
• UN Comtrade – Ethiopia, agri-food trade by HS chapter (01–24), world partner, 2013–2023 (public preview API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026, one query per year and flow (change period 2013–2023 and flowCode X/M). Classification as reported, H3 for 2013, H4 for 2014–2018, H5 for 2019–2021, H6 for 2022–2023. Own sums of chapters 01–24, US$ m. Exports: 2013 1,369.2, 2014 1,764.9, 2015 1,491.2, 2016 1,528.3, 2017 1,683.9, 2018 1,165.9, 2019 2,200.4, 2020 2,191.5, 2021 2,749.9, 2022 2,775.8, 2023 2,567.7. Imports: 1,507.8, 1,492.1, 1,725.2, 2,281.7, 1,948.9, 2,258.4, 1,902.2, 2,605.9, 4,323.0, 3,956.3, 2,379.6. Export chapter 09: 493.8, 683.2, 677.8, 643.7, 808.0, 391.2, 814.1, 814.2, 1,209.5, 1,525.4, 1,235.2. Export chapter 12: 475.2, 642.1, 433.8, 486.7, 433.1, 328.0, 420.3, 440.6, 407.2, 284.5, 424.5. Export chapter 06: 6.4, 6.4, 4.7, 5.9, 7.6, 10.1, 226.8, 217.3, 290.2, 255.3, 262.1. Import chapter 10: 625.6, 503.3, 641.5, 1,003.3, 705.5, 788.1, 778.4, 861.1, 1,683.1, 1,345.9, 576.0. Import chapter 15: 396.6, 450.9, 498.0, 518.4, 559.1, 608.7, 431.2, 896.3, 1,397.6, 1,421.3, 749.6.
  https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=231&period=2023&flowCode=X&cmdCode=01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24&motCode=0&customsCode=C00&partner2Code=0&partnerCode=0

United Nations in Ethiopia

• Ethiopian farmers set to benefit from climate-smart initiatives (press release, web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Press release of 8 May 2023. IFAD and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia signed the PACT grant agreement for US$106.54 million on 8 May 2023 in Addis Ababa. The release states that the PACT grant is funded by IFAD (US$78.2 million), the European Union (US$17.84 million) and ASAP (US$10.5 million). IFAD's design report (ifad-pact) shows an EC grant of US$16.86 million.
  https://ethiopia.un.org/en/230613-ethiopian-farmers-set-benefit-climate-smart-initiatives

United States, Executive Office of the President (Federal Register via govinfo)

• Proclamation 10326 of 23 December 2021, To Modify the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States and for Other Purposes, 86 FR (28 December 2021) (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Signed 23 December 2021, published 28 December 2021. Clause 17 and paragraph (12) terminate the designation of Ethiopia, Guinea and Mali as beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries under section 506A of the Trade Act (AGOA), effective 1 January 2022, after a determination that they do not meet the requirements of section 506A(a)(1).
  https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-12-28/pdf/2021-28334.pdf

World Bank

• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (current US$), NV.AGR.TOTL.CD (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026, database last updated 2026-10-08. US$ million: 2010 12,406.6, 2011 13,180.5, 2012 19,200.1, 2013 19,649.9, 2014 21,422.1, 2015 22,392.6, 2016 23,759.0, 2017 25,795.9, 2018 26,017.1, 2019 30,887.0, 2020 35,087.8, 2021 40,987.9, 2022 46,352.8, 2023 48,624.6, 2024 52,070.4, 2025 41,469.2. Ethiopian national accounts are compiled by fiscal year ending 7 July, and the WDI year shown is the year in which the fiscal year ends (WDI 2025 = 2024/25, own check against the NBE annual report). Own check of the implied conversion factor (current birr value NV.AGR.TOTL.CN divided by the US$ value) gives 50.0 for 2022, 64.2 for 2023, 78.7 for 2024 and 119.46 for 2025, identical to the WDI alternative conversion factor PA.NUS.ATLS in every year 2010–2025.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.CD?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (current LCU), NV.AGR.TOTL.CN, and DEC alternative conversion factor (LCU per US$), PA.NUS.ATLS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. PA.NUS.ATLS (birr per US$): 2010 12.89, 2015 20.9, 2016 22.9, 2017 24.0, 2018 26.4, 2019 29.3, 2020 34.2, 2021 39.8, 2022 50.0, 2023 64.2, 2024 78.7, 2025 119.4568. NV.AGR.TOTL.CN (same API with the code changed, birr billion): 2010 159.9, 2015 468.0, 2020 1,200.0, 2023 3,121.7, 2024 4,097.9, 2025 4,953.8. The official rate PA.NUS.FCRF (same API) has values to 2024 only (2023 54.60, 2024 82.60).
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/PA.NUS.ATLS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Ethiopia country metadata (national accounts base year, special notes, SNA) (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. National accounts base year 2016. Special notes say national accounts data are fiscal year-based, with fiscal year-end 7 July, that multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and that an alternative conversion factor (PA.NUS.ATLS) calculated by an inflation-adjustment method is used for 2015–2024. The country uses the 2008 System of National Accounts methodology.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/2/country/ETH/metatypes/SpecialNotes;NationalAccountsBaseYear;SystemOfNationalAccounts?format=json
• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry and fishing, value added (% of GDP), NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026, database last updated 2026-10-08. 2010 41.45, 2011 41.25, 2012 44.33, 2013 41.24, 2014 38.52, 2015 36.06, 2016 34.70, 2017 33.78, 2018 31.22, 2019 33.63, 2020 35.56, 2021 37.58, 2022 37.64, 2023 35.79, 2024 34.77, 2025 32.82. Share of GDP at current market prices, fiscal years ending 7 July of the year shown. Industry (NV.IND.TOTL.ZS) 2025 27.76 and services (NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS) 2025 36.57, same API with the code changed.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Agriculture, forestry and fishing, value added (annual % growth), NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. 2010 5.13, 2011 9.01, 2012 4.92, 2013 7.10, 2014 5.45, 2015 6.38, 2016 4.20, 2017 6.68, 2018 3.51, 2019 3.83, 2020 4.25, 2021 5.55, 2022 6.12, 2023 6.25, 2024 6.97, 2025 7.34. The 2018–2025 values match the MoPD rates for 2017/18–2024/25 printed in the NBE Annual Report 2024/25 to one decimal.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – GDP growth (annual %), NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. 2010 12.55, 2011 11.18, 2012 8.65, 2013 10.58, 2014 10.26, 2015 10.39, 2016 9.43, 2017 9.56, 2018 6.82, 2019 8.36, 2020 6.06, 2021 5.64, 2022 5.32, 2023 6.59, 2024 7.61, 2025 9.77. Growth of GDP at constant market prices. The MoPD rates in the NBE annual report (7.2% in 2022/23, 8.1% in 2023/24 and 9.2% in 2024/25) refer to GDP at constant basic prices.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – GDP (current US$), NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. US$ billion: 2010 29.93, 2015 62.10, 2020 98.68, 2023 135.87, 2024 149.74, 2025 126.36. GDP in current birr (NY.GDP.MKTP.CN, same API with the code changed) 2025 15,094.4 billion, equal to the NBE figure for 2024/25.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Employment in agriculture (% of total employment, modelled ILO estimate), total, female and male, SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS, SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS, SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Total: 2010 73.84, 2011 72.71, 2012 72.09, 2013 71.03, 2014 69.56, 2015 67.96, 2016 66.42, 2017 64.72, 2018 63.37, 2019 61.81, 2020 63.63, 2021 63.47, 2022 62.97, 2023 62.17, 2024 61.01, 2025 60.14. Female (SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS): 67.82, 66.38, 65.21, 63.60, 61.70, 59.59, 57.78, 55.60, 53.79, 51.68, 54.14, 54.54, 53.71, 52.55, 51.08, 50.03. Male (SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS): 78.89, 78.04, 77.87, 77.30, 76.07, 74.79, 73.36, 71.92, 70.79, 69.50, 70.63, 69.91, 69.71, 69.22, 68.33, 67.63. Female and male series read from the same API with the indicator code changed.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), rural population (SP.RUR.TOTL) and rural population (% of total, SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS) (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Population (million): 2010 90.54, 2015 103.87, 2020 118.92, 2023 128.69, 2024 132.06, 2025 135.47. Rural population (million, SP.RUR.TOTL): 2010 74.70, 2015 83.66, 2020 93.20, 2025 102.81. Rural population % of total (SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS): 2010 82.51, 2015 80.55, 2020 78.37, 2023 76.94, 2024 76.38, 2025 75.89. Other codes read from the same API with the indicator code changed.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Inflation, consumer prices (annual %), FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. 2010 8.15, 2011 33.25, 2012 23.60, 2013 7.46, 2014 6.89, 2015 9.57, 2016 6.63, 2017 10.69, 2018 13.83, 2019 15.81, 2020 20.36, 2021 26.84, 2022 33.89, 2023 30.22, 2024 21.04, 2025 13.23. Calendar-year averages (the values differ from the NBE fiscal-year averages).
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Agricultural land (% of land area, AG.LND.AGRI.ZS, sq. km, AG.LND.AGRI.K2), arable land (% of land area, AG.LND.ARBL.ZS, hectares, AG.LND.ARBL.HA) and agricultural irrigated land (% of agricultural land, AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS) (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Agricultural land % of land area: 2010 31.78, 2011 32.35, 2012 32.50, 2013 32.68, 2014 32.87, 2015 33.06, 2016 33.24, 2017 33.43, 2018 33.75, 2019 34.01, 2020 34.27, 2021 34.54, 2022 34.26, 2023 34.27, 2024 34.27. Agricultural land 2024 384,569 sq. km. Arable land % of land area: 2010 12.97, 2011 13.53, 2012 13.67, 2013 13.78, 2014 13.89, 2015 14.00, 2016 14.11, 2017 14.22, 2018 14.41, 2019 14.42, 2020 14.42, 2021 14.64, 2022 14.61, 2023 14.61, 2024 14.61, arable land 2024 16.40 million ha. Land area 2024 1,122,130 sq. km (AG.LND.TOTL.K2). Agricultural irrigated land (% of agricultural land): 2010 0.51, 2011 0.45, 2017 1.84, 2018 2.08, 2020 0.47, no later value. Other codes read from the same API with the indicator code changed.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Forest area (% of land area, AG.LND.FRST.ZS, sq. km, AG.LND.FRST.K2) (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026, database last updated 2026-10-08. Forest area sq. km: 2000 278,094, 2005 274,454, 2010 270,814, 2015 267,862, 2016 267,823, 2017 267,784, 2018 267,745, 2019 267,706, 2020 267,667, 2021 267,627.8, 2022 267,588.6, 2023 267,549.4, 2024 267,510.2, 2025 267,471. Forest area % of land area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS, https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?format=json&per_page=300): 2000 27.81, 2003 27.59, 2004 24.51, 2010 24.12, 2015 23.85, 2020 23.84, 2024 23.84. The share series breaks between 2003 and 2004 while the area series in sq. km is continuous. The same source was also read at https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?format=json&per_page=300 2010 24.12, 2011 24.07, 2012 24.01, 2013 23.96, 2014 23.91, 2015 23.85, 2016 23.85, 2017 23.85, 2018 23.84, 2019 23.84, 2020 23.84, 2021 23.84, 2022 23.84, 2023 23.84, 2024 23.84.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.K2?format=json&per_page=300
• World Development Indicators – Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population), SI.POV.NAHC, with observation footnotes (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. 2010 29.6, 2015 23.5, 2021 33.1. Footnotes (https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/2/footnote/ETH~SI.POV.NAHC~YR2021/metadata?format=json and the same for YR2010 and YR2015): 2010 and 2015 'Source: FDRE, 2017', 2021 'Source: WB calculation based on HoWStat 2021'. The poverty rate at US$3.00 a day (2021 PPP, SI.POV.DDAY) was 37.4 in 2010, 33.0 in 2015 and 38.6 in 2021.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?format=json&per_page=300
• Poverty & Equity Brief, Ethiopia, October 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Page 1: poverty at US$3.00 a day (2021 PPP) rose from 33% in 2015 to 39% by 2021 (38.6%). Page 2: national poverty line 33.1% in 2021 (40,467.7 thousand poor), US$3.00 line 38.6% (47,189.6 thousand), US$4.20 line 63.7%, US$8.30 line 93.5%, multidimensional poverty measure 65.5%. At the US$3.00 line in 2021, urban 15.3% and rural 45.2%. The 2021 estimates come from the 2021 Household Welfare Statistics survey, which excluded the Tigray region and a few neighbouring areas. The National Integrated Household Survey ran from September 2024 to September 2025.
  https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099559004212518954/pdf/IDU-74184097-0606-4f26-a1b5-135f87d3c88c.pdf
• World Development Indicators – Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP), NV.IND.TOTL.ZS, and services, value added (% of GDP), NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Industry % of GDP: 2010 9.44, 2015 16.30, 2020 23.10, 2023 24.48, 2024 25.36, 2025 27.76. Services % of GDP (NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS, same API with the code changed): 2010 41.76, 2015 39.55, 2020 36.83, 2023 36.98, 2024 37.47, 2025 36.57. Shares of GDP at current market prices, fiscal years ending 7 July of the year shown.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/NV.IND.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=300
• Ethiopia – Sixth Productive Safety Net Project (P511478), Project Appraisal Document, February 2026 (PDF)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Paragraph 9 (PDF page 14), in 2024 the government raised its budget contribution to rural and urban safety nets from approximately ETB 7.9 billion (US$130 million) a year to ETB 60 billion (approximately US$450 million). Paragraph 10, the rural PSNP covers approximately 8 million beneficiaries from approximately 2.5 million households in 50 percent of woredas, the Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project reaches 1.7 million individuals in 88 cities, together about 10.3 percent of the population. Figure 1 (PDF page 15), PSNP beneficiaries by year (million), 2005 4.6, 2006 7.2, 2007 7.2, 2008 7.4, 2009 7.6, 2010 7.8, 2011 7.5, 2012 7.6, 2013 6.9, 2014 6.0, 2015 5.2, 2016–2022 7.9, 2023–2025 7.8. Woredas, 192, 286, 282, 290, 300, 305, 319, 319, 319, 318, 318, 329, 349, 350, 382, 382, 408, 485, 485, 489, 492. Regions, PSNP 1 (2005–2006) 6, PSNP 2 (2007–2010) 8, PSNP 3 (2011–2015) 8, PSNP 4 (2016–2020) 8, PSNP 5 (2021–2025) 11. Paragraph 14, MoA is the lead implementing agency, MoF handles resource mobilisation and fiduciary oversight. Paragraph 16, PSNP 5 received US$439 million from development partners. Paragraph 23 (PDF pages 18–19), PSNP 6 targets 8 million extreme poor beneficiaries (approximately 2 million households) and scales up from 11 to 13 regions, with 6 million public works and 2 million direct support beneficiaries. Paragraph 25, financing of US$200 million IDA credit, US$1,875 million government contributions and a proposed US$300 million multi-donor trust fund.
  https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099021126194012306/pdf/BOSIB-a7e3e155-9f89-43d5-b7ff-bc4c5b0a5e12.pdf
• Projects API – Ethiopia, projects matching 'safety net' (JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. IDA amounts (US$ million), board approval date and status. P098093 Productive Safety Nets APL II 200, 9 January 2007, closed. P113220 PSNP APL III 480, 22 October 2009, closed. P126430 APL III additional financing 370, 29 March 2012, closed. P146883 PSNP 4 600, 30 September 2014, closed. P158770 PSNP 4 additional financing 100, 30 June 2016. P163350 PSNP 4 additional financing 108.1, 2 May 2017. P163438 Rural Productive Safety Net Project 600, 14 September 2017, closed 30 June 2022. P172479 Strengthen Ethiopia's Adaptive Safety Net (SEASN) 1,100, 25 November 2020, closed 30 June 2026. P176997 SEASN additional financing 37.5, 10 September 2021. P179092 SEASN second additional financing 350, 20 September 2022. P181626 SEASN third additional financing 200, 28 March 2024. P511478 Productive Safety Net Project 6 200, 3 March 2026, active, closing 31 December 2031. P511363 Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project 250, 9 December 2025, active.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=ET&qterm=safety%20net&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalamt,status,closingdate&rows=20
• Productive Safety Net Project 6, P511478 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Active, approved 3 March 2026, closing 31 December 2031, IDA commitment US$200,000,000, implementing agency Ministry of Agriculture. PDO to improve access to better jobs and livelihoods, build the resilience of the poorest households and improve the effectiveness of the adaptive social protection system. The abstract names it PSNP 6. The same source was also read at https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P511478,P172479&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalamt,curr_total_commitment,closingdate,project_abstract,pdo,status P511478, approved 3 March 2026, IDA amount at approval US$200 million, current total commitment US$221 million, status active, closing 31 December 2031. Development objective to improve access to better jobs and livelihoods, build the resilience of the poorest households and improve the effectiveness of the adaptive social protection system. P172479 (support to PSNP 5), approved 25 November 2020, US$1,100 million, current total commitment field US$2,099.2 million (the database does not break it down), closed 30 June 2026.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P511478&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo,project_abstract
• Global Findex, Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+), FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS, World Bank API (Findex 2025 database)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Ethiopia survey years 2014, 2017, 2022 and 2024 (no 2021 observation). Total 21.79, 34.83, 46.48, 48.83. Female (FX.OWN.TOTL.FE.ZS) 21.00, 29.08, 38.74, 41.62. Male (FX.OWN.TOTL.MA.ZS) 22.62, 40.94, 54.68, 56.53. Gender gap 2024 14.9 percentage points (own calculation). Database last updated 2026-10-08.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=100
• Global Findex database (source 28), borrowing indicators fin22a, fin22a_1, fin22a.22a1.22g.d, borrow.any.t.d, fin22b (% age 15+), World Bank APIverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Borrowed from a formal bank or similar financial institution (fin22a) 2014 7.36, 2017 10.66, 2022 4.60, 2024 2.62. Borrowed from a mobile money provider (fin22a_1) 2022 0.65, 2024 1.85. Formal institution or mobile money (fin22a.22a1.22g.d) 7.36, 10.66, 5.03, 4.32. Borrowed any money (borrow.any.t.d) 43.52, 41.22, 38.90, 53.67. Borrowed from family or friends (fin22b) 29.46, 30.91, 30.12, 38.82. Database last updated 2025-10-06.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/fin22a?source=28&format=json&per_page=100
• Global Findex database (source 28), account, mobile money and savings indicators (account.t.d, account.t.d.9, account.t.d.10, mobileaccount.t.d, fin17a), World Bank APIverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Mobile money account (mobileaccount.t.d) 2014 0.03, 2017 0.32, 2022 4.64, 2024 9.45. Saved at a bank or similar financial institution (fin17a) 13.63, 26.29, 22.65, 25.10. Account, rural (account.t.d.9) 2024 43.30. Account, urban (account.t.d.10) 2024 73.20. Change the indicator code in the link for each series. Database last updated 2025-10-06.
  https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ETH/indicator/mobileaccount.t.d?source=28&format=json&per_page=100
• DRIVE (P176517) Implementation Status and Results Report, sequence 5, archived 9 February 2026 (text)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. De-risking, Inclusion and Value Enhancement of Pastoral Economies in the Horn of Africa, approved 21 June 2022, closing September 2027. Number of pastoralists and their dependents covered by financial services and capacity building in Ethiopia, 1,042,835 (23 December 2024) and 894,400 (10 October 2025), closing target 500,000 (78,125 pastoralists in year 5 by the package of savings, insurance and digital accounts multiplied by an average household of 6.4). Project-wide 3,220,646 against 1,600,000. Women supported who own a bank account in Ethiopia 44% (10 October 2025), baseline 29%, target 32%.
  https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099020926052511105/text/P176517-4163bac4-af82-4b8b-a7e2-cbe5a31ed225.txt
• De-risking, Inclusion and Value Enhancement of Pastoral Economies in the Horn of Africa (DRIVE), P176517, project pageverified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read through the World Bank Projects API on 19 October 2026. Regional (Eastern and Southern Africa), Active, approved 21 June 2022, closing 30 September 2027, total commitment US$360.5 million, of which IDA commitment US$327.5 million and grant US$33.0 million (re-read on 20 October 2026, fields totalcommamt, idacommamt and grantamt).
  https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P176517
• Projects API, Ethiopia (countrycode ET), all projects (JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. 389 projects listed. Pipeline operations in October 2026 include P510576 Agriculture Value Chains Development for Productivity, Commercialization and Jobs (planned Board 28 January 2027), P519581 LLRP II additional financing (planned Board 7 December 2026) and P505075 Regenerative Agriculture for Agro-Pastoral Livelihoods (still pipeline after its planned date of 30 September 2026).
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=ET&rows=500&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,status
• Strengthen Ethiopia's Adaptive Safety Net, P172479 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Closed, approved 25 November 2020, closing 30 June 2026, IDA commitment US$1,100,000,000, implementing agency Ministry of Agriculture. PDO to expand geographic coverage and enhance service delivery of Ethiopia's adaptive rural safety net for extremely poor and vulnerable households in drought prone communities. Additional financings P176997 (2021), P179092 (2022) and P181626 (2024) are listed separately.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P172479&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project, Phase Two (LLRP II), P180076 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Active, approved 22 March 2024, closing 30 June 2029, IDA commitment US$340,000,000, implementing agency Ministry of Irrigation and Lowlands. PDO to enhance pastoral and agro-pastoral communities' resilience to the impacts of climate change in the lowlands. A further US$50 million (P519581) was in the pipeline with a planned Board date of 7 December 2026.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P180076&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project, P164336 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Closed, approved 23 May 2019, closing 10 October 2025, IDA commitment US$222,694,608, implementing agency Ministry of Irrigation and Lowlands Development.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P164336&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Climate Resilient Irrigation for Sustainable Production (CRISP), P508364 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Active, approved 31 March 2026, closing 30 June 2032, IDA commitment US$200,000,000, implementing agency Ministry of Irrigation and Lowlands. PDO to improve access to resilient irrigation services in selected areas.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P508364&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Second Community Action for Landscape Management Program for Results, P510697 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Active, approved 30 April 2026, closing 29 August 2031, IDA commitment US$200,000,000, implementing agency Ministry of Agriculture. PDO to expand area under sustainable land management practices, secure land tenure and increase market linkages in highland areas.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P510697&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Climate Action through Landscape Management Program for Results, P170384 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Closed, approved 13 June 2019, closing 7 September 2026, IDA commitment US$500,000,000, implementing agency Ministry of Agriculture. PDO to increase adoption of sustainable land management practices and expand access to secure land tenure in non-rangeland rural areas.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P170384&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Food Systems Resilience Program for Eastern and Southern Africa, P178566 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Regional (Eastern and Southern Africa), approved 21 June 2022, closing 29 June 2029, total commitment US$808,099,970 across all borrowers. Borrowers are CCARDESA, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, IGAD and Madagascar, and implementing agencies include the Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia. PDO to increase the resilience of food systems and preparedness for food insecurity. The API gives no separate amount for Ethiopia.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P178566&fl=id,project_name,countryname,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,borrower,impagency,project_abstract
• Financial Sector Strengthening Project (FSSP), P171627 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Active, approved 17 December 2024, closing 31 December 2028, IDA commitment US$700,000,000, implementing agencies listed as Development Bank of Ethiopia, National Bank of Ethiopia and Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (impagency field, re-read on 20 October 2026). PDO to improve basic functionality of core financial markets, strengthen supervisory oversight and expand efficient and accessible financial services.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P171627&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Ethiopia Rural Connectivity to Support Food Security Program, P176303 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Active, approved 29 March 2024, closing 31 March 2029, IDA commitment US$300,000,000, implementing agencies Agricultural Transformation Institute and Ministry of Urban and Infrastructure. PDO to enhance the accessibility of target populations served by selected rural roads to markets and services and strengthen road entities.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P176303&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Livestock and Fisheries Sector Development Project, P159382 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Closed, approved 12 December 2017, closing 7 July 2026, IDA commitment US$169,892,352, implementing agency Ministry of Agriculture. PDO to increase productivity and commercialization of producers and processors in selected livestock and fisheries value chains.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P159382&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo
• Agriculture Value Chains Development for Productivity, Commercialization and Jobs Project (AVC4Jobs), P510576 (Projects API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Pipeline, planned Board date 28 January 2027, proposed IDA credit US$250,000,000 (SDR 182.8 million), total financing US$272.82 million including US$22.82 million private capital from farmer organizations and enterprises, implementing agency Ministry of Agriculture. Six value chains (dairy, poultry, red meat, avocado, maize and soybean). Not approved on 19 October 2026.
  https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/projects?format=json&id=P510576&fl=id,project_name,status,boardapprovaldate,closingdate,totalamt,idacommamt,impagency,pdo,project_abstract

World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal

• ERA5 reanalysis country-average annual precipitation and mean temperature, Ethiopia, 1950-2025 (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Annual mean temperature (°C): 2000 22.86, 2001 22.97, 2002 23.41, 2003 23.25, 2004 23.20, 2005 23.45, 2006 23.40, 2007 23.50, 2008 23.27, 2009 23.96, 2010 23.56, 2011 23.36, 2012 23.57, 2013 23.35, 2014 23.56, 2015 23.98, 2016 24.11, 2017 23.91, 2018 23.44, 2019 23.86, 2020 23.79, 2021 23.77, 2022 23.98, 2023 24.05, 2024 24.33, 2025 24.10. 2024 is the highest value of the 1950-2025 series. Annual precipitation (mm): 2000 931.02, 2001 988.67, 2002 915.66, 2003 935.00, 2004 960.36, 2005 1010.81, 2006 1120.72, 2007 957.03, 2008 910.62, 2009 810.37, 2010 1060.68, 2011 942.28, 2012 940.93, 2013 1052.67, 2014 1025.64, 2015 931.52, 2016 957.99, 2017 952.22, 2018 1048.85, 2019 1137.43, 2020 1027.44, 2021 815.75, 2022 783.28, 2023 1037.62, 2024 963.61, 2025 822.25. 2022 is the lowest value of the 1950-2025 series. Own averages: temperature 1961-1990 22.59, 1991-2020 23.40, precipitation 1991-2020 994.66. The ERA5 precipitation values for the 1950s (1,346-1,594 mm) are far above later decades, so the profile does not compare rainfall with 1961-1990.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/era5-x0.25_timeseries_pr,tas_timeseries_annual_1950-2025_mean_historical_era5_x0.25_mean/ETH?_format=json
• ERA5 reanalysis country-average monthly precipitation and temperature, Ethiopia, 1950-2025 (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Own averages of monthly precipitation 1991-2020 (mm), January to December: 13.6, 14.7, 47.8, 107.1, 115.4, 100.9, 146.9, 161.0, 121.5, 102.1, 47.8, 15.8 (sum 994.7). Monthly precipitation 2022: 11.42, 4.48, 16.59, 74.60, 41.28, 79.43, 153.19, 163.60, 121.56, 88.09, 16.77, 12.27. Own seasonal sums and deviations from the 1991-2020 average. February-May (belg), average 285.0 mm: 2010 +42.7%, 2011 -18.0%, 2012 -24.4%, 2013 +3.4%, 2014 +6.0%, 2015 -4.7%, 2016 +22.3%, 2017 -0.9%, 2018 +28.0%, 2019 -13.9%, 2020 +6.4%, 2021 -14.1%, 2022 -51.9% (136.9 mm), 2023 +19.3%, 2024 -11.1%, 2025 -22.5%. June-September (kiremt), average 530.4 mm: 2010 +3.6%, 2011 -1.5%, 2012 +8.9%, 2013 +3.2%, 2014 -1.3%, 2015 -14.6% (452.7 mm), 2016 -6.4%, 2017 0.0%, 2018 -2.4%, 2019 +15.5%, 2020 +11.1%, 2021 -10.3%, 2022 -2.4%, 2023 -17.0%, 2024 +2.1%, 2025 -7.1%. March-May (months of the gu/genna season), average 270.2 mm: 2010 +30.9%, 2011 -15.3%, 2012 -20.8%, 2013 +7.5%, 2014 +5.7%, 2015 -1.1%, 2016 +26.0%, 2017 -6.1%, 2018 +26.8%, 2019 -13.3%, 2020 +7.7%, 2021 -14.0%, 2022 -51.0%, 2023 +24.9%, 2024 -11.4%, 2025 -19.2%. October-December (months of the deyr/hageya season), average 165.8 mm: 2010 -43.1%, 2011 +7.2%, 2012 -12.3%, 2013 +20.5%, 2014 +17.4%, 2015 +23.0%, 2016 -39.6%, 2017 -16.4%, 2018 -1.7%, 2019 +67.9%, 2020 -29.0%, 2021 -43.7%, 2022 -29.3%, 2023 +52.9%, 2024 -3.7%, 2025 -35.1%.
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/era5-x0.25_timeseries_pr,tas_timeseries_monthly_1950-2025_mean_historical_era5_x0.25_mean/ETH?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, annual temperature and precipitation, SSP2-4.5, 2040-2059, Ethiopia (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. tas anomaly +1.30 °C, pr anomaly +40.21 mm (median of the CMIP6 ensemble, CCKP reference period 1995-2014).
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2040-2059_median_ssp245_ensemble_all_mean/ETH?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, SSP5-8.5, 2040-2059, Ethiopia (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. tas anomaly +1.78 °C, pr anomaly +81.48 mm (median).
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2040-2059_median_ssp585_ensemble_all_mean/ETH?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, SSP2-4.5, 2080-2099, Ethiopia (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. tas anomaly +2.14 °C, pr anomaly +68.57 mm (median).
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2080-2099_median_ssp245_ensemble_all_mean/ETH?_format=json
• CMIP6 ensemble median projected anomaly, SSP5-8.5, 2080-2099, Ethiopia (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. tas anomaly +4.19 °C, pr anomaly +159.34 mm (median).
  https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cmip6-x0.25_climatology_tas,pr_anomaly_annual_2080-2099_median_ssp585_ensemble_all_mean/ETH?_format=json

World Food Programme (WFP)

• Ethiopia country page (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Headline figure 4.5 million people WFP plans to reach in 2026. WFP works with the government to strengthen the Productive Safety Net Program, including filling gaps in government coverage. The linked country brief PDF (docs.wfp.org) returned HTTP 403 and was not used.
  https://www.wfp.org/countries/ethiopia

World Resources Institute, Climate Watch

• Historical GHG emissions by sector, Ethiopia, 1990-2023 (API, JSON)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Climate Watch source, All GHG, MtCO2e, 2000 / 2005 / 2010 / 2015 / 2018 / 2020 / 2021 / 2022 / 2023: agriculture 58.80 / 72.74 / 98.46 / 109.44 / 116.39 / 133.81 / 126.82 / 128.01 / 136.13, energy 22.14 / 26.32 / 30.94 / 38.33 / 43.15 / 44.50 / 45.69 / 47.80 / 48.33, industrial processes 0.38 / 0.69 / 0.76 / 3.09 / 3.92 / 4.08 / 3.97 / 3.25 / 3.27, waste 3.16 / 3.88 / 6.02 / 6.18 / 4.35 / 4.60 / 4.73 / 4.86 / 4.99, land use, land-use change and forestry 32.57 / 30.88 / 30.57 / 25.91 / 7.95 / 8.42 / 8.34 / 7.83 / 7.72, total excluding LULUCF 84.47 / 103.63 / 136.18 / 157.04 / 167.82 / 186.99 / 181.22 / 183.92 / 192.72, total including LULUCF 117.04 / 134.51 / 166.75 / 182.95 / 175.76 / 195.41 / 189.55 / 191.75 / 200.44. Within energy, building 34.18 in 2023. Agriculture share of the total excluding LULUCF (own calculation): 2000 69.6%, 2010 72.3%, 2023 70.6%.
  https://www.climatewatchdata.org/api/v1/data/historical_emissions?regions[]=ETH&per_page=200

World Trade Organization (WTO)

• Accession status. Ethiopia (web page)verified
  EN · accessed 2026-10-19 · Read on 19 October 2026. Ethiopia's Working Party was established on 10 February 2003, and the page lists Ethiopia among acceding governments (accession not completed).
  https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_ethiopia_e.htm

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