Macro-economy & structure19 datasets
Annual % change at constant 2015/16 prices, fiscal years 2017/18–2024/25
Source: NBE · World Bank WDI — Ministry of Planning and Development data published in the NBE Annual Report 2024/25, Table 1.1. Real GDP is gross value added at constant basic prices. Agriculture contributed 2.3 percentage points, or 25.5%, of the 9.2% growth in 2024/25. The World Bank agriculture growth series (2018–2025) gives the same rates to one decimal4.
Constant 2015/16 prices, birr billion, fiscal years 2016/17–2024/25
Source: NBE — Ministry of Planning and Development data, NBE Annual Report 2024/25, statistical annex Table 1. In 2024/25 crop production accounted for 66.8% of agricultural output, animal farming and hunting for 24.6% and forestry for 7.8% (Table 1.2).
Agriculture, forestry and fishing, current US$ billion, 2010–2025 (World Bank)
Source: World Bank WDI · NBE — The World Bank conversion factor (PA.NUS.ATLS) is fiscal-year based. For 2015–2024 it is an alternative estimate calculated by an inflation-adjustment method because of multiple or dual exchange rates2. The implied rates are 64.2 birr per US$ in 2023 (fiscal year 2022/23) and 78.7 in 2024 (2023/24), against NBE fiscal-year average official rates of 53.28 and 55.9663. For 2024/25 the factor is 119.46 birr per US$, close to the NBE fiscal-year average of 119.31 (own comparison). The birr was floated in July 2024, so the series breaks between 2024 and 2025. In 2025 (fiscal year 2024/25) value added fell by 20.4% in US dollars while it rose by 20.9% in birr, to 4,953.8 billion (own calculations)6. The fall in dollar terms reflects the rise of the conversion factor from 78.7 to 119.46 birr per US$ (own calculation).
IMF period-average rate, birr per US dollar, calendar years 2010–2024
Source: IMF · NBE — Annual averages of the official rate. On 29 July 2024 the National Bank of Ethiopia announced a shift to a market-based exchange regime with immediate effect, under Directive FXD/01/20248, so the 2024 average combines rates before and after the float. The IMF had published no annual average for 2025 at the time of reading.
IMF monthly average rate, birr per US dollar, July 2023 to September 2025
Source: IMF · NBE — The monthly average rose from 59.76 birr per US$ in July 2024 to 105.92 in August 2024, after the float. The mean of the monthly averages for July 2024 to June 2025 is 119.31 (own calculation), equal to the fiscal-year 2024/25 average of 119.31 published by the NBE3. The IMF monthly series ends in September 2025.
% of total employment, 2010–2025
Source: World Bank WDI · ESS — Modelled ILO estimates. The ESS National Integrated Household Survey put agriculture at 69.4% of employed persons in 2024/25, 70.7% for men and 67.7% for women10.
% of population below the national poverty line, HICE surveys 1995/96–2015/16
Source: NPC · World Bank — National Planning Commission, Table 10. The national poverty line, set in 1996 and anchored to a minimum intake of 2,200 kcal, has since been updated for price changes13. A World Bank calculation from the 2021 Household Welfare Statistics survey, which excluded Tigray and some neighbouring areas, puts the rate at the national poverty line at 33.1% in 202113.
Private peasant holdings, Meher season 2021/22 (2014 E.C.), % of holders and % of land, by size of holding in hectares
Source: ESS — Own calculation from ESS Land Utilization report 2021/22, Table 1 (all land use). Size classes as published by ESS. The survey excluded Tigray region and covered 78.19% of the selected enumeration areas. Holders of 1 hectare or less made up 68.8% of the 19.74 million holders and held 28.5% of the 17.78 million hectares (own calculations).
% of land area, 2010–2024
Source: World Bank WDI · NBE — World Bank series. The NBE annual report gives arable land as 17.3% of total area and agricultural irrigated land as 6.2% of agricultural area in 2023/24, on data from ministries and the ESS3. The World Bank irrigated-land series has no value after 2020, when it was 0.47% of agricultural land15.
National annual average change of the CPI, %, fiscal years 2018/19–2024/25
Source: NBE · World Bank WDI · ESS — ESS consumer price index (December 2016 = 100) as published by the NBE. Food and non-alcoholic beverages carry a weight of 54.0%. The World Bank calendar-year series gives 21.0% for 2024 and 13.2% for 202517. For 2022/23 the NBE prints 32.55% (32.6% here), while the ESS consumer price index release gives 32.5% for the same period18.
Headline indicators, 2015–2025
| Indicator | 2015 | 2020 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP, current market prices (birr billion) | 1,298.0 | 3,374.7 | 8,723.1 | 11,784.6 | 15,094.4 |
| GDP (US$ billion, World Bank) | 62.10 | 98.68 | 135.87 | 149.74 | 126.36 |
| Real GDP growth, market prices (%, World Bank) | 10.4 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 9.8 |
| Agricultural value added, current prices (birr billion) | 468.0 | 1,200.0 | 3,121.7 | 4,097.9 | 4,953.8 |
| Agricultural value added (US$ billion, World Bank) | 22.39 | 35.09 | 48.62 | 52.07 | 41.47 |
| Agriculture, share of GDP at current prices (%) | 36.1 | 35.6 | 35.8 | 34.8 | 32.8 |
| Industry, share of GDP at current prices (%) | 16.3 | 23.1 | 24.5 | 25.4 | 27.8 |
| Services, share of GDP at current prices (%) | 39.5 | 36.8 | 37.0 | 37.5 | 36.6 |
| Real growth of agriculture (%) | 6.4 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
| Employment in agriculture, modelled ILO estimate (% of total) | 68.0 | 63.6 | 62.2 | 61.0 | 60.1 |
| Population (million, World Bank) | 103.9 | 118.9 | 128.7 | 132.1 | 135.5 |
| Rural population (% of total, World Bank) | 80.5 | 78.4 | 76.9 | 76.4 | 75.9 |
| CPI inflation, calendar-year average (%, World Bank) | 9.6 | 20.4 | 30.2 | 21.0 | 13.2 |
| Birr per US$, IMF calendar-year average | 20.58 | 34.93 | 54.60 | 82.60 | – |
Source: World Bank WDI · NBE · IMF — National accounts rows refer to fiscal years ending on 7 July of the year shown (2025 = 2024/25)2. GDP in birr for 2020–2025 as published by the NBE (fiscal years 2019/20 to 2024/25), and World Bank values otherwise. Population, employment, inflation and the exchange rate refer to calendar years. The US$ values use the World Bank alternative conversion factor, not the IMF rate in the last row.
Agriculture in the national accounts by fiscal year
| Indicator | 2019/20 | 2020/21 | 2021/22 | 2022/23 | 2023/24 | 2024/25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture value added, constant 2015/16 prices (birr billion) | 650.3 | 686.4 | 728.4 | 774.0 | 827.9 | 888.6 |
| Agriculture, real growth (%) | 4.3 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
| Real GDP growth, constant basic prices (%) | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 9.2 |
| Agriculture, share of GDP at constant prices (%) | 32.7 | 32.5 | 32.4 | 32.1 | 31.8 | 31.3 |
| Contribution of agriculture to real growth (percentage points) | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
| Share of agriculture in real growth (%) | 22.8 | 29.0 | 31.2 | 28.2 | 27.8 | 25.5 |
| Agriculture value added, current prices (birr billion) | 1,200.0 | 1,631.3 | 2,317.6 | 3,121.7 | 4,097.9 | 4,953.8 |
| Industry, real growth (%) | 9.6 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 6.9 | 9.2 | 13.0 |
| Services, real growth (%) | 5.3 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.5 |
Source: NBE — Ministry of Planning and Development data on the 2015/16 base year, published in the NBE Annual Report 2024/25 (Tables 1.1 and annex Tables 1 and 3). Current-price values are own sums of agriculture, hunting and forestry and fishing in annex Table 3.
Agricultural subsectors, growth and shares
| Subsector | Growth 2022/23 (%) | Growth 2023/24 (%) | Growth 2024/25 (%) | Share 2024/25 (%) | Value added 2024/25, current prices (birr billion) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop | 7.1 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 66.8 | 3,411.9 |
| Animal farming and hunting | 4.4 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 24.6 | 1,201.1 |
| Forestry | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 7.8 | 321.6 |
| Fishing | 38.6 | 29.6 | 94.1 | 0.8 | 19.2 |
| Agriculture, total | 6.3 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 100.0 | 4,953.8 |
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Report 2024/25, Table 1.2 (real growth and shares of agricultural output at constant prices) and annex Table 3 (current prices). The total in the last column is an own sum.
Agriculture in employment statistics
| Indicator | 2013 | 2021 | 2024/25 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture, % of employed persons (ESS labour force surveys) | 72.7 | 64.9 | 69.4 |
| Agriculture, % of employed men (ESS) | – | 71.6 | 70.7 |
| Agriculture, % of employed women (ESS) | – | 55.7 | 67.7 |
| Agriculture, % of rural employed persons (ESS) | – | 77.3 | 81.7 |
| Employed persons in agriculture (ESS, million) | – | 27.02 | – |
| Skilled agricultural and fishery workers, % of employed (ESS) | – | 51.1 | 63.3 |
| Employment in agriculture, modelled ILO estimate (%) | 71.0 | 63.5 | 60.1 |
Source: ESS · World Bank WDI — ESS surveys of June 2013, February 2021 (Labour Force and Migration Survey, excluding Tigray) and 2024/25 (National Integrated Household Survey, all sedentary and pastoralist regions), persons aged ten and above. The ILO column for 2024/25 shows the modelled estimate for calendar year 2025.
Poverty indicators
| Indicator | 2010/11 | 2015/16 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty headcount, national poverty line, national (%) | 29.6 | 23.5 | 33.1 |
| Poverty headcount, national poverty line, rural (%) | 30.4 | 25.6 | – |
| Poverty headcount, national poverty line, urban (%) | 25.7 | 14.8 | – |
| Food poverty headcount, national (%) | – | 24.8 | – |
| Poverty at US$3.00 a day, 2021 PPP (%) | – | 33.0 | 38.6 |
| Poverty at US$3.00 a day, rural (%) | – | – | 45.2 |
| Poverty at US$3.00 a day, urban (%) | – | – | 15.3 |
| Gini coefficient | 0.298 | 0.328 | – |
Source: NPC · World Bank · World Bank WDI — 2010/11 and 2015/16 from the National Planning Commission's analysis of the HICE surveys. 2021 values are World Bank calculations from the Household Welfare Statistics survey 2021, which excluded Tigray and some neighbouring areas. The US$3.00 rate for 2015/16 is the World Bank value labelled 201523.
Private peasant holdings by size, Meher season 2021/22
| Holding size (ha) | Holders | Land, all uses (ha) | Average holding per holder (ha) | Share of holders (%) | Share of land (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 0.10 | 3,059,579 | 128,672 | 0.04 | 15.5 | 0.7 |
| 0.10–0.50 | 6,074,352 | 1,716,806 | 0.28 | 30.8 | 9.7 |
| 0.51–1.0 | 4,446,184 | 3,211,996 | 0.72 | 22.5 | 18.1 |
| 1.01–2.0 | 3,960,925 | 5,559,653 | 1.40 | 20.1 | 31.3 |
| 2.01–5 | 1,995,694 | 5,614,990 | 2.81 | 10.1 | 31.6 |
| 5.01–10 | 176,494 | 1,128,352 | 6.39 | 0.9 | 6.3 |
| Over 10 | 23,207 | 415,473 | 17.90 | 0.1 | 2.3 |
| Total | 19,736,434 | 17,775,941 | 0.90 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Source: ESS — ESS Agricultural Sample Survey 2021/22 (2014 E.C.), Land Utilization report, Table 1. Size classes as published. Shares are own calculations. Coverage excludes Tigray region, commercial farms, belg-season and dry-season irrigated crops, and estimates for several conflict-affected zones of Amhara, Afar and Oromia were adjusted.
Private peasant holders and land by region, Meher season 2021/22
| Region | Holders | Land, all uses (ha) | Average holding per holder (ha) | Share of holders (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oromia | 8,424,179 | 9,221,466 | 1.09 | 42.7 |
| Amhara | 4,980,433 | 5,516,395 | 1.11 | 25.2 |
| S.N.N.P. | 4,553,473 | 2,319,636 | 0.51 | 23.1 |
| Sidama | 1,029,103 | 302,698 | 0.29 | 5.2 |
| Somale | 301,632 | 43,869 | 0.15 | 1.5 |
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 222,989 | 291,094 | 1.31 | 1.1 |
| Afar | 93,638 | 16,051 | 0.17 | 0.5 |
| Harari | 47,868 | 21,587 | 0.45 | 0.2 |
| Gambela | 46,621 | 28,751 | 0.62 | 0.2 |
| Dire Dawa | 36,496 | 14,394 | 0.39 | 0.2 |
| Tigray | not surveyed | not surveyed | – | – |
| Total surveyed | 19,736,434 | 17,775,941 | 0.90 | 100.0 |
Source: ESS — ESS Land Utilization report 2021/22, Tables 1.2–1.11, region names as published. Shares are own calculations. Benishangul-Gumuz values are 2020/21 estimates imputed by ESS. Estimates for North Wello, South Wello, Waghimra and Oromia zones of Amhara, Zones 4 and 5 of Afar and West Wellega, Kellem Wellega and West Guji zones of Oromia were adjusted because fieldwork could not be completed.
Production, trade & prices31 datasets
Exports and imports of HS chapters 01–24 by partner country, US$ million (UN Comtrade, as reported by Ethiopia)
Source: UN Comtrade — HS chapters 01–24 (live animals to tobacco). Partner values are as reported by Ethiopia for 2023, the latest full year Ethiopia had reported to UN Comtrade by October 2026. Small territories without a shape on the 1:110m world map appear only in the ranked list.
Largest HS chapters, US$ million, 2023 (UN Comtrade, as reported by Ethiopia)
Source: UN Comtrade — Own sums of partner values by HS chapter. Total agri-food exports (HS 01–24) were US$2,567.7 million. Chapter 07 includes dried pulses.
Largest HS chapters, US$ million, 2023 (UN Comtrade, as reported by Ethiopia)
Source: UN Comtrade — Own sums of partner values by HS chapter. Total agri-food imports (HS 01–24) were US$2,379.6 million.
HS chapters 01–24, US$ million, 2013–2023 (UN Comtrade, as reported by Ethiopia)
Source: UN Comtrade — Own sums of chapters 01–24 for the world partner. Ethiopia reported in HS 2007 for 2013, HS 2012 for 2014–2018, HS 2017 for 2019–2021 and HS 2022 for 2022–2023. Reported exports of live plants and cut flowers (HS 06) were US$4.7–10.1 million a year in 2013–2018 and US$217.3–290.2 million in 2019–2023, a break in the reported series.
US$ million, 2013–2023 (UN Comtrade, as reported by Ethiopia)
Source: UN Comtrade — World partner, as reported by Ethiopia. The Comtrade figures are on Ethiopia's reporting year and differ from the NBE export earnings by fiscal year.
Exports of HS chapters 01–24 by partner, US$ million, 2023
Source: UN Comtrade — Partner values as reported by Ethiopia. Coffee, tea and spices accounted for US$239.6 million of exports to Saudi Arabia and live plants and cut flowers for US$194.5 million of exports to the Netherlands.
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds, million tonnes, 2013/14–2021/22
Source: ESS — Own conversion from quintals (1 quintal = 100 kg). Each year comes from its own ESS edition, except 2014/15 (2015/16 edition) and 2019/20 (2020/21 edition), which come from the prior-year column of the next edition. Until 2018/19 the surveys excluded the non-sedentary population of three Afar and six Somali zones. In 2020/21 the Tigray estimates of 2019/20 were imputed, and 2021/22 excludes Tigray. The series covers neither the Belg season, dry-season irrigation nor commercial farms.
Private peasant holdings, Meher season, million tonnes, 2013/14–2021/22
Source: ESS — Own conversion from quintals. Editions and coverage breaks as in the grain production chart. The Meher reports exclude dry-season irrigated wheat (2020/21 edition, note 5).
Meher season, tonnes per hectare, 2013/14–2021/22
Source: ESS — Published yields in quintals per hectare divided by 10 (own conversion). For 2018/19 the yields of Table 4 of that edition are shown, which equal production divided by area, because Table 2 prints slightly different values (for example 39.92 instead of 40.09 quintals per hectare for maize).
Private peasant holdings, Meher season 2021/22, thousand hectares
Source: ESS — Table 4 of the 2021/22 edition, excluding Tigray. Grain crops covered 12.20 million hectares in total. Teff was grown by 6.66 million holders and maize by 11.17 million.
Million tonnes, 2005–2024
Source: FAOSTAT — FAOSTAT flags as estimated the maize values for 2007–2009, 2011, 2019–2020 and 2023–2024, the wheat values for 2007–2011, 2019–2020 and 2023–2024 and the sorghum values for 2007–2009, 2011–2013 and 2019–2020, and it flags the 2023 and 2024 sorghum values as figures from an external organization. FAOSTAT values are not directly comparable with the ESS Meher estimates for private peasant holdings.
Meher season survey, thousand tonnes, 2013/14–2021/22
Source: ESS — Own conversion from quintals. The area under coffee rose from 538,467 hectares in 2013/14 to 794,404 hectares in 2021/22. The survey does not cover coffee from commercial estates. Editions and coverage breaks as in the grain production chart.
US$ million by Ethiopian fiscal year, 2014/15–2024/25
Thousand tonnes by Ethiopian fiscal year, 2011/12–2024/25
Source: NBE — NBE statistical tables on the quantity of major exports, in metric tons (Annual Report 2020/21, Table 9, for 2011/12–2018/19, and Annual Report 2024/25, Table 8, for 2019/20–2024/25). The two reports print identical values for the overlapping years.
US$ million by Ethiopian fiscal year, 2014/15–2024/25
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Reports, Table 5.3. National customs data, not UN Comtrade. The eight commodities together earned US$4,180.5 million in 2024/25, 50.1% of total merchandise exports of US$8,347.2 million, against 76.9% in 2023/24 (own calculation). Gold, not shown, earned US$3,480.9 million in 2024/25.
Million head, ESS livestock survey editions, 2013/14–2021/22
Source: ESS — Table 3-1 of each edition. Until 2017/18 the surveys excluded the non-sedentary population of three Afar and six Somali zones. The 2020/21 survey covered the entire rural agricultural population, with 2019/20 data used for Tigray, and the 2021/22 survey excludes Tigray. The 2018/19 and 2019/20 reports were not found on the ESS website.
Million head, 2010–2024
Thousand tonnes, 2010–2024
Source: FAOSTAT — FAOSTAT flags cow milk as estimated in 2013 and imputed in 2020, 2021, 2023 and 2024, and camel milk as imputed in 2013–2014 and estimated in 2021–2024. The ESS livestock survey estimated cow milk at 3,866 million litres and camel milk at 1,401 million litres for 2021/22, on a net production basis45.
General, food and non-food, % by Ethiopian fiscal year, 2017/18–2025/26
Source: ESS · NBE — ESS labels these periods July EFY2009 – June EFY2010 to July EFY2017 – June EFY2018. The NBE Annual Report 2024/25 prints the same rates for 2018/19 to 2024/25 under the Ethiopian-calendar labels 2011 to 2017, which gives the Gregorian fiscal-year labels used here (for example 33.79% general inflation for 2021/22). The exception is 2022/23, for which the NBE prints 32.55% general inflation (32.6% rounded) against 32.5% in the ESS release.
Year-on-year change, general, food and non-food, %, September 2025 – September 2026
Source: ESS — ESS bulletin for September EFY2019, Table 1. The bulletin labels the months September EFY2018 to September EFY2019, and the ESS download page titles the release Consumer Price Index, September 2026, which gives the Gregorian labels.
Year-on-year change, %, September 2026
Source: ESS — Food and non-alcoholic beverages inflation was 14.8%. Bread and cereals carry a weight of 17.1% in the CPI basket and vegetables 12.3%.
% of Meher season production sold, 2019/20
Source: ESS — Table 1 of the crop and livestock product utilization report. Household consumption took 74.4% of maize, 71.0% of sorghum, 57.5% of wheat and 53.5% of teff. Seed, wages in kind, animal feed and other uses make up the rest.
Largest agri-food trade partners, 2023
| Rank | Export partner | Exports (US$ m) | Import partner | Imports (US$ m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Saudi Arabia | 297.7 | India | 485.5 |
| 2 | Netherlands | 214.4 | United States | 453.7 |
| 3 | United States | 203.3 | Türkiye | 297.9 |
| 4 | United Arab Emirates | 161.0 | Djibouti | 193.5 |
| 5 | Somalia | 141.3 | Malaysia | 187.0 |
| 6 | India | 125.7 | Indonesia | 114.5 |
| 7 | Germany | 123.1 | Ukraine | 80.2 |
| 8 | South Korea | 113.9 | United Arab Emirates | 76.3 |
| 9 | Israel | 103.8 | France | 68.1 |
| 10 | Japan | 103.8 | Egypt | 61.0 |
| Total, HS 01–24 | 2,567.7 | Total, HS 01–24 | 2,379.6 |
Source: UN Comtrade — UN Comtrade annual data for 2023 as reported by Ethiopia, the latest year available in October 2026. Partner values are own sums of HS chapters 01–24.
Major crops of private peasant holdings, Meher season 2021/22
| Crop | Holders | Area (ha) | Production (t) | Yield (t/ha) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teff | 6,656,750 | 2,932,670 | 5,614,339 | 1.91 |
| Maize | 11,168,752 | 2,563,201 | 10,751,369 | 4.20 |
| Wheat | 4,543,159 | 1,867,048 | 5,807,822 | 3.11 |
| Sorghum | 4,259,683 | 1,350,509 | 3,553,671 | 2.63 |
| Barley | 3,630,719 | 799,128 | 2,071,807 | 2.59 |
| Finger millet | 1,571,961 | 366,301 | 942,147 | 2.57 |
| Rice | 224,328 | 91,122 | 280,633 | 3.08 |
| Faba beans | 4,309,978 | 520,552 | 1,091,609 | 2.10 |
| Red haricot beans | 2,630,568 | 240,842 | 412,593 | 1.71 |
| Field peas | 1,732,364 | 220,195 | 380,336 | 1.73 |
| Neug | 649,439 | 179,828 | 202,432 | 1.13 |
| Sesame | 295,113 | 204,512 | 137,807 | 0.67 |
| Potatoes | 1,127,267 | 78,479 | 1,309,567 | 16.69 |
| Coffee | 6,788,770 | 794,404 | 545,566 | 0.69 |
| Chat | 3,802,767 | 280,826 | 243,394 | 0.87 |
| All grain crops | 16,786,933 | 12,196,549 | 32,790,352 | – |
Source: ESS — Table 4 of the 2021/22 edition. Production converted from quintals and yields from quintals per hectare (own conversion, 1 quintal = 100 kg). Excludes Tigray, and the Benishangul-Gumuz estimates of 2020/21 were imputed. Holders growing several crops are counted under each crop.
ESS Meher crop survey editions used in this profile
| Agricultural year | Edition (publication) | Coverage | Enumeration areas covered |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013/14 | 2013/14 report (May 2014) | Rural areas except non-sedentary population of 3 Afar and 6 Somali zones | 2,226 of 2,250 |
| 2014/15 | Prior-year column of the 2015/16 report | As above | – |
| 2015/16 | 2015/16 report (May 2016) | As above | 2,237 of 2,247 |
| 2016/17 | 2016/17 report (April 2017) | As above | 2,223 of 2,247 |
| 2017/18 | 2017/18 report (April 2018) | As above | 1,583 of 1,600 |
| 2018/19 | 2018/19 report (June 2019) | As above | 1,473 of 1,600 |
| 2019/20 | Prior-year column of the 2020/21 report | Entire rural parts of the country | – |
| 2020/21 | 2020/21 report (April 2021) | Entire rural parts, 2019/20 estimates imputed for Tigray | – |
| 2021/22 | 2021/22 report (April 2022) | Excludes Tigray, 2020/21 estimates imputed for Benishangul-Gumuz | 2,052 of 2,609 |
Source: ESS — All editions cover private peasant holdings in the Meher season and no other season. The 2021/22 report revises 2020/21 grain output to 32.13 million tonnes, from 34.18 million tonnes in the 2020/21 report (own conversion). No Meher area and production report after 2021/22 was found on the ESS website49.
Grain production of private peasant holdings by region, Meher season
| Region | Area 2020/21 (ha) | Area 2021/22 (ha) | Production 2020/21 (t) | Production 2021/22 (t) | Change in production (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oromia | 5,944,475 | 6,100,988 | 16,935,698 | 17,554,271 | 3.7 |
| Amhara | 4,532,477 | 4,586,326 | 11,093,310 | 11,252,869 | 1.4 |
| S.N.N.P. | 1,077,135 | 1,102,915 | 2,892,613 | 2,917,225 | 0.9 |
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 255,590 | 255,590 | 709,777 | 709,777 | 0.0 |
| Sidama | 79,501 | 79,526 | 250,985 | 264,301 | 5.3 |
| Somali | 103,923 | 30,956 | 189,823 | 24,649 | -87.0 |
| Gambella | 8,565 | 9,993 | 16,454 | 29,222 | 77.6 |
| Harari | 11,486 | 10,132 | 21,954 | 22,123 | 0.8 |
| Dire Dawa | 11,882 | 10,180 | 12,270 | 10,982 | -10.5 |
| Afar | 8,744 | 9,943 | 7,361 | 4,933 | -33.0 |
| All regions (excluding Tigray) | 12,033,779 | 12,196,549 | 32,130,245 | 32,790,352 | 2.1 |
Source: ESS — Table 3 of the 2021/22 edition, production converted from quintals (own conversion). Tigray is not covered. The Benishangul-Gumuz values for both years are the 2020/21 estimates. Oromia produced 53.5% and Amhara 34.3% of the 2021/22 total (own calculation).
Merchandise export earnings by commodity, 2022/23–2024/25
| Commodity | 2022/23 (US$ m) | 2023/24 (US$ m) | 2024/25 (US$ m) | Share of total 2024/25 (%) | Change 2024/25 (%, as printed by NBE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | 1,340.2 | 1,430.8 | 2,665.1 | 31.9 | 86.3 |
| Flowers | 567.8 | 469.9 | 489.7 | 5.9 | 4.2 |
| Oilseeds | 258.0 | 333.2 | 332.7 | 4.0 | -0.1 |
| Pulses | 324.5 | 343.8 | 273.7 | 3.3 | -20.4 |
| Chat | 247.5 | 164.5 | 121.5 | 1.5 | -26.1 |
| Live animals | 17.5 | 43.5 | 112.9 | 1.4 | 159.8 |
| Meat and meat products | 81.7 | 70.4 | 109.7 | 1.3 | 55.7 |
| Fruits and vegetables | 92.5 | 65.1 | 75.2 | 0.9 | 15.6 |
| Leather and leather products | 24.7 | 19.9 | 17.4 | 0.2 | -12.7 |
| Gold | 197.0 | 408.6 | 3,480.9 | 41.7 | 752.0 |
| Electricity | 102.2 | 139.0 | 336.4 | 4.0 | 142.1 |
| Textiles and other items | 370.7 | 310.0 | 331.9 | 4.0 | – |
| Total | 3,624.3 | 3,798.7 | 8,347.2 | 100.0 | 119.7 |
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Report 2024/25, Table 5.3, compiled from Ethiopian Customs Commission, NBE and Ethiopian Electric Power data. The row for textiles and other items is the sum of textiles and textile products and others (own calculation). Shares and changes are as printed by NBE.
Export volumes and unit values of agricultural commodities
| Commodity | Volume 2023/24 ('000 t) | Volume 2024/25 ('000 t) | Unit value 2023/24 (US$/kg) | Unit value 2024/25 (US$/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | 299.0 | 470.7 | 4.8 | 5.7 |
| Oilseeds | 191.2 | 207.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
| Pulses | 426.0 | 320.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Flowers | 95.4 | 99.7 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
| Fruits and vegetables | 184.8 | 186.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Meat and meat products | 11.1 | 18.5 | 6.4 | 5.9 |
| Live animals | 52.0 | 123.5 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Chat | 15.8 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 11.2 |
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Report 2024/25, Tables 5.4 (million kg, shown here as thousand tonnes) and 5.5. Unit values as rounded by the NBE.
Livestock kept by private peasant holdings, ESS surveys and FAOSTAT
| Species | ESS 2016/17 | ESS 2017/18 | ESS 2020/21 | ESS 2021/22 | FAOSTAT 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | 59,486,667 | 60,392,019 | 70,291,776 | 66,260,987 | 71,916,930 (I) |
| Goats | 30,200,226 | 32,738,385 | 52,463,535 | 45,716,091 | 53,982,678 (I) |
| Sheep | 30,697,942 | 31,302,257 | 42,914,865 | 38,013,272 | 41,050,910 (I) |
| Poultry | 59,495,026 | 56,056,778 | 56,992,987 | 41,350,684 | 52,280,000 chickens (I) |
| Donkeys | 8,439,220 | 8,845,589 | 10,791,896 | 10,020,518 | 10,803,079 (I) |
| Camels | 1,209,321 | 1,418,457 | 8,145,790 | 6,978,053 | 1,656,499 (E) |
| Horses | 2,158,176 | 2,007,829 | 2,148,492 | 2,138,928 | 2,293,260 (I) |
| Mules | 409,877 | 461,665 | 382,784 | 357,743 | 391,103 (I) |
| Beehives | 6,189,329 | 6,523,969 | 6,986,100 | 5,982,336 | – |
Source: ESS · FAOSTAT — ESS Table 3-1 of each edition. The 2016/17 and 2017/18 surveys excluded the non-sedentary population of three Afar and six Somali zones, the 2020/21 survey covered the entire rural agricultural population with 2019/20 data used for Tigray, and the 2021/22 survey excludes Tigray. FAOSTAT flags in brackets, I imputed, E estimated. The FAOSTAT camel values differ from the ESS counts.
Milk and honey production of private peasant holdings
| Item | 2016/17 | 2017/18 | 2021/22 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cow milk (million litres) | 3,134.2 | 3,317.8 | 3,866.1 |
| Cow milk per cow per day (litres) | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.45 |
| Camel milk (million litres) | 179.7 | 327.6 | 1,401.2 |
| Goat milk (million litres) | – | – | 379.4 |
| Honey (thousand tonnes) | 47.7 | 66.2 | 52.0 |
| Beehives (million) | 6.19 | 6.52 | 5.98 |
Source: ESS — Summary Table III.8 of each edition, net milk production (milk sucked by young animals excluded). The 2016/17 and 2017/18 surveys excluded the non-sedentary population of three Afar and six Somali zones and their milk estimates refer to sedentary areas, while the 2021/22 survey covered sedentary and pastoral areas outside Tigray. The 2020/21 edition is not shown because its summary table and text give different cow milk totals.
Ethiopia in world agricultural production, 2024
| Product | Production or stock | World rank | Share of world (%) | FAOSTAT flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asses (donkeys) | 10.80 million head | 1 of 104 | 20.1 | Imputed |
| Broad beans and horse beans, dry | 1,156,009 t | 2 of 64 | 18.5 | Imputed |
| Beeswax | 5,934 t | 2 of 43 | 9.2 | Estimated |
| Cattle | 71.92 million head | 4 of 190 | 4.6 | Imputed |
| Natural honey | 85,960 t | 4 of 121 | 4.7 | Imputed |
| Chick peas, dry | 443,954 t | 4 of 47 | 2.6 | Imputed |
| Green coffee | 575,696 t | 5 of 78 | 5.2 | Imputed |
| Goats | 53.98 million head | 5 of 181 | 4.5 | Imputed |
| Sesame seed | 435,455 t | 6 of 69 | 6.5 | Imputed |
| Sorghum | 4,100,000 t | 6 of 107 | 6.4 | External organization |
| Maize | 11,701,131 t | 13 of 162 | 1.0 | Estimated |
| Wheat | 6,185,341 t | 24 of 122 | 0.8 | Estimated |
Source: FAOSTAT — Own ranking from the FAOSTAT bulk file of 23 December 2025, counting the countries with a value above zero and excluding regional aggregates. Every value in this table is imputed, estimated or taken from an external organization rather than an official figure, so the ranks are indicative.
Value chains & food security19 datasets
Million hectares, 2020 and 2025
Source: MoA — Ministry of Agriculture statements on its Wheat Initiative page, which gives values for 2020 and 2025. The page reports 7.8 million hectares for both seasons in 2025, while the two seasonal figures sum to 7.7 million (own check). These are Ministry figures, not survey estimates of the statistics service.
Million quintals (1 quintal = 100 kg), 2020 and 2025
Source: MoA · FAOSTAT — Ministry of Agriculture statements. The 2025 total of 280 million quintals equals 28.0 million tonnes (own conversion). FAO's food balance sheet, which uses FAO estimates, shows wheat production of 5.8 million tonnes in 202351. The two figures rest on different bases and years and are not directly comparable. The Ministry also states that domestic wheat replaced 2.6 million quintals of imports from 2021, while FAOSTAT records wheat imports of 18.4 million quintals in 2021 (own conversion)52.
Thousand tonnes, 2015–2024 (FAOSTAT)
Source: FAOSTAT — FAOSTAT trade data, calendar years. Wheat grain values for 2015–2023 are flagged as official, the 2024 value of 15.1 thousand tonnes is flagged as a figure from an external organisation. Wheat import value was US$938.6 million in 2021 and US$4.6 million in 2024.
Thousand tonnes, fiscal years 2014/15–2024/25
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Report 2024/25, statistical annex Table 10 (volume of major imports), source Ethiopian Customs Commission. Grain is a sub-item of food and live animals and covers all cereals. Ethiopian fiscal years run from 8 July to 7 July.
Thousand tonnes, fiscal years 2014/15–2024/25
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Report 2024/25, statistical annex Table 10, source Ethiopian Customs Commission. The import bill for fertilisers was US$921.0 million in 2022/23, US$1,315.3 million in 2023/24 and US$1,047.4 million in 2024/25 (Table 5.6).
Thousand tonnes of product, 2014–2023 (FAOSTAT)
Source: FAOSTAT — FAOSTAT Fertilizers by Product, calendar years, import quantity in tonnes of product. 'Other products' is an own sum of the remaining FAOSTAT items. Totals (own sums) rose from 909.0 thousand tonnes in 2014 to 1,748.8 thousand tonnes in 2023. FAOSTAT has no 2024 data. Calendar-year FAOSTAT totals differ from the fiscal-year customs series.
Approved appropriation, ETB billion, EFY 2014–2019
Source: MoF · NBE — Federal budget proclamations, Part Two, summary of expenditure, line 'Agricultural and Rural Development'. Federal appropriations, excluding regional budgets and the block subsidy to regions. The Ministry of Finance labels EFY 2016 as 2023/24, EFY 2017 as 2024/25 and EFY 2018 as 2025/26, and EFY 2019 corresponds to 2026/27 on the same basis. The EFY 2019 total of ETB 91.4 billion is about US$566 million at 161.51 birr per US$, the mid-point of the National Bank of Ethiopia's indicative buying and selling rates on 31 August 2026, the rate used for 2026 amounts (own calculation). Amounts are appropriations, not spending outturns.
Ministry of Agriculture, ETB billion by source of finance, EFY 2014–2019
Source: MoF — Capital budget line 'Coordinating Provision of Food Security Support Services', which carries the regional and federal Productive Safety Net projects. No loan financing in these years. The Citizens' Budget gives the EFY 2018 PSNP allocation as ETB 45.0 billion from the treasury plus ETB 3.7 billion external finance, ETB 48.7 billion in total65.
Million people, 2005–2025
Source: World Bank — World Bank, PSNP 6 Project Appraisal Document, Figure 1. Phases PSNP 1 (2005–2006), PSNP 2 (2007–2010), PSNP 3 (2011–2015), PSNP 4 (2016–2020) and PSNP 5 (2021–2025). PSNP 6 targets 8 million beneficiaries. Urban safety nets are not included.
Number of woredas (districts), 2005–2025
Source: World Bank — World Bank, PSNP 6 Project Appraisal Document, Figure 1. The programme covered 6 regions in 2005–2006, 8 regions from 2007 to 2020 and 11 regions in PSNP 5. PSNP 6 is planned to cover 13 regions.
Wheat area, production and imports by source
| Indicator | Period | Value | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dry-season irrigated wheat area | 2020 / 2025 | 20,000 ha / 3.5 million ha | Ministry of Agriculture statement |
| Dry-season irrigated wheat production | 2020 / 2025 | 0.6 / 128 million quintals | Ministry of Agriculture statement |
| Rainy-season wheat area | 2020 / 2025 | 1.8 / 4.2 million ha | Ministry of Agriculture statement |
| Rainy-season wheat production | 2020 / 2025 | 53 / 152 million quintals | Ministry of Agriculture statement |
| Wheat area, both seasons | 2025 | 7.8 million ha | Ministry of Agriculture statement |
| Wheat production, both seasons | 2025 | 280 million quintals (28.0 million t) | Ministry of Agriculture statement, own conversion |
| Wheat imports replaced by domestic wheat | 2025 | about 2.6 million quintals, the volume imported in 2021 | Ministry of Agriculture statement |
| Wheat grain imports | 2021 / 2023 / 2024 | 1,836.4 / 566.8 / 15.1 thousand t | FAOSTAT trade, 2024 value from an external organisation |
| Wheat flour imports | 2023 / 2024 | 248.7 / 19.7 thousand t | FAOSTAT trade |
| Grain imports, all cereals | 2024/25 | 1,593.9 thousand t | Ethiopian Customs Commission via NBE |
| Wheat production | 2023 | 5.8 million t | FAO food balance sheet, imputed value |
| Wheat self-sufficiency ratio | 2023 | 75.0% | FAO food balance sheet, own calculation |
Source: MoA · FAOSTAT · NBE — The Ministry's figures, FAO's estimates and customs records use different methods and periods and are not reconciled with each other. The FAOSTAT 2021 wheat import of 1,836.4 thousand tonnes equals 18.4 million quintals (own conversion), against the 2.6 million quintals the Ministry cites for 2021. Neither source explains the difference.
Food self-sufficiency by commodity
| Commodity | Production (kt) | Imports (kt) | Domestic supply (kt) | Self-sufficiency (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cereals, total | 30,146 | 1,592 | 33,298 | 90.5 |
| Wheat | 5,800 | 879 | 7,731 | 75.0 |
| Maize | 10,000 | 25 | 10,170 | 98.3 |
| Sorghum | 4,010 | 3 | 4,043 | 99.2 |
| Barley | 2,450 | 10 | 2,499 | 98.0 |
| Rice | 202 | 664 | 1,114 | 18.1 |
| Pulses | 3,206 | 154 | 3,203 | 100.1 |
| Potatoes | 1,191 | 0 | 1,130 | 105.4 |
| Vegetables | 1,662 | 36 | 1,584 | 104.9 |
| Sugar (raw equivalent) | 440 | 633 | 1,073 | 41.0 |
| Vegetable oils | 118 | 602 | 988 | 11.9 |
| Milk | 4,582 | 76 | 4,647 | 98.6 |
| Meat | 901 | 0 | 889 | 101.3 |
Source: FAOSTAT — FAOSTAT food balance sheet for 2023, the latest year. Self-sufficiency is production divided by domestic supply (own calculations). FBS values are FAO estimates or imputations, not national survey figures. Wheat self-sufficiency on this basis was 78.0% in 2019, 82.2% in 2020, 78.1% in 2021 and 75.8% in 2022.
Fertiliser imports, distribution and subsidy
| Indicator | Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fertiliser imports, volume | 2023/24 | 2,260.9 thousand t | Customs via NBE |
| Fertiliser imports, volume | 2024/25 | 1,336.9 thousand t | Customs via NBE |
| Fertiliser import bill | 2022/23 | US$921.0 million (5.4% of imports) | NBE |
| Fertiliser import bill | 2023/24 | US$1,315.3 million (7.0% of imports) | NBE |
| Fertiliser import bill | 2024/25 | US$1,047.4 million (5.6% of imports) | NBE |
| Fertiliser import bill in birr | 2014/15 | ETB 10.2 billion | NBE |
| Fertiliser import bill in birr | 2024/25 | ETB 131.0 billion | NBE |
| Fertiliser distributed to farmers | 2025/26 | more than 20 million quintals (2.0 million t) | Ministry of Agriculture statement |
| Fertiliser subsidy ceiling in the budget | 2025/26 | ETB 84 billion (0.4% of GDP) | IMF |
| NBE foreign exchange sold to CBE for fertiliser imports | July–October 2025 | about US$1 billion | IMF |
| Share of imports made by EABC | 2025 report | about 90% | Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture attaché report, April 2025 |
| Urea and NP compound imports | 2023 | 765.3 and 959.8 thousand t | FAOSTAT |
Source: NBE · MoA · IMF · MAPA · FAOSTAT — Customs volumes are for Ethiopian fiscal years, FAOSTAT values for calendar years. The ETB 84 billion ceiling is about US$621 million at the IMF end-June 2025 rate of 135.3711 birr per US$ (own calculation)7. No published outturn of the fertiliser subsidy was found.
Federal budget appropriations for agriculture
| Fiscal year | Total federal budget (ETB bn) | Agriculture and rural development (ETB bn) | Share (%) | Ministry of Agriculture capital (ETB bn) | Food security sub-programme (ETB bn) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EFY 2014 | 561.7 | 18.50 | 3.29 | 14.97 | 9.00 |
| EFY 2015 | 786.6 | 18.47 | 2.35 | 15.51 | 9.90 |
| EFY 2016 (2023/24) | 801.7 | 21.60 | 2.69 | 18.69 | 12.30 |
| EFY 2017 (2024/25) | 971.2 | 22.99 | 2.37 | 18.46 | 11.03 |
| EFY 2018 (2025/26) | 1,927.7 | 64.51 | 3.35 | 57.28 | 48.70 |
| EFY 2019 (2026/27) | 2,339.3 | 91.41 | 3.91 | 82.78 | 55.98 |
Source: MoF — Federal budget proclamations, Part Two, as listed on the Ministry of Finance budget page71. Shares are own calculations. Gregorian labels as given by the Ministry of Finance, and for EFY 2019 (2026/27) on the same basis. The food security sub-programme is part of the Ministry of Agriculture capital budget and carries the Productive Safety Net projects. In EFY 2019 the recurrent budget includes ETB 100.1 million for the Agricultural Transformation Institute and ETB 216.5 million for the Ethiopian Cooperatives Commission. The birr was floated on 29 July 2024, early in EFY 2017, so US$ equivalents of earlier and later budgets rest on different exchange-rate regimes8.
Phases of the Productive Safety Net Programme
| Phase | Years | Regions | Woredas | Beneficiaries (million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSNP 1 | 2005–2006 | 6 | 192–286 | 4.6–7.2 |
| PSNP 2 | 2007–2010 | 8 | 282–305 | 7.2–7.8 |
| PSNP 3 | 2011–2015 | 8 | 318–319 | 5.2–7.6 |
| PSNP 4 | 2016–2020 | 8 | 329–382 | 7.9 |
| PSNP 5 | 2021–2025 | 11 | 408–492 | 7.8–7.9 |
| PSNP 6 (target) | from 2026 | 13 | not stated | 8.0 |
Source: World Bank — World Bank, PSNP 6 Project Appraisal Document, Figure 1 and paragraph 23. PSNP 6 plans 6 million public works beneficiaries and 2 million direct support beneficiaries. PSNP 6 financing is planned at US$200 million IDA credit, US$1,875 million of government contributions and a proposed US$300 million multi-donor trust fund.
World Bank financing for the Productive Safety Net Programme
| Project | Board approval | IDA amount (US$ m) | Status (October 2026) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Productive Safety Nets APL II (P098093) | 9 January 2007 | 200.0 | Closed |
| Productive Safety Net APL III (P113220) | 22 October 2009 | 480.0 | Closed |
| APL III additional financing (P126430) | 29 March 2012 | 370.0 | Closed |
| Productive Safety Nets Project 4 (P146883) | 30 September 2014 | 600.0 | Closed |
| PSNP 4 additional financing (P158770) | 30 June 2016 | 100.0 | Closed |
| PSNP 4 additional financing (P163350) | 2 May 2017 | 108.1 | Closed |
| Rural Productive Safety Net Project (P163438) | 14 September 2017 | 600.0 | Closed |
| Strengthen Ethiopia's Adaptive Safety Net (P172479) | 25 November 2020 | 1,100.0 | Closed |
| SEASN additional financing (P176997) | 10 September 2021 | 37.5 | Closed |
| SEASN second additional financing (P179092) | 20 September 2022 | 350.0 | Closed |
| SEASN third additional financing (P181626) | 28 March 2024 | 200.0 | Closed |
| Productive Safety Net Project 6 (P511478) | 3 March 2026 | 200.0 | Active |
Source: World Bank — World Bank projects database, rural safety net projects. Amounts are IDA commitments at approval. Current total commitments were US$221 million for PSNP 6 and US$2,099.2 million for SEASN, as recorded in the database without a breakdown73. The Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project (P511363, US$250 million, approved 9 December 2025) is not included.
Cooperatives and agricultural transformation programmes
| Indicator | Period | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Registered cooperatives | 2021 | more than 92,755 |
| Members of cooperatives | 2021 | 21,043,370 (6,743,429 women) |
| Cooperative unions | 2021 | 131 |
| Primary savings and credit cooperatives | 2021 | 21,328 with 5,384,559 members |
| Savings and shares of SACCOs | 2021 | ETB 18.54 billion |
| Federal recurrent budget, Ethiopian Cooperatives Commission | EFY 2019 (2026/27) | ETB 216.5 million |
| Farmers reached by Agricultural Commercialization Clusters | 2019–2025 | over 4.4 million |
| Farmers organised in Farmers' Production Clusters | 2019–2025 | more than 2.5 million |
| Marketable surplus of grains in ACC areas | 2019 / 2024 | 28% / 58% |
| Draft Farmers' Agribusiness Companies proclamation | June 2026 | Public hearing in Parliament, not yet enacted at the time of the release |
Food assistance and safety net indicators, 2025–2026
| Indicator | Date | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| People receiving food assistance (JEOP and EDRMC) | May 2026 | about 1.1 million | FEWS NET |
| People targeted by food assistance in Tigray | from July 2026 | over 1.1 million | FEWS NET |
| People WFP plans to reach | 2026 | 4.5 million | WFP |
| Rural PSNP beneficiaries | 2025 | about 8 million in 2.5 million households | World Bank |
| Urban safety net beneficiaries | 2025 | 1.7 million in 88 cities | World Bank |
| Government budget contribution to safety nets | from 2024 | ETB 60 billion a year, up from about ETB 7.9 billion | World Bank |
| PSNP allocation in the federal budget | EFY 2018 (2025/26) | ETB 48.7 billion | Ministry of Finance |
| Maize price change, most monitored markets | January–July 2025 | +20% to +44% | FAO GIEWS |
Source: FEWS NET · WFP · World Bank · MoF · FAO GIEWS — No official national estimate of people in need of humanitarian food assistance for 2026 was found. FEWS NET expected PSNP transfers between June and December 2026 to be limited to direct support beneficiaries, with full-scale implementation of the renewed programme from January 202777.
Climate & environment14 datasets
Country-average annual precipitation, mm, ERA5, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank CCKP — The 1991–2020 average of 994.7 mm is an own calculation from the ERA5 annual series. The 783 mm of 2022 is the lowest annual value in the ERA5 series for 1950–2025. ERA5 decade means drift from 1,301 mm in the 1950s to 908 mm in 2020–2025 (own calculation), so comparisons with the early decades are less reliable. Country averages combine the highlands with the arid lowlands of the east and south.
Country average, °C, ERA5, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank CCKP — Own averages from the ERA5 series, 22.59 °C in 1961–1990 and 23.40 °C in 1991–2020. 2024, at 24.33 °C, is the warmest year in the ERA5 series for 1950–2025.
Deviation of February–May and June–September rainfall, country average, %, 2010–2025
Source: World Bank CCKP · FEWS NET — Own calculation from ERA5 monthly country averages. The 1991–2020 averages are 285.0 mm for February–May and 530.4 mm for June–September. Season months as used by FEWS NET.
Deviation of rainfall in the months of the gu/genna and deyr/hageya seasons, country average, %, 2010–2025
Source: World Bank CCKP · FEWS NET · OCHA — Own calculation from ERA5 monthly country averages, 1991–2020 averages of 270.2 mm for March–May and 165.8 mm for October–December. FEWS NET names these months as the gu/genna and deyr/hageya seasons of the south and southeast. A country average does not isolate those regions. The five seasons from October–December 2020 to October–December 2022 were each below average on this basis, by 14% to 51%.
Country-average precipitation by month, mm, ERA5
Source: World Bank CCKP — Monthly averages for 1991–2020 are own calculations. Rainfall in 2022 was below the 1991–2020 average in each month from January to June and from October to December (own comparison).
Median change in annual mean temperature against 1995–2014, °C (CMIP6)
Source: World Bank CCKP — Median of the CMIP6 ensemble. Median annual rainfall is projected to rise, by 40–81 mm by 2040–2059 and by 69–159 mm by 2080–2099.
MtCO2e, excluding land use and forestry, 2000–2023
Source: Climate Watch — Climate Watch data. Agriculture accounted for 70.6% of emissions excluding land use and forestry in 2023 (own calculation). Land use and forestry were a net source of 7.72 MtCO2e in 2023, down from 30.57 MtCO2e in 2010. NDC 3.0 reports average national emissions of 273.5 MtCO2e for 2020–2023 on the national inventory basis, which is not comparable with this series92.
IPCC agriculture, thousand tonnes CO2e (AR5), 2000–2023
Source: FAOSTAT — FAOSTAT, FAO Tier 1 estimates. The other category is the remainder of IPCC agriculture after the four named items (own calculation). Enteric fermentation and manure left on pasture made up 91.0% of agricultural emissions in 2023 (own calculation).
Thousand sq. km, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank WDI — World Bank WDI, based on FAO Forest Resources Assessment estimates. Forest covered 23.84% of the land area in 2024. NDC 3.0 reports a national forest cover of 23.6% in 2023 against a national goal of 30% by 203092.
Seasonal rainfall against the 1991–2020 average (ERA5 country average)
| Season | Months | 1991–2020 average (mm) | 2015 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belg | February–May | 285.0 | −4.7% | +6.4% | −14.1% | −51.9% | +19.3% | −22.5% |
| Kiremt | June–September | 530.4 | −14.6% | +11.1% | −10.3% | −2.4% | −17.0% | −7.1% |
| Gu/genna months (south and southeast) | March–May | 270.2 | −1.1% | +7.7% | −14.0% | −51.0% | +24.9% | −19.2% |
| Deyr/hageya months (south and southeast) | October–December | 165.8 | +23.0% | −29.0% | −43.7% | −29.3% | +52.9% | −35.1% |
Source: World Bank CCKP · FEWS NET — Own calculations from ERA5 monthly country averages. Season names and months as used by FEWS NET. The gu/genna and deyr/hageya rows are national averages for those months and do not isolate the southern and southeastern pastoral areas.
Projected changes in temperature and rainfall (CMIP6 median)
| Scenario and period | Temperature (°C) | Annual rainfall (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| SSP2-4.5, 2040–2059 | +1.30 | +40.2 |
| SSP5-8.5, 2040–2059 | +1.78 | +81.5 |
| SSP2-4.5, 2080–2099 | +2.14 | +68.6 |
| SSP5-8.5, 2080–2099 | +4.19 | +159.3 |
Source: World Bank CCKP — Anomalies against 1995–2014, median of the CMIP6 ensemble, World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal.
Recent droughts and floods in official humanitarian reports
| Event | Report and date | Areas named | Reported impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 drought (failed belg rains and El Niño drought in the kiremt season) | OCHA, 2016 Humanitarian Requirements Document snapshot, 5 January 2016 | National | 10.2 million people needing emergency food assistance in 2016, 435,000 children under five needing specialised nutrition support |
| Drought after five consecutive failed rainy seasons | OCHA, Drought Situation Update #1, 10 March 2023 | Somali, Oromia and SNNP regions (south and east) | 24 million people living in drought-affected areas, 11 million food insecure, about 6.85 million livestock deaths since late 2021 |
| Drought response funding 2022 | OCHA, Drought Situation Update #1, 10 March 2023 | Drought-affected regions | US$928 million secured of US$1.66 billion required (end-December 2022) |
| El Niño floods of the deyr/hageya season (October–December 2023) | OCHA and EDRMC, Flash Update 1, 18 December 2023 | Somali, South Ethiopia, South West Ethiopia, Oromia, Afar, Amhara, Gambela | About 1.5 million people affected, 60 deaths and over 616,000 displaced (as of 6 December 2023), at least 215,600 ha of cropland destroyed, 21,500 livestock deaths |
Source: OCHA — Figures as published in each report on the stated date. Livestock deaths are cumulative from late 2021 to March 2023.
Ethiopia's emission targets
| Document | Target | Reference | Finance |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRGE strategy (2011) | Hold emissions at about 145–150 Mt CO2e, 64% below business as usual in 2030 | Business-as-usual emissions of 400 Mt CO2e in 2030 | US$150 billion to 2030 for mitigation, US$7.5 billion a year |
| Updated NDC (July 2021) | 68.8% below business as usual by 2030, of which 14% unconditional | Business-as-usual emissions of 403.5 Mt CO2eq in 2030, base year 2010 at 247 Mt CO2eq | US$316 billion over 10 years, 20% (US$63.2 billion) from domestic sources and 80% from international support |
| LT-LEDS (2020–2050) | Net zero emissions by 2050 | Business-as-usual scenario and three net-zero scenarios | Investment needs estimated by scenario |
| NDC 3.0 (September 2025) | 70.3% below business as usual by 2035, 40.7% in the unconditional scenario | Business-as-usual emissions of 237.6 MtCO2e in 2035 | US$106.35 billion, at least 22.5% from domestic resources and 77.5% from external support |
Source: World Bank Documents · UNFCCC — Targets as stated in each document. Each document uses its own business-as-usual projection, so the percentages are not directly comparable. The updated NDC states that the conditional 68.8% includes the unconditional 14%.
Climate risk indicators
| Indicator | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Annual mean temperature, 1991–2020 average (ERA5) | 23.40 °C | 1991–2020 |
| Warmest year in the ERA5 series 1950–2025 | 24.33 °C | 2024 |
| Annual rainfall, 1991–2020 average (ERA5) | 995 mm | 1991–2020 |
| Lowest annual rainfall in the ERA5 series 1950–2025 | 783 mm | 2022 |
| Belg rains (February–May) against average | −51.9% | 2022 |
| Median warming by 2080–2099 under SSP5-8.5 | +4.19 °C | Projection |
| Agriculture in emissions excluding land use (Climate Watch) | 70.6% | 2023 |
| Livestock deaths since late 2021 (OCHA) | about 6.85 million | As of March 2023 |
| Average annual climate-related losses (NDC 3.0 estimate) | 2.5–2.9% of decadal GDP | NDC 3.0 (2025) |
Source: World Bank CCKP · Climate Watch · OCHA · UNFCCC — ERA5 averages and anomalies are own calculations from the CCKP data.
Agricultural finance22 datasets
Banks and the Development Bank of Ethiopia, ETB billion, end of June, 2015/16–2024/25
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Reports, Table 4.12, outstanding credit (O/S) to the agriculture sector at the close of the fiscal year (30 June). Each value is taken from the report of that year or the following year (2016/17, 2018/19, 2020/21, 2022/23, 2023/24 and 2024/25 editions). The 2021/22 value is read from Table 4.12 of the 2022/23 report, which is published as page images. NBE counts as agricultural credit lending for cultivating soil, producing crops, raising livestock, beekeeping, fishery and other related activities, and the NAFIR roadmap states that the CBE fertiliser import financing scheme accounted for nearly 70% of reported agricultural loan disbursements in 2023/24101.
Outstanding loans of banks and DBE to agriculture converted at the IMF end-of-June rate, US$ million, 2015/16–2024/25
Source: NBE · IMF — Own calculation. Birr stocks of 30 June divided by the IMF end-of-period rate for June of each year (the NBE official rate), 21.8004 (2016), 23.1081 (2017), 27.2621 (2018), 28.9109 (2019), 34.9822 (2020), 43.6910 (2021), 51.9938 (2022), 54.5943 (2023), 57.3265 (2024) and 135.3711 (2025) birr per US$. The series breaks after June 2024 because the NBE moved to a market-based exchange rate on 29 July 2024102. The birr stock rose by 58.1% in 2024/25 while its dollar value fell by 33.0% (own calculation).
Birr per US dollar at the end of December, 2015–2025
Source: IMF · NBE — IMF end-of-period rates for 2015–2024. The IMF had not published an end-2025 value, so the 2025 point is the mid-point of the NBE indicative buying and selling rates of 31 December 2025 (buying 154.8885, selling 156.4374, own calculation)103. The NBE floated the birr on 29 July 2024, and the rate moved from 57.33 at the end of June 2024 to 125.96 at the end of December 2024. The NBE publishes indicative buying and selling rates and a weighted average, which since 8 October 2025 has been identical to the buying rate. Before that date the published weighted average equalled the mid-point of the buying and selling rates, so the mid-point method keeps the series continuous. The mid-point of the indicative buying and selling rates was 161.51 on 31 August 2026 and 161.73 on 16 October 2026 (own calculation)10464105.
Banks and DBE, ETB billion, fiscal years ending 30 June, 2015/16–2024/25
Banks and DBE, ETB billion, 30 June 2025
Banks and DBE, ETB billion, fiscal year 2024/25
Source: NBE — Total ETB 822.8 billion disbursed in 2024/25, 78.3% more than in 2023/24. Agriculture took 22.3%.
Policy rate and annual cap on bank credit growth set at each decision, %, August 2023–July 2026
Source: NBE — The NBE introduced the National Bank Rate on 9 July 2024. The credit cap of 14% was set for the fiscal year ending 30 June 2024 and applied until the December 2024 meeting raised it to 18%. The July 2026 meeting removed the cap in full and raised the rate to 16%. No later decision had been published by 19 October 2026116.
Average lending rate, savings and time deposit rates, T-bill yield and headline inflation, %, 2020/21–2024/25
Gross loans of microfinance institutions, total and agriculture, ETB billion, end of June, 2021–2025
Source: NBE — NBE Financial Stability Report, March 2026, Annex Table 22. Agriculture's share fell from 28.6% in June 2021 to 16.6% in June 2025 (own calculation). The report's Figure 15 shows 18.0% and 16.5% for June 2024 and June 2025.
Global Findex, % of adults aged 15 and over, 2014–2024
Source: Global Findex — Ethiopia was surveyed in 2022 for the 2021 Findex round. In 2024 account ownership was 43.3% in rural areas and 73.2% in urban areas, and 41.6% for women against 56.5% for men.
Mobile money accounts (million) and mobile money agents (thousand), end of June, 2021–2025
Bank loans to agriculture by fiscal year
| Fiscal year | Disbursed (ETB m) | Collected (ETB m) | Outstanding 30 June (ETB m) | Share of outstanding loans (%) | Outstanding (US$ m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015/16 | 13,375.7 | 12,863.4 | 20,377.5 | 7.3 | 934.7 |
| 2016/17 | 13,133.7 | 13,962.6 | 20,041.8 | 5.5 | 867.3 |
| 2017/18 | 11,401.9 | 14,073.7 | 19,511.8 | 4.3 | 715.7 |
| 2018/19 | 17,954.7 | 18,450.1 | 20,387.1 | 3.7 | 705.2 |
| 2019/20 | 24,902.4 | 26,393.9 | 21,087.3 | 2.0 | 602.8 |
| 2020/21 | 30,779.8 | 23,503.6 | 31,823.6 | 2.5 | 728.4 |
| 2021/22 | 21,374.6 | 25,087.5 | 52,002.7 | 3.3 | 1,000.2 |
| 2022/23 | 75,885.3 | 77,174.5 | 93,402.0 | 4.8 | 1,710.8 |
| 2023/24 | 107,232.2 | 106,530.6 | 105,128.4 | 4.9 | 1,833.9 |
| 2024/25 | 183,596.7 | 138,123.3 | 166,255.0 | 8.6 | 1,228.1 |
Source: NBE · IMF — Banks and the Development Bank of Ethiopia, NBE Table 4.12. Shares and US$ values are own calculations, the latter at the IMF end-of-June rate of each year (135.3711 birr per US$ for June 2025). The share basis changes over time (see the chart note). The 2021/22 values are from Table 4.12 of the 2022/23 report, converted at 51.9938 birr per US$ for June 2022997.
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and Development Bank of Ethiopia
| Indicator | Value | Date |
|---|---|---|
| CBE gross loans to agriculture | ETB 35.53 bn | 30 June 2024 |
| CBE gross loans to agriculture | ETB 29.69 bn | 30 June 2023 |
| CBE loans to agriculture, net of impairment | ETB 33.54 bn | 30 June 2024 |
| CBE total gross loans | ETB 459.19 bn | 30 June 2024 |
| CBE new loans disbursed | ETB 218.2 bn | 2023/24 |
| of which earmarked for fertiliser imports | ETB 77.4 bn | 2023/24 |
| DBE loans and bonds | ETB 153.6 bn | 30 June 2025 |
| DBE net loans | ETB 95.9 bn | 30 June 2025 |
| DBE capital adequacy ratio | 25.9% | 30 June 2025 |
| DBE net income after tax | ETB 4.2 bn | 2024/25 |
| DBE lease financing, eligible lessee capital | ETB 0.5–9 m | October 2026 |
Source: CBE · NBE · DBE — CBE values from its Annual Report 2023/24, the latest listed by CBE on 19 October 2026125. DBE values from the NBE Financial Stability Report of March 2026, because DBE's 2024/25 financial statements are published as a scanned file. DBE's agricultural loan book and non-performing loan ratio were not found in a readable official source.
Monetary policy decisions, 2023–2026
| Date | National Bank Rate (%) | Credit growth cap (%) | Other measures |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7 Aug 2023 (Board) | – | 14 (FY 2023/24) | Inflation targets below 20% by June 2024 and below 10% by June 2025 |
| 9 Jul 2024 | 15.0 (introduced) | 14 | Interest-rate based framework, standing facilities at NBR ± 3 points |
| 29 Jul 2024 | 15.0 | 14 | Market-based exchange rate, Directive FXD/01/2024 |
| 31 Dec 2024 (MPC 1) | 15.0 | 18 | Reserve requirements unchanged |
| 25 Mar 2025 (MPC 2) | 15.0 | 18 | No change |
| 30 Jun 2025 (MPC 3) | 15.0 | 18 | Treasury Bond purchase directive repealed |
| 25 Sep 2025 (MPC 4) | 15.0 | 24 (FY 2025/26) | No change in facility rates |
| 22 Dec 2025 (MPC 5) | 15.0 | 24 | Reserve requirement 10%, minimum deposit rate ended |
| 21 Mar 2026 (MPC 6) | 15.0 | 24 | Decisions published 31 March 2026 |
| 13 Jul 2026 (MPC 7) | 16.0 | Removed | Targeted reserve requirement, FX commission 1.5%, export surrender 30% |
Source: NBE — MPC 7 announced the next meeting for the end of September 2026. No decision after 13 July 2026 had been published on nbe.gov.et by 19 October 2026.
Interest rate structure and real rates
| Indicator (%) | 2020/21 | 2021/22 | 2022/23 | 2023/24 | 2024/25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average lending rate | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 15.8 |
| Maximum lending rate | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 24.5 |
| Savings deposit rate (simple average) | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
| Time deposit rate (weighted average) | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 |
| T-bills (nominal) | 8.0 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 13.4 |
| Headline inflation (year on year) | 24.5 | 34.7 | 29.3 | 19.9 | 13.9 |
| Real lending rate | -10.3 | -20.5 | -15.1 | -5.7 | 1.9 |
| Real savings deposit rate | -16.5 | -26.7 | -21.3 | -11.9 | -5.9 |
Source: NBE — NBE Annual Report 2024/25, Table 4.4. The minimum lending and savings rates were 7.0% in each year. In 2024/25 the National Bank Rate was 15.0% and the 7-day interbank weighted average 17.0%.
Microfinance institutions
| Indicator | Jun 2021 | Jun 2022 | Jun 2023 | Jun 2024 | Jun 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross loans (ETB bn) | 20.2 | 25.3 | 31.5 | 39.7 | 48.9 |
| Loans to agriculture (ETB bn) | 5.8 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 8.1 |
| Deposits (ETB bn) | 16.9 | 18.9 | 24.3 | 31.4 | 41.8 |
| Total assets (ETB bn) | 28.7 | 36.9 | 49.4 | 60.1 | 81.7 |
| NPL ratio (%) | 9.9 | 8.6 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
Source: NBE — NBE Financial Stability Report, March 2026, Table 10, Annex Table 22 and Figure 14. At the end of June 2025 there were 59 MFIs with 1,238 branches, 752,387 loan clients and 7,109,133 savers. The NBE Annual Report 2024/25 counts 57 MFIs at the same date3, and the NBE register page listed 56 on 19 October 2026126. Annex Table 22 totals differ from Table 10 gross loans by up to ETB 0.1 billion.
Lending against pledged agricultural assets
| Registry | Loans against pledges (ETB bn) | Share of agri-finance (%) | Assets | Financial institutions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural land certificates (NRLAIS) | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.6 million | 17 |
| Warehouse receipts (NWRS) | 0.7 | 1.3 | 157 | 3 |
| Movable property registry (MPSR) | 18.5 | 35.6 | 1,563 | 17 |
| Livestock (EthLITS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 20.2 | 38.8 | n/a | 32 |
Source: NBE/MoA — NAFIR Table 9, 2023/24, shares of agri-finance excluding CBE fertiliser finance (ETB 52 billion). Assets registered in the MPSR include land certificates and warehouse receipts, so the roadmap notes some double counting. Of 221,367 movable assets registered in 2023/24, 1,563 were agricultural.
National Financial Inclusion Strategy II targets and latest observed values
| Indicator | Baseline 2020 | Target 2025 | Latest observed | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adults with a formal account | 45% | 70% | 48.8% (2024) | Global Findex survey |
| Adults with a formal account | 45% | 70% | about 63% (June 2025) | NBE triangulation forecast |
| Gender gap in account ownership | 19 points | 10 points | 14.9 points (2024) | Global Findex, own calculation |
| Adults using formal savings | 30% | 40% | 25.1% saved at a financial institution (2024) | Global Findex |
| Smallholder farmers formally insured | n/a | 500,000 | not published | – |
| Micro-insurance policies | n/a | 500,000 | not published | – |
Source: NBE · Global Findex — Targets as set in NFIS II (2021–2025), section 5. They are targets, not results. The Findex savings indicator differs in wording from the NFIS indicator. No official count of insured smallholders for 2025 was found.
Insurance, leasing and risk finance
| Indicator | Value | Period |
|---|---|---|
| Insurance companies | 19 | June 2025 |
| Gross written premium, all classes | ETB 41.1 bn | Year to June 2025 |
| Insurance penetration | 0.3% of GDP | 2024/25 |
| Leasing (capital goods finance) to agriculture | ETB 397.9 m | 30 June 2025 |
| Leasing to agriculture, share of leasing portfolio | 8.7% | 30 June 2025 |
| DRIVE, pastoralists and dependents covered in Ethiopia | 894,400 | 10 October 2025 |
| DRIVE closing target for Ethiopia | 500,000 | September 2027 |
| RUFIP-III credit lines to MFIs and RuSACCOs | ETB 378 m | January 2025 |
Source: NBE · World Bank · NBE/MoA — Insurance company count from the Financial Stability Report. The NBE Annual Report 2024/25 counts 18 insurance companies at the end of June 2025, and the NBE register page listed 18 insurers and 1 reinsurer on 19 October 20263126. Leasing share is an own calculation (397.9 of 4,592.4). The DRIVE package combines savings, insurance and digital accounts for pastoralists. Agricultural insurance premiums and claims are not published separately in the NBE reports read.
Laws and directives that frame agricultural finance
| Instrument | Number | Signed | Federal Negarit Gazette | Entry into force |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Land Administration and Use (land use right as collateral, Article 15) | Proclamation 1324/2024 | 14 Aug 2024 | 30th Year No. 58, 14 Aug 2024 | On publication |
| Movable Property Security Right | Proclamation 1147/2019 | 7 Aug 2019 | 25th Year No. 76, 7 Aug 2019 | 12 months after publication or start of the Collateral Registry, whichever first |
| National Bank of Ethiopia | Proclamation 1359/2025 | 4 Feb 2025 | 31st Year No. 14, 4 Feb 2025 | On publication |
| Banking Business | Proclamation 1360/2025 | 12 Mar 2025 | 31st Year No. 28, 12 Mar 2025 | On publication |
| Microfinancing Business | Proclamation 626/2009 | 12 May 2009 | 15th Year No. 33, 12 May 2009 | On publication |
| Microfinance Business (Amendment) | Proclamation 1164/2019 | 9 Jan 2020 | 26th Year No. 7, 9 Jan 2020 | On publication |
| Insurance Business | Proclamation 746/2012 | 22 Aug 2012 | 18th Year No. 57, 22 Aug 2012 | On publication |
| Insurance Business (Amendment) | Proclamation 1163/2019 | 9 Jan 2020 | 26th Year No. 6, 9 Jan 2020 | On publication |
| National Payment System | Proclamation 718/2011 | 18 Jul 2011 | 17th Year No. 84, 18 Jul 2011 | On publication |
| National Payment System (Amendment) | Proclamation 1282/2023 | 3 Feb 2023 | 29th Year No. 9, 3 Feb 2023 | On publication |
| Capital Market | Proclamation 1248/2021 | 23 Jul 2021 | 27th Year No. 33, 23 Jul 2021 | On publication |
| Cooperative Societies | Proclamation 985/2016 | 23 Dec 2016 | 23rd Year No. 7, 23 Dec 2016 | On publication |
| Agricultural Production Contract | Proclamation 1289/2023 | 6 Jul 2023 | 29th Year No. 27, 6 Jul 2023 | On publication |
| Foreign Exchange Directive | NBE FXD/01/2024 | – | Not gazetted (NBE directive) | 29 Jul 2024 |
| Investment on DBE Bonds (Repealing) Directive | NBE SBB/98/2025 | – | Not gazetted (NBE directive) | 31 Dec 2025 |
Source: FAOLEX · NBE · ECMA — Signed is the date of the closing formula 'Done at Addis Ababa' in each text, which is the date of the President's signature. Gazette issue and date are as printed on the front page. The date of approval by the House of Peoples' Representatives is not printed in these texts. NBE directives are issued by the National Bank and are not published in the Federal Negarit Gazette.
World Bank, IFAD and GCF operations in agriculture and rural finance
| Operation | Funder | Approved | Closing | Amount (US$ m) | Status, 19 Oct 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strengthen Ethiopia's Adaptive Safety Net (P172479) | World Bank IDA | 25 Nov 2020 | 30 Jun 2026 | 1,100.0 | Closed |
| Financial Sector Strengthening Project (P171627) | World Bank IDA | 17 Dec 2024 | 31 Dec 2028 | 700.0 | Active |
| Climate Action through Landscape Management (P170384) | World Bank IDA | 13 Jun 2019 | 7 Sep 2026 | 500.0 | Closed |
| Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Phase Two (P180076) | World Bank IDA | 22 Mar 2024 | 30 Jun 2029 | 340.0 | Active |
| Rural Connectivity to Support Food Security (P176303) | World Bank IDA | 29 Mar 2024 | 31 Mar 2029 | 300.0 | Active |
| Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project (P164336) | World Bank IDA | 23 May 2019 | 10 Oct 2025 | 222.7 | Closed |
| Productive Safety Net Project 6 (P511478) | World Bank IDA | 3 Mar 2026 | 31 Dec 2031 | 200.0 | Active |
| Climate Resilient Irrigation for Sustainable Production (P508364) | World Bank IDA | 31 Mar 2026 | 30 Jun 2032 | 200.0 | Active |
| Community Action for Landscape Management II (P510697) | World Bank IDA | 30 Apr 2026 | 29 Aug 2031 | 200.0 | Active |
| Livestock and Fisheries Sector Development (P159382) | World Bank IDA | 12 Dec 2017 | 7 Jul 2026 | 169.9 | Closed |
| Agriculture Value Chains for Jobs (P510576) | World Bank IDA | Planned 28 Jan 2027 | – | 250.0 | Pipeline, not approved |
| RUFIP III, IFAD financing (total programme cost US$305.79 m) | IFAD | Report of 29 Nov 2019 | Six years | 40.0 | – |
| PACT, IFAD DSF grant (total programme cost US$179.593 m) | IFAD | Report of 28 Dec 2022 | Seven years | 78.2 | Grant agreement signed 8 May 2023 |
| FP058 drought resilience, GCF grant | GCF | 2 Oct 2017 | 31 Aug 2025 | 45.0 | 100% disbursed |
Source: World Bank · IFAD · UN Ethiopia · GCF — World Bank amounts are IDA commitments at Board approval from the World Bank projects API, not disbursements. The regional Food Systems Resilience Program (P178566, US$808.1 million for all borrowers) is excluded because no amount for Ethiopia is published in the database. The RUFIP III IFAD amount is the sum of a US$4.90 million loan and a US$35.10 million grant (own calculation). Approved World Bank operations are ordered by amount and followed by the pipeline operation.
Sustainable finance6 datasets
GCF financing approved, US$ million (multi-country projects shown in full)
US$ million, as shown on the GCF project pages in October 2026
Source: GCF — Disbursed amounts are own sums of the disbursement entries on each project page (100%, 67%, 25% and 0% of approved financing). The year in brackets is the year of Board approval. FP058 and FP243 are implemented by the Ministry of Finance as GCF direct access entity, FP136 by the World Bank and FP289 by KOICA.
US$ billion, as estimated in each document
Source: World Bank Documents · UNFCCC — The CRGE estimate of US$150 billion covered mitigation and not adaptation, according to the 2020 progress assessment. The updated NDC planned 20% of its US$316 billion from domestic sources and NDC 3.0 at least 22.5% of its US$106.35 billion. The three estimates use different periods and methods and are not directly comparable.
Green and sustainable finance framework
| Date | Instrument or event | Issuer | Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | CRGE Facility | Ministry of Finance and the environment commission | National vehicle for the financial and technical aspects of CRGE implementation |
| June 2021 | Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021 | House of Peoples' Representatives | Establishes the Ethiopian Capital Market Authority, legal basis of the Ethiopian Securities Exchange |
| 31 January 2025 | Proclamation No. 1361/2024 | Federal Government | Green Legacy and Degraded Landscape Restoration Special Fund, 0.5–1.0% of the federal budget from domestic revenue, in force on publication |
| 10 January 2025 | Launch of the Ethiopian Securities Exchange | ESX | Exchange with equity, fixed income and money market segments, established in October 2023 |
| 19 May 2025 | Greening Financial Systems Programme | NBE with the EIB | Support for climate risk supervision, a climate risk disclosure framework and a first National Green Taxonomy |
| 23 October 2025 | Membership of the NGFS | National Bank of Ethiopia | Joined the Network for Greening the Financial System |
| 28 May 2026 | Sustainable Securities Framework (soft launch) | ECMA and ESX | Sustainable Securities Guideline, Minimum Documentation Pack and ESX guideline for labelled green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked securities |
| 2026 | Standardized Crediting Framework | Ministry of Planning and Development (Designated National Authority) | Crediting framework for Article 6 cooperation, tested on clean cooking and off-grid energy programmes |
Green Climate Fund projects covering Ethiopia
| Code | Project | Entity | Approved | Countries | GCF financing (US$ m) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FP291 | ASCENT-GREEN, resilient energy access | World Bank | 28 Mar 2026 | 21 | 250.0 | Approved |
| FP289 | Urban climate resilience through nature-based solutions | KOICA | 28 Mar 2026 | 1 | 25.0 | Approved |
| FP258 | Advancing Early Warnings for All (EW4All) | UNDP | 20 Feb 2025 | 7 | 103.2 | Under implementation |
| FP257 | RE-GAIN, scaling solutions for food loss | AGRA | 20 Feb 2025 | 7 | 75.6 | Under implementation |
| FP243 | Safe water powered by renewable energy in drought-vulnerable regions | Ministry of Finance | 24 Oct 2024 | 1 | 45.0 | Under implementation |
| FP239 | BREFOL, climate resilience for food and livelihoods in the Horn of Africa | AfDB | 18 Jul 2024 | 5 | 151.0 | Under implementation |
| FP204 | Sustainable Renewables Risk Mitigation Initiative, resilience phase | World Bank | 16 Mar 2023 | 9 | 160.0 | Under implementation |
| FP183 | IGREENFIN I, greening agricultural banks in the Great Green Wall countries | IFAD | 29 Mar 2022 | 13 | 116.9 | Under implementation |
| FP168 | Leveraging Energy Access Finance (LEAF) | AfDB | 1 Jul 2021 | 6 | 170.9 | Under implementation |
| FP136 | Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project | World Bank | 21 Aug 2020 | 1 | 165.2 | Under implementation |
| FP128 | Arbaro Fund, sustainable forestry | MUFG Bank | 12 Mar 2020 | 9 | 25.0 | Under implementation |
| FP099 | Climate Investor One | FMO | 20 Oct 2018 | 19 | 100.0 | Under implementation |
| FP058 | Responding to the increasing risk of drought | Ministry of Finance | 2 Oct 2017 | 1 | 45.0 | Under implementation |
| FP027 | Universal Green Energy Access Programme | Deutsche Bank | 14 Oct 2016 | 7 | 80.0 | Under implementation |
Source: GCF — GCF project pages, October 2026. Multi-country projects show the full GCF amount for all countries. The GCF country page gives total GCF financing of US$436 million for Ethiopia.
Climate finance received, 2021–2025, as reported in NDC 3.0
| Indicator | Value |
|---|---|
| External commitments for mitigation and adaptation, annual average 2021–2025 | US$1.7 billion |
| Estimated climate finance needs per year | US$25.3 billion |
| External commitments as a share of needs | 7% |
| Adaptation share of climate finance | 56% |
| Mitigation share of climate finance | 38% |
| International public financiers | 92% |
| Private finance, domestic and international | 8% |
| Grants in public climate finance | 70% |
| Agriculture, forestry and other land use, share of climate finance (annual average) | 29% (US$486 million) |
| Agriculture, forestry and other land use, share of emissions | 83% |
Source: UNFCCC — Values as stated in NDC 3.0 (September 2025). The document does not give the year-by-year series.
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AI-assisted content, human-reviewed: This page was generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence and reviewed by a human editor. (last review: October 2026) Despite review, errors or outdated values may remain; please verify critical figures against the linked primary sources before relying on them. Nothing here is investment, legal or financial advice.
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